Crafoord Prize

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Crafoord Prize

The annual Crafoord Prize is a science prize established in 1980 by Holger Crafoord

Holger Crafoord

Holger Crafoord was a Sweden industrialist and founded Gambro along with Nils Alwall?, a company that would commercialize Alwall's research into artificial kidneys....
, a Swedish industrialist, and his wife Anna-Greta Crafoord.

Administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Swedish Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization which acts to promote the sciences, primarily the natural sciences and mathematics....
, the Prize "is intended to promote international basic research in the disciplines of Astronomy

Astronomy

Astronomy is the science of Astronomical object and Phenomenon that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere . It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the physical cosmology....
and Mathematics

Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
; Geosciences

Geology

Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitute the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structural geology, physical properties, dynamics, and History of the Earth of Earth materials, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed....
; Biosciences

Biology

Biology is a branch of the natural sciences concerned with the study of living organisms and their interaction with each other and their environment ....
, with particular emphasis on ecology

Ecology

Ecology is the science study of the distribution and Abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their nature environment ....
and Polyarthritis

Polyarthritis

Polyarthritis is any type of arthritis which involves five or more joints — an inflammation of two, three or four joints is an oligoarthritis....
(rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic disease inflammation that may affect many tissues and organs, but principally attacks the joints producing a inflammatory synovitis that often progresses to destruction of the articular cartilage and ankylosis of the joints....
)," the disease from which Holger Crafoord severely suffered in his last years. According to the Academy, "These disciplines are chosen so as to complement those for which the Nobel Prize

Nobel Prize

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Encyclopedia

The annual Crafoord Prize is a science prize established in 1980 by Holger Crafoord

Holger Crafoord

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Astronomy

Mathematics

Geology

Biology

Biology is a branch of the natural sciences concerned with the study of living organisms and their interaction with each other and their environment ....
, with particular emphasis on ecology

Ecology

Ecology is the science study of the distribution and Abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their nature environment ....
and Polyarthritis

Polyarthritis

Polyarthritis is any type of arthritis which involves five or more joints — an inflammation of two, three or four joints is an oligoarthritis....
(rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize , established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize in Literature, and Nobel Peace Prize in 1901....
s are awarded." Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme (Astronomy and Mathematics; then Geosciences; then Biosciences). In polyarthritis, a Crafoord Prize is only awarded when a special committee decides substantial progress in the field has been made.

The recipient of the Crafoord Prize is announced each year in mid-January; on Crafoord Day in April, the prize is presented by the King of Sweden

Monarch of Sweden

The monarch is the head of state of the Sweden. Sweden, being a constitutional monarchy with a representative democracy based on a parliamentary democracy has a largely ceremonial monarch, though officially he or she holds the highest public office in Sweden and the highest military rank....
(who also presents the awards at the December Nobel Prize Award Ceremony). The prize sum of US$ 500,000 (2007) is intended to fund further research by the prize winner.

Since 1982 no women have been awarded the prize.

List of the Crafoord Prize winners:

