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Crown Heights, Brooklyn
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Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway, a tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending two miles (3 km) east-west.
For most of its history, the area was known as Crow Hill. It was a succession of hills running east and west from Utica Avenue to Classon Avenue, and south to Empire Boulevard and New York Avenue.
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Encyclopedia
Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway, a tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending two miles (3 km) east-west.
For most of its history, the area was known as Crow Hill. It was a succession of hills running east and west from Utica Avenue to Classon Avenue, and south to Empire Boulevard and New York Avenue. The name was changed when Crown Street was cut through in 1916.
Crown Heights is bounded by Washington Avenue (to the west), Atlantic Avenue (to the north), Ralph Avenue (to the east) and Empire Boulevard (to the south). It is about two miles (3 km) long and two miles (3 km) deep. The neighborhoods that border Crown Heights are: Prospect Heights (to the west); Prospect Lefferts Gardens (to the southwest); Wingate and Rugby (to the south); Brownsville (to the east); and Bedford-Stuyvesant (to the north).
This neighborhood extends through much of Brooklyn Community Board 8 and 9. It is under the jurisdiction of two Precincts of the New York City Police Department. The 77th Precinct is part of Brooklyn North, which covers Crown Heights, Prospect Heights and Weeksville). The 71st Precinct is part of Brooklyn South and covers the southern end of Crown Heights.
History
Early History
Although no known evidence remains in the Crown Heights vicinity, prior to the European colonization of the Americas large portions of what is now called Long Island including present-day Brooklyn were occupied by the Lenape, (later renamed Delaware Indians by the European colonizers). The Lenape lived in communities of bark- or grass-covered wigwams, and in their larger settlements—typically located on high ground adjacent to fresh water, and occupied in the fall, winter, and spring—they fished, harvested shellfish, trapped animals, gathered wild fruits and vegetables, and cultivated corn, tobacco, beans, and other crops.
The first recorded contact between the indigenous people of the New York City region and Europeans was with the explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 when he anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. There he was visited by a canoe party of Lenape. The next contact was in 1609 when the explorerer Henry Hudson arrived in what is now New York Harbor aboard a Dutch East India Company ship the Halve Maen (Half Moon) commissioned by the Dutch Republic.
European habitation in the New York City area began in earnest with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614.
By 1630, Dutch and English colonists started moving into the western end of Long Island. In 1637, Joris Jansen de Rapalje “purchased” about around Wallabout Bay and over the following two years, Director Kieft of the Dutch West India Company "purchased" title to nearly all the land in what is now Kings County and Queens County from the indigenous inhabitants.
Finally, the areas around present-day Crown Heights saw its first European settlements starting in about 1661/1662 when several men each received, from Governor Pieter Stuyvesant and the Directors of the Dutch West India Company what was described as “a parcel of free (unoccupied) woodland there” on the condition that they situate their houses “within one of the other concentration, which would suit them best, but not to make a hamlet.”
Development in the 1880s
Crown Heights had begun as a posh residential neighborhood, a "bedroom" for Manhattan's growing bourgeois class. Beginning in the 1880s, many upper-class residences, including characteristic brownstone buildings, were erected along Eastern Parkway. Away from the parkway were a mixture of lower middle-class residences. This development peaked in the 1920s. Before World War II Crown Heights was among New York City's premier neighborhoods, with tree-lined streets, an array of cultural institutions and parks, and numerous fraternal, social and community organizations. Many second and third generation people of Jewish descent had settled in the area.
Mid-20th Century
Population changes began in the 1930s with immigrants from Jamaica, African Americans from the South in the 1970s and Haitians in the 1990s. Newer Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe also settled throughout the area.
During the '40s, '50s and '60s, many middle class Jews lived in Crown Heights. There were a number of large synagogues on Eastern Parkway, including Chovevei Torah between Albany and Troy, and 770 Eastern Parkway, home of the world-wide Lubavitch movement. In 1950, the neighborhood was 89 percent white, with a small but growing black population. Some 50- 60 percent of the white population, about 75,000 people, was Jewish, and had about thirty-four synagogues, from reform to hasidic. By 1957, there were about 25,000 blacks in Crown Heights, about one fourth of the population.
There were two very prominent Yeshiva elementary schools in the neighborhood, Crown Heights Yeshiva on Crown Street between New York and Nostrand Avenues and the Yeshiva of Eastern Parkway, located on Eastern Parkway between Troy and Schenectady Avenues. Another famous school in the neighborhood was the Reines Talmud Torah which was not a day school, having only afternoon and Sunday morning classes.
In the mid-twentieth century, many of the more established residents left for newer housing and jobs in the suburbs. With increased apartment vacancies, property owners rented to tenants who would not have been able to afford the area earlier. Concurrently, the values of private homes began to fall. Both white and non-white middle class families felt compelled to move out before their houses were devalued further. Their places were taken by African Americans, later immigrants from the Caribbean.
The 1960s Through the Early 1990s
The 1960s and 1970s were a time of turbulent race relations. With increasing poverty in the city, racial conflicts plagued some New York neighborhoods. With its racially and culturally mixed populations, Crown Heights was mired in this strife. The neighborhood's relatively large population of Lubavitch Hasidim, at the request of their leader, the Lubavitcher Rebbe Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneersohn stayed in the community after other whites left.
