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A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work. This embodies all art
Art

Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature....
 forms, the science
Science

In its broadest sense, science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research....
s, and philosophies. Historically, different nations or regions of the world have gone through their own independent sequence of movements in culture, but as world communications have accelerated this geographical distinction has become less distinct. When cultural movements go through revolutions from one to the next, genres tend to get attacked and mixed up, and often new genres are generated and old ones fade.






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A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work. This embodies all art
Art

Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature....
 forms, the science
Science

In its broadest sense, science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research....
s, and philosophies. Historically, different nations or regions of the world have gone through their own independent sequence of movements in culture, but as world communications have accelerated this geographical distinction has become less distinct. When cultural movements go through revolutions from one to the next, genres tend to get attacked and mixed up, and often new genres are generated and old ones fade. These changes are often reactions against the prior cultural form, which typically has grown stale and repetitive. An obsession emerges among the mainstream with the new movement, and the old one falls into neglect - sometimes it dies out entirely, but often it chugs along favored in a few disciplines and occasionally making reappearances (sometimes prefixed with "neo-").

There is continual argument over the precise definition of each of these periods, and one historian might group them differently, or choose different names or descriptions. As well, even though in many cases the popular change from one to the next can be swift and sudden, the beginning and end of movements are somewhat subjective, as the movements did not spring fresh into existence out of the blue and did not come to an abrupt end and lose total support, as would be suggested by a date range. Thus use of the term "period" is somewhat deceptive. "Period" also suggests a linearity of development, whereas it has not been uncommon for two or more distinctive cultural approaches to be active at the same time. Historians will be able to find distinctive traces of a cultural movement before its accepted beginning, and there will always be new creations in old forms. So it can be more useful to think in terms of broad "movements" that have rough beginnings and endings. Yet for historical perspective, some rough date ranges will be provided for each to indicate the "height" or accepted timespan of the movement.

Cultural movements

  • Graeco-Roman
    • The Greek
      Ancient Greece

      The term Ancient Greece refers to the period of History of Greece lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1100 BC and the Dorian invasion, to 146 BC and the Roman Republic conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth ....
       culture marked a departure from the other Mediterranean cultures that preceded and surrounded it. The Romans
      Ancient Rome

      Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
       adopted Greek and other styles, and spread the result throughout Europe and the Middle East
      Middle East

      File:GreaterMiddleEast1.pngThe Middle East is a region that spans southwestern Asia, western Asia, and northeastern Africa. It has no clear boundaries, often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East....
      . Together, Greek and Roman thought in philosophy, religion, science, history, and all forms of thought can be viewed as a central underpinning of Western culture
      Western culture

      File:Clash of Civilizations map.pngWestern culture are terms which are used to refer to cultures of European origin. This terminology originated as a way of describing what was different about the Graeco-Roman culture and its descendants, in contrast to the older neighboring civilizations of the Middle East, which in many ways continued...
      , and is therefore termed the "Classical period" by some. Others might divide it into the Hellenistic period and the Roman period, or might choose other finer divisions.
See: Classical architecture
Classical architecture

Classical architecture is the set of building styles and techniques of Classical Greece, as used in ancient Greece, the Hellenistic period, and the Roman empire....
 — Classical sculpture
Classical sculpture

Classical sculpture refers to the forms of sculpture from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome and the Hellenized, and Romanized civilizations under their rule or influence from about 500B.C....
 — Greek architecture
Architecture of Ancient Greece

Architecture was extinct in Greece from the end of the Helladic period period to the 7th century BC, when plebian life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken....
 — Hellenistic architecture — Ionic
Ionic order

The Ionic order column forms one of the Classical order of classical architecture, the other two canonic orders being the Doric order and the Corinthian order....
 — Doric
Doric order

The Doric order was one of the Classical order of Architecture of Ancient Greece or classical architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic order and the Corinthian order....
 — Corinthian
Corinthian order

The Corinthian order is one of the Classical orders of Greece and Rome architecture, characterized by a slender Fluting column and an ornate capital decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls....
 — Stoicism
Stoicism

Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century B.C. The stoics considered passionate emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a Sage , or person of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not have such emotions....
 — Cynicism — Epicurean — Roman architecture
Roman architecture