Year	Category	Laureates	Nationality	Citation
1982	Mathematics	Vladimir Arnold Vladimir Arnold Vladimir Igorevich Arnol'd or Arnold is a Russian mathematician. While he is best known for the Kolmogorov?Arnold?Moser theorem regarding the stability theory of integrable Hamiltonian mechanics systems, he has made important contributions in a number of areas including dynamical systems theory, catastrophe theory, topology, algebrai... Louis Nirenberg Louis Nirenberg Louis Nirenberg is a Canadian-born mathematician, and one of the outstanding analysts of the twentieth century. He has made fundamental contributions to linear and nonlinear partial differential equations and their application to complex analysis and geometry....	Soviet Union Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR.... ; Canada Canada Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean.... /United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for their outstanding achievements in the theory of non-linear differential equations.
1983	Geosciences	Edward Lorenz Henry Stommel Henry Stommel Henry Melson Stommel was a major contributor to the field of physical oceanography. Beginning in the 1940s, he advanced theories about global Ocean current patterns and the behavior of the Gulf Stream that form the basis of physical oceanography today....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for their fundamental contributions to the field of geophysical hydrodynamics, which in a unique way have contributed to a deeper understanding of the large-scale motions of the atmosphere and the sea.
1984	Biosciences	Daniel H. Janzen Daniel Janzen Daniel Hunt Janzen is an Evolutionary ecology, Natural history, and Conservation movement and the son of a previous Director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his imaginative and stimulating studies on co-evolution which has inspired many researchers to further work in this field.
1985	Astronomy	Lyman Spitzer Lyman Spitzer Lyman Strong Spitzer, Jr. was an United States theoretical physics and astronomer best known for his research in star formation and for his promotions of telescopes in space and research into plasma physics....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his fundamental pioneering studies of practically every aspect of the interstellar medium, culminating in the results obtained using the Copernicus satellite.
1986	Geosciences	Claude Allègre Claude Allègre Claude All?gre is a France politician and scientist.... Gerald J. Wasserburg Gerald J. Wasserburg Gerald J. Wasserburg is an United States geologist. He is a Professor of Geology and Geophysics at the California Institute of Technology, known for his work in the fields of isotope geochemistry, cosmochemistry and meteoritics....	France France France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France.... United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for their pioneering studies of isotope geochemical relations and the geological interpretations that these results permit.
1987	Biosciences	Eugene P. Odum Howard T. Odum Howard T. Odum Howard Thomas Odum was an United States ecology. He is known for his pioneering work on ecosystem ecology, and for his provocative proposals for additional laws of thermodynamics, informed by his work on Systems theory....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for their pioneering contributions within the field of ecosystem ecology.
1988	Mathematics	Pierre Deligne Pierre Deligne Pierre Ren?, Viscount Deligne is a Belgium mathematician. He is known for fundamental work on the Weil conjectures, leading finally to a complete proof in 1973.... Alexander Grothendieck Alexander Grothendieck Alexander Grothendieck is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. He is most famous for his revolutionary advances in algebraic geometry, but he has also made major contributions to algebraic topology, number theory, category theory, Galois theory, descent theory, commutative homological algebra and functiona... ¹	Belgium Belgium * A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium.... France France France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....	for their fundamental research in algebraic geometry.
1989	Geosciences	James Van Allen James Van Allen James Alfred Van Allen was an United States space scientist at the University of Iowa. The Van Allen radiation belts were named after him, following the 1958 satellite missions in which Van Allen had argued that a Geiger counter should be used to detect charged Subatomic particles....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his pioneering exploration of space, in particular the discovery of the energetic particles trapped in the geomagnetic field which forms the radiation belts - the Van Allen belts - around our planet Earth.
1990	Biosciences	Paul Ralph Ehrlich	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his research on the dynamics and genetics of fragmented populations and the importance of the distribution pattern for their survival probabilities.
1990	Biosciences	Edward Osborne Wilson	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for the theory of island biogeography and other research on species diversity and community dynamics on islands and in other habitats with differing degrees of isolation.
1991	Astronomy	Allan Rex Sandage	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his very important contributions to the study of galaxies, their populations of stars, clusters and nebulae, their evolution, the velocity-distance relation (or Hubble relation), and its evolution over time.
1992	Geosciences	Adolf Seilacher Adolf Seilacher Adolf "Dolf" Seilacher is a German palaeontologist who has made major contributions to evolutionary and ecological palaeobiology in a career stretching over 60 years....	Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....	for his innovative research concerning the evolution of life in interaction with the environment as documented in the geological record.
1993	Biosciences	William D. Hamilton	Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	for his theories concerning kin selection and genetic relationship as a prerequisite for the evolution of altruistic behavior.
1993	Biosciences	Seymour Benzer Seymour Benzer Seymour Benzer was an accomplished United States physicist, molecular biologist and behavioral geneticist. With a career that started with the molecular biology revolution of the 1950s, Seymour Benzer was to the end very active as a researcher, where he led a productive lab as the James G....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his pioneering genetical and neurophysiological studies on behavioural mutants in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.
1994	Mathematics	Simon Donaldson Simon Donaldson Simon Kirwan Donaldson Fellow of the Royal Society , is an England mathematician famous for his work on the topology of smooth four-dimensional manifolds....	Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	for his fundamental investigations in four-dimensional geometry through application of instantons, in particular his discovery of new differential invariants.
1994	Mathematics	Shing-Tung Yau Shing-Tung Yau Shing-Tung Yau is a Chinese American mathematician working in differential geometry, and involved in the theory of Calabi-Yau manifolds....	China China China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia.... / United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his development of non-linear techniques in differential geometry leading to the solution of several outstanding problems.
1995	Geosciences	Willi Dansgaard Willi Dansgaard Willi Dansgaard is a Denmark paleoclimatologist. He is Professor Emeritus of Geophysics at the University of Copenhagen and a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Icelandic Academy of Sciences, and the Danish Geophysical Society.... Nicholas Shackleton Nicholas Shackleton Sir Nicholas John Shackleton Fellow of the Royal Society was a United Kingdom geologist and climatologist who specialised in the Quaternary Period....	Denmark Denmark Denmark is a Scandinavian country in northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries.... Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	for their fundamental work on developing and applying isotope geological analysis methods for the study of climatic variations during the Quaternary period.