With increasing immigration from rural areas of the Caribbean, Crown Heights became an area of population with low skills for the urban environment. During the Johnson administration, Crown Heights was declared a primary poverty area due to a high unemployment rate, high juvenile and adult crime rate, poor nutrition for lack of family income, relative absence of job skills and readiness to work, and a relatively high concentration of elderly residents.
Violence has erupted in the neighborhood on more than one occasion, including during the New York City blackout of 1977. In 1991 there was an outbreak known as the Crown Heights Riot.
Through the 1990s, crime, racial conflict, and violence decreased in New York. Urban renewal and gentrification began to take effect in NYC including Crown Heights.
The Crown Heights Riot
The events referred to as the Crown Heights Riot were a disturbance that took place in August 1991, lasting several days.
Longstanding resentments, fears and sensational rumors fed on an automobile accident on 19 August 1991 at 8:30 pm and erupted into neighborhood violence. The accident involving a Jewish Hasidic driver caused the injury of one Black child and death of another. When the driver of the station wagon, Yosef Lifsh, stepped out of his car with the intention of helping the children he had hit, he was set upon by angry black bystanders who beat and robbed him before the police could reach the scene. NYPD fearful of the angry mob directed the Hatzolah ambulance, a Jewish community ambulance which arrived on the scene, to take the driver to the hospital and get him out of there before a city ambulance took the injured children. After the police told a Jewish volunteer ambulance to remove the driver from the scene before a city ambulance took the injured children, African American and Caribbean residents took out their anger on Jewish residents. Stones and other objects were thrown , fires were set and shops were looted. On the same day black teenagers attacked and Lemrick Nelson Jr. stabbed Jewish student Yankel Rosenbaum, from Australia, who later died.
Current renaissance
Crown Heights today has extreme contrasts between lovely architecture and vacant, run-down buildings, and variety of peoples and shops, ranging from variously hatted and top-coated Lubavitcher residents to vegan rasta Afro-Caribbean restaurants. Rising real estate values and gentrification have also recently become part of this mix.
In the spring of 2008 some racial tension flared up in a few blocks; however, it never reached to the level of tension that occurred during the Crown Heights Riot of the early 1990s. . However, the Crown Heights neighborhood is an ethnic and social melange where a wide variety of people from older residents, to college students and new immigrants continue to live, work and play side by side while enjoying a peaceful and friendly lifestyle.
NYC.GOV statistics for 2007 reveal that the 77th precinct, which includes a significant part of Crown Heights, has experienced a year-to-date decline of 40% in the number of murders (a total of 9, down from 15), and of 20% in the number of rapes (12, down from 15). However, felonious assaults and burglaries have increased significantly (16.8 and 24.8%, respectively)
Demographics
As of 2007, of the approximately 150,000 residents in Crown Heights, 90 percent were of African descent (70 percent from the Caribbean and 20 percent of American birth), 9 percent were Hasidic Jews, and less than 1 percent were Latino, Asian and other ethnic groups.
Reflecting the most varied population of Caribbean immigrants outside the West Indies, Crown Heights is known for its annual West Indian Carnival. The main event is the West Indian Carnival Parade, also known as "The Labor Day Parade." The parade route goes along Eastern Parkway, from Utica Avenue to Grand Army Plaza. According to the West Indian-American Day Carnival Association, over 3.5 million people participate in the parade each year.
It is also the location of the worldwide headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish movement, at 770 Eastern Parkway. A thriving Orthodox Jewish community has grown up around that location.
Due to its favorable housing prices, convenient access via mass transit to Downtown Brooklyn and Manhattan, as well as proximity to cultural attractions such as Prospect Park, the Brooklyn Museum and the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Crown Heights has attracted an influx of artists, professionals and students of all ethnic and social backgrounds, including members of the LGBT Community.
Political representation
In City government, Crown Heights is part of New York City Council Districts 35 and 36..
Crown Heights is represented in State government as part of the State Senate 19th District and the State Senate 20th District. In the New York State Assembly, Crown Heights is part of State Assembly District 43 and State Assembly District 57.
Transportation
Crown Heights is served by the IRT Eastern Parkway Line/IRT New Lots Line, with a major station at Utica Avenue. Several bus lines serve the station, including the B14, B17, and B46. The B45, and B65 run north of Eastern Parkway.
Landmarks
Notable natives and residents
- Chris Rock, World famous comedian and actor
- Menachem Mendel Schneerson, known as The Rebbe
- Clive Davis, music industry executive.
- Stephanie Mills, singer.
- Noel Pointer, jazz violinist
- Beverly Sills, opera singer and administrator
- Dr. Susan McKinney Stewart, first African American woman to earn medical degree in New York
- Mighty Sparrow, Calypso musician from Trinidad/West Indies
- Nasir Jones, rap artist
- Ratatat, indietronic act
- Matisyahu, Hasidic Reggae Artist
- Shawn Corey Carter rap artist and businessman
- Ruste Juxx, rap artist
- Nathan Silver, filmmaker
See also
Further reading
External links
- from the Brooklyn Eagle 9 December 1888
- (pdf)
- for & about Crown Height's Hasidic Jewish Community and Chabad around the world
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