The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek Architecture for their own purposes, which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new architecture style....
 — Early Christian — Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, founded by Plotinus and based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonism....
  • Romanesque
    Romanesque art

    Romanesque art refers to the art of Western Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic Art in the 13th century, or later, depending on region....
     (11th century & 12th centuries)
    • A style (esp. architectural) similar in form and materials to Roman styles. Romanesque seems to be the first pan-European style since Roman Imperial Architecture and examples are found in every part of the continent.
See: Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architecture

Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which evolved into the Gothic architecture style beginning in the 12th century....
 — Ottonian Art
Ottonian art

In Pre-Romanesque art Germany, the prevailing style was what has come to be known as Ottonian art. With Ottonian architecture, it is a key component of the Ottonian Renaissance named for the emperors Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III....
  • Gothic
    Gothic art

    Gothic art was a Medieval art art movement that lasted about 200 years. It began in France out of the Romanesque art period in the mid-12th century, concurrent with Gothic architecture found in Cathedrals....
     (mid 12th cy until mid 15th cy)
See: Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late Middle Ages. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
 — Gregorian chant
Gregorian chant

Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainsong, a form of monophony liturgy chant in Western Christianity that accompanied the celebration of Mass and other ritual services....
 — Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism

Neoplatonism is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century AD, founded by Plotinus and based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonism....
  • Nominalism
    Nominalism

    Nominalism is a Metaphysics view in philosophy according to which general or abstract terms and Predicate exist but that either Universal or abstract objects, which are sometimes thought to correspond to these terms, do not exist....
    • Rejects Platonic realism
      Platonic realism

      Platonic realism is a philosophy term usually used to refer to the idea of Philosophical realism regarding the existence of universals after the Greek philosophy philosopher Plato , a student of Socrates, and the teacher of Aristotle....
       as a requirement for thinking and speaking in general terms.
  • Humanism
    Renaissance humanism

    Renaissance humanism was a European intellectual movement that was a crucial component of the Renaissance, beginning in Florence in the last years of the 14th century....
     (1500s)
  • Renaissance
    Renaissance

    The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe....
    • The use of light, shadow, and perspective to more accurately represent life. Because of how fundamentally these ideas were felt to alter so much of life, some have referred to it as the "Golden Age". In reality it was less an "Age" and more of a movement in popular philosophy, science, and thought that spread over Europe (and probably other parts of the world), over time, and affected different aspects of culture at different points in time. Very roughly, the following periods can be taken as indicative of place/time foci of the Renaissance: Italian Renaissance
      Italian Renaissance

      The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 13th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe....
       1450–1550. Spanish Renaissance
      Spanish Renaissance

      The Spanish Renaissance refers to a movement in Spain, emerging from the Italian Renaissance in Italy during the 14th century, that spread to Spain during the 15th and 16th centuries....
       1550-1587. English Renaissance
      English Renaissance

      The English Renaissance was a Cultural movement and Art movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that many cultural historians believe originated in northern Italy in the 14th century....
       1588–1629.
  • Mannerism
    Mannerism

    Mannerism is a Art periods of European art which emerged from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520. It lasted until about 1580 in Italy, when a more Baroque style began to replace it, but continued into the seventeenth century throughout much of Europe....
    • Anti-classicist movement that sought to emphasize the feeling of the artist himself.
    • See: Mannerism/Art
  • Baroque
    Baroque

    In the the arts, the Baroque was a Western cultural Epoch , starting roughly at the beginning of the 17th century in Rome, Italy. It was exemplified by drama and grandeur in Baroque sculpture, Baroque painting, literature, Baroque dance, and Baroque music....
    • Emphasizes power and authority, characterized by intricate detail and without the "disturbing angst" of Mannerism. Essentially is exaggerated Classicism
      Classicism

      File:Nicolas Poussin 055.jpgClassicism, in the The Arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seeks to emulate....
       to promote and glorify the Church and State. Occupied with notions of infinity.
    • See: Baroque art
      Baroque

      In the the arts, the Baroque was a Western cultural Epoch , starting roughly at the beginning of the 17th century in Rome, Italy. It was exemplified by drama and grandeur in Baroque sculpture, Baroque painting, literature, Baroque dance, and Baroque music....
       — Baroque music
      Baroque music