1996	Biosciences	Robert M. May	Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	for his pioneering ecological research concerning theoretical analysis of the dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems.
1997	Astronomy	Fred Hoyle Fred Hoyle Sir Fred Hoyle Fellow of the Royal Society was an England astronomer primarily remembered today for his contribution to the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and his often controversial stance on other Cosmology and scientific matters, in particular his rejection of the Big Bang theory.... Edwin Salpeter	Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population.... United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for their pioneering contributions to the study of nuclear processes in stars and stellar evolution.
1998	Geosciences	Don L. Anderson Don L. Anderson Don L. Anderson is a US geophysicist who has made important contributions to the determination of the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior, especially using seismology methods.... Adam M. Dziewonski Adam Dziewonski Adam Dziewonski is a Polish-American geophysicist who has made seminal contributions to the determination of the large-scale structure of the Structure of the Earth and the nature of earthquakes using seismology methods....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... ; Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north.... /United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for their fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the structures and processes in the interior of the Earth.
1999	Biosciences	Ernst Mayr John Maynard Smith George C. Williams George C. Williams Professor George Christopher Williams is an United States evolutionary biologist.Williams is a professor of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population.... United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for their fundamental contributions to the conceptual development of evolutionary biology.
2000	Polyarthritis	Marc Feldmann Marc Feldmann Marc Feldmann is an Australia Immunology, and a professor at the Imperial College School of Medicine where he is a head of Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology.... Ravinder N. Maini Ravinder N. Maini Sir Ravinder Maini is rheumatology professor at the Kennedy Institute, part of Imperial College London. Maini was born in Ludhiana in the Punjab region of India but has lived most of his life in the UK....	Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population.... Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	for their definition of TNF-alpha as a therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis.
2001	Mathematics	Alain Connes Alain Connes Alain Connes is a France mathematician, currently Professor at the College de France, IH?S and Vanderbilt University....	France France France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....	for his penetrating work on the theory of operator algebras and for having been a founder of the non-commutative geometry.
2002	Geosciences	Dan P. McKenzie	Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	for fundamental contributions to the understanding of the Dynamics of the Lithosphere, particularly Plate Tectonics, Sedimentary Basin Formation and Mantle Melting.
2003	Biosciences	Carl Woese Carl Woese Carl Richard Woese is an American microbiologist and physicist. Woese is famous for defining the Archaea in 1977 by phylogenetic taxonomy of Svedberg ribosome RNA, a technique pioneered by Woese and which is now standard practice....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his discovery of a third domain of life.
2004	Polyarthritis	Eugene C. Butcher Eugene C. Butcher Eugene C. "Gene" Butcher, M.D. is an immunologist and a Professor of Pathology at Stanford University ... Timothy A. Springer Timothy A. Springer Timothy A. "Tim" Springer, Ph.D. is an immunologist and Professor at Harvard University ...	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for their studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in migration of white blood cells in health and disease.
2005	Astronomy	James E. Gunn James E. Gunn James Edward Gunn is the Eugene Higgins Professor of Astronomy at Princeton University.Gunn's early theoretical work helped establish the current understanding of how galaxies form and properties of the Intergalactic space between galaxies.... James Peebles James Peebles James Peebles may refer to:* Philip James Edwin Peebles , Canadian-American astronomer* James Martin Peebles* James Peebles ... Martin Rees	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the List of islands by area, and the largest in Europe. With a population of 58.9 million people it is List of islands by population....	for contributions towards understanding the large-scale structure of the Universe.
2006	Geosciences	Wallace S. Broecker Wallace S. Broecker Wallace Smith Broecker is the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University and a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his innovative and pioneering research on the operation of the global carbon cycle within the ocean - atmosphere - biosphere system, and its interaction with climate.
2007	Biosciences	Robert Trivers Robert Trivers Robert L. Trivers is an United States evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist, most noted for proposing the theories of reciprocal altruism , parental investment , and parent-offspring conflict ....	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for his fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict and cooperation.
2008	Astronomy	Rashid Alievich Sunyaev Rashid Sunyaev Rashid Alievich Sunyaev was born in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, on March 1, 1943 to a Tatar family, and educated at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology and Moscow State University ....	Russia Russia Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....	for his decisive contributions to high-energy astrophysics and cosmology, in particular processes and dynamics around black holes and neutron stars and demonstration of the diagnostic power of structures in the background radiation.
2008	Mathematics	Maxim Kontsevich Maxim Kontsevich Maxim Lvovich Kontsevich is a Russians mathematician. He received a Fields Medal in 1998, at the 23rd International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin.... Edward Witten Edward Witten Edward Witten is an United States theoretical physicist and professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. He is one of the world's leading researchers in superstring theory....	Russia Russia Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia.... / France France France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France.... ; United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...	for their important contributions to mathematics inspired by modern theoretical physics.
2009	Polyarthritis	Charles Dinarello Tadamitsu Kishimoto Tadamitsu Kishimoto Dr. Tadamitsu Kishimoto is a Japanese immunologist known for research on IgM and cytokines, most famously, interleukin 6.He did postdoctoral work under Kimishige Ishizaka, the discoverer of IgE at Johns Hopkins University.... Toshio Hirano	United States United States The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U... Japan Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south.... Japan Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....	for their pioneering work to isolate interleukins, determine their properties and explore their role in the onset of inflammatory diseases.

¹ Award declined

Footnotes

External links

: "25 Year Jubilee: 1982-2007" –Official website.