      Baroque music describes a period or style of European classical music approximately extending from Dates of classical music eras. This era is said to begin in music after the Renaissance music and was followed by the Classical music era....
  • Rococo
    Rococo

    Rococo is a style of 18th century French art and interior design. Rococo rooms were designed as total works of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings....
  • Neoclassical
    Neoclassicism

    Neoclassicism is the name given to quite distinct Cultural movement in the Decorative art and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture ....
     (17th–19th centuries)
    • Severe, unemotional movement recalling Roman and Greek ("classical") style, reacting against the overbred Rococo style and the emotional Baroque style. It stimulated revival of classical thinking, and had especially profound effects on science and politics. Also had a direct influence on Academic Art
      Academic art

      Academic art is a style of painting and sculpture produced under the influence of European academy or universities.Specifically, academic art is the art and artists influenced by the standards of the French Acad?mie des beaux-arts, which practiced under the movements of Neoclassicism and Romanticism, and the art that followed these two mo...
       in the 1800s. Beginning in the early 1600s with Cartesian thought (see Renι Descartes
      Renι Descartes

      Ren? Descartes , , also known as Renatus Cartesius , was a French philosophy, mathematician, scientist, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic....
      ), this movement provided philosophical frameworks for the natural sciences, sought to determine the principles of knowledge by rejecting all things previously believed to be known about the world. In Renaissance Classicism attempts are made to recreate the classic artforms — tragedy, comedy, and farce.
    • See also: Weimar Classicism
      Weimar Classicism

      Weimar Classicism is a cultural movement and literary movement of Europe, and its central ideas were originally propounded by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller during the period 1788?1832....
  • Age of Enlightenment
    Age of Enlightenment

    The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century, in which rationalism was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority....
     (1688-1789): Reason (rationalism
    Rationalism

    In epistemology and in its modern sense, rationalism is "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification" . In more technical terms it is a method or a theory "in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive" ....
    ) seen as the ideal.
  • Romanticism
    Romanticism

    Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution....
     (1770–1830)
    • Began in Germany and spread to England and France as a reaction against Neoclassicism and against the Age of Enlightenment.. The notion of "folk genius", or an inborn and intuitive ability to do magnificent things, is a core principle of the Romantic movement. Nostalgia for the primitive past in preference to the scientifically minded present. Romantic heroes, exemplified by Napoleon, are popular. Fascination with the past leads to a resurrection of interest in the Gothic period. It did not really replace the Neoclassical movement so much as provide a counterbalance; many artists sought to join both styles in their works.
    • See: Symbolism
      Symbolism (arts)

      Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French and Belgium origin in symbolist poetry and other arts....
  • Realism
    Realism (arts)

    Realism in the visual arts and literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation....
     (1830–1905)
    • Ushered in by the Industrial Revolution
      Industrial Revolution

      The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomics and cultural conditions in United Kingdom....
       and growing Nationalism
      Nationalism

      Nationalism refers to an ideology, a feeling, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. While there is significant debate over the historical origins of nations, nearly all Expert accept that nationalism, at least as an ideology and social movement, is a Modernity phenomenon originating in Europe....
       in the world. Began in France. Attempts to portray the speech and mannerisms of everyday people in everyday life. Tends to focus on middle class
      Middle class

      Middle class is the group of people in contemporary society who are between the working class and nobility. This socioeconomic class includes professionals, highly skilled workers, and lower and middle management....
       social and domestic problems. Plays by Ibsen are an example. Naturalism
      Naturalism (theatre)

      Naturalism is a Literary movement in European drama and theatre that developed in the Nineteenth-century theatre and Twentieth-century theatre centuries....
       evolved from Realism, following it briefly in art and more enduringly in theatre, film, and literature
      Naturalism (literature)

      Naturalism is a Literature Literary movement that seeks to replicate a Verisimilitude everyday life, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment....
      . Impressionism
      Impressionism

      Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists art exhibition their art publicly in the 1860s....
      , based on 'scientific' knowledge and discoveries concerns observing nature and reality objectively.
    • See: Post-impressionism
      Post-Impressionism

      Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Edouard Manet....
       — Neo-impressionism
      Neo-impressionism

      Neo-Impressionism is a term Word coinage by the French art critic F?lix F?n?on in 1887 to characterise the late-19th century art movement led by Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, who first exhibited their work in 1884 at the exhibition of the Soci?t? des Artistes Ind?pendants in Paris....
       — Pointillism
      Pointillism

      Pointillism is a style of painting in which small distinct points of primary colors create the impression of a wide selection of secondary and intermediate colors....
       — Pre-Raphaelite
  • Art Nouveau
    Art Nouveau

    Art Nouveau is an international Art movement and style of art, architecture and applied art?especially the decorative arts?that peaked in popularity at Fin de si?cle of the 20th century ....
     (1880–1905)
    • Decorative, symbolic art
    • See: Transcendentalism
      Transcendentalism

      Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century....
  • Modernism
    Modernism

    Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western culture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century....
     (1880–1965)
    • Also known as the Avant-garde
      Avant-garde

      Avant-garde means "advance guard" or "vanguard". The adjective form is used in English, to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics....
       movement. Originating in the 19th century with Symbolism
      Symbolism (arts)

      Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French and Belgium origin in symbolist poetry and other arts....
      , the Modernist movement composed itself of a wide range of 'isms' that ran in contrast to Realism and that sought out the underlying fundamentals of art and philosophy. The Jazz age
      Jazz Age

      The Jazz Age describes the period from 1918-1929; the years after the end of World War I, continuing through the Roaring Twenties and ending with the rise of the Great Depression....
       and Hollywood emerge and have their hey-days.
    • See: Fauvism
      Fauvism

      Les Fauves were a short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the Realism or Representation values retained by Impressionism....
       — Cubism
      Cubism

      Cubism was a 20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature....
       — Futurism
      Futurism (art)

      Futurism was an art Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It was largely an Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere....
       — Suprematism
      Suprematism

      Suprematism : is an art movement focused on fundamental geometric forms which formed in Russia in 1915-1916.When Kasimir Malevich originated Suprematism in 1915 he was an established painter having exhibited in the Donkey's Tail and the Der Blaue Reiter exhibitions of 1912 with cubo-futurism works....
       — Dada
      Dada

      Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Z?rich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature?poetry, art manifestoes, aesthetics?theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art...
       — Constructivism
      Constructivist epistemology

      Constructivist epistemology is an epistemology perspective in philosophy about the nature of scientific knowledge held by many philosophers of science....
       — Surrealism
      Surrealism

      Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members....
       — Expressionism
      Expressionism

      Expressionism is the tendency of an artist to distort reality for an emotional effect; it is a subjective art form. Expressionism is exhibited in many art forms, including painting, literature, theatre, film, Expressionist architecture and Expressionism ....
       — Existentialism
      Existentialism

      Existentialism is a term that has been applied to the work of a number of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, took the human subject — not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual and his or her conditions of existence — as a starting point...
       — Op Art
      Op art

      Op art, also known as optical art, is a genre of visual art, especially painting, that makes use of optical illusions."Optical Art is a method of painting concerning the interaction between illusion and picture plane, between understanding and seeing." Op art works are abstract, with many of the better known pieces made in only blac...
       — Art Deco
      Art Deco

      Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939, affecting the decorative arts such as architecture, interior design, and industrial design, as well as the visual arts such as fashion, painting, the graphic arts and film....
       — Bauhaus
      Bauhaus

      ' is the common term for the ', a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught....
       — Neo-Plasticism — Precisionism
      Precisionism

      Precisionism, also known as Cubist Realism,was an artistic movement that emerged in the United States after World War I and was at its height during the inter-War period....
       — Abstract expressionism
      Abstract expressionism

      Abstract expressionism was an American post?World War II art movement. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and also the one that put New York City at the center of the art world, a role formerly filled by Paris....
       — New Realism
      New realism

      Nouveau R?alisme refers to an artistic movement founded in 1960 by the art critic Pierre Restany and the painter Yves Klein during the first collective exposition in the Apollinaire gallery in Milan....
       — Color field painting — Fluxus
      Fluxus

      Fluxus?a name taken from a Latin word meaning "to flow"?is an international network of artists, composers and designers noted for blending different artistic media and disciplines in the 1960s....
       — Hard-edge painting
      Hard-edge painting

      Hard-edge painting is painting in which abrupt transitions are found between color areas. Color areas are often of one unvarying color. Color transitions often take place along straight lines, though curvilinear edges of color areas are also common....
       — Pop Art
      Pop art

      Pop art is a visual art movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in UK and in the late 1950s in the United States. Pop art challenged tradition by asserting that an artist's use of the mass-produced visual commodities of popular culture is contiguous with the perspective of Fine Art since Pop removes the material from its context and isolates...
       — Photorealism
      Photorealism

      Photorealism is the genre of painting based on making a painting of a photograph. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States photorealism art movement that began in the late 1960s, early 1970s....
       — Minimalism
      Minimalism

      Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and Minimalist music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features....
       — Postminimalism
      Postminimalism

      Postminimalism is a term utilized in various artistic fields for work which is influenced by, or attempts to develop and go beyond, the aesthetic of minimalism....
       — Lyrical Abstraction
      Lyrical Abstraction

      Lyrical Abstraction refers to two related but distinctly separate movements in Post-war Modernist painting.European Lyrical Abstraction is an art movement born in Paris after World War II....
       — Situationism
  • Postmodernism
    Postmodernism

    Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement'. While "modern" itself refers to something "related to the present", the movement of modernism and the following reaction of postmodernism are defined by a set of perspectives....
     (since c.1965)
    • A reaction to Modernism, in a way, Postmodernism largely discards the notion that artists should seek pure fundamentals, often questioning whether such fundamentals even exist - or suggestion that if they do exist, they may be irrelevant. It is exemplified by movements such as deconstructivism
      Deconstructivism

      Deconstructivism in architecture, also called deconstruction, is a development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s. It is characterized by ideas of fragmentation, an interest in manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin, non-Rectilinear polygon shapes which serve to distort and dislocate some of the Desig...
      , conceptual art
      Conceptual art

      Conceptual art is art in which the concept or idea involved in the work take precedence over traditional Aesthetics and material concerns. Many of the works, sometimes called Installation art, of the artist Sol LeWitt may be constructed by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions....
      , etc.
    • See: Postmodern philosophy
      Postmodern philosophy

      Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical direction which is critical of the foundational assumptions and structures of philosophy. Beginning as a critique of Continental philosophy, it was heavily influenced by Phenomenology , structuralism and existentialism, including writings of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, S?ren Kierkegaard, Belette Des...
       — Postmodern music
      Postmodern music

      Postmodern music is either simply music of the Postmodernity, or music that follows the postmodernism ideology. As the name suggests, the postmodernist movement formed partly in reaction to modernism music....
       — Postmodern art
      Postmodern art

      Postmodern art is a term used to describe an art movement which was thought to be in contradiction to some aspect of modernism, or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath....
  • Post-postmodernism
    Post-Postmodernism

    Post-postmodernism is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture which are emerging from and reacting to postmodernism....
     (since c.1990)


See also

  • Art styles, periods and movements
  • List of art movements
    List of art movements

    This is a list of art movements. These terms, helpful for curriculum or anthology, evolved over time to group artists who are often loosely related....
  • Critical theory
    Critical theory

    In the humanities and social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of society and literature, drawing from knowledge across social sciences and humanities disciplines....
  • Cultural imperialism
    Cultural imperialism

    Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, or artificially injecting the culture or language of one culture into another....
  • History of philosophy
    History of philosophy

    The history of philosophy is the study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time. Issues specifically related to history of philosophy might include : How can changes in philosophy be accounted for historically? What drives the development of thought in its historical context? To what degree can philosophical texts from prior historic...
  • Postliterate society
    Postliterate society

    A postliterate society is a hypothetical society wherein multimedia technology has advanced to the point where literacy, the ability to read written words, is no longer necessary....
  • Periodization
    Periodization

    Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide time into named blocks. The result is a descriptive abstraction that provides a useful handle on periods of time with relatively stable characteristics....
  • Social movement
    Social movement

    Social movements are a type of Group action . They are large wiktionary:informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific politics or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change....


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