Cosmos Club
Encyclopedia
The Cosmos Club is a private social club
Gentlemen's club
A gentlemen's club is a members-only private club of a type originally set up by and for British upper class men in the eighteenth century, and popularised by English upper-middle class men and women in the late nineteenth century. Today, some are more open about the gender and social status of...

 in Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....

, founded by John Wesley Powell
John Wesley Powell
John Wesley Powell was a U.S. soldier, geologist, explorer of the American West, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions...

 in 1878. In addition to Powell, original members included Clarence Edward Dutton, Henry Smith Pritchett
Henry Smith Pritchett
Henry Smith Pritchett was an American astronomer and educator.-Biography:Pritchett was born on April 16, 1857 in Fayette, Missouri, and attended Pritchett College in Glasgow, Missouri, receiving an A.B. in 1875. He then took instruction from Asaph Hall for two years at the US Naval Observatory...

, William Harkness
William Harkness
William Harkness was an astronomer, born at Ecclefechan, Scotland, a son of James Harkness . He was educated at Lafayette College , graduated from the University of Rochester , and studied medicine in New York City. He served as a surgeon in the Union armies during part of the American Civil War...

, and John Shaw Billings
John Shaw Billings
John Shaw Billings was an American librarian and surgeon best known as the modernizer of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office of the Army and as the first director of the New York Public Library.-Biography:...

. Among its stated goals is "The advancement of its members in science
Science
Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe...

, literature
Literature
Literature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources...

, and art
Art
Art is the product or process of deliberately arranging items in a way that influences and affects one or more of the senses, emotions, and intellect....

". Cosmos Club members have included many recipients of the Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...

, Pulitzer Prize
Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize is a U.S. award for achievements in newspaper and online journalism, literature and musical composition. It was established by American publisher Joseph Pulitzer and is administered by Columbia University in New York City...

, and Presidential Medal of Freedom
Presidential Medal of Freedom
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with thecomparable Congressional Gold Medal bestowed by an act of U.S. Congress—the highest civilian award in the United States...

.

Since 1952 the Club's headquarters have been in the Mary Scott (Mrs Richard T.) Townsend house, at 2121 Massachusetts Avenue
Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)
Massachusetts Avenue is a major diagonal transverse road in Washington, D.C., and the Massachusetts Avenue Historic District is a historic district that includes part of it....

, NW in the Dupont Circle
Dupont Circle
Dupont Circle is a traffic circle, park, neighborhood, and historic district in Northwest Washington, D.C. The traffic circle is located at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue NW, Connecticut Avenue NW, New Hampshire Avenue NW, P Street NW, and 19th Street NW...

 neighborhood. The free-standing house, set in almost an acre of garden, was designed in the Beaux Arts French style by architects Carrère and Hastings
Carrère and Hastings
Carrère and Hastings, the firm of John Merven Carrère and Thomas Hastings , located in New York City, was one of the outstanding Beaux-Arts architecture firms in the United States. The partnership operated from 1885 until 1911, when Carrère was killed in an automobile accident...

 in 1898 and essentially completed in 1901. The mansion continued to be occupied by Mrs Townsend's daughter, who was Mrs B. Sumner Welles
Sumner Welles
Benjamin Sumner Welles was an American government official and diplomat in the Foreign Service. He was a major foreign policy adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and served as Under Secretary of State from 1937 to 1943, during FDR's presidency.-Early life:Benjamin Sumner Welles was born in...

, until World War II. It was purchased from Mrs Welles' estate by the Cosmos Club in 1950 and added to the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation...

 in 1973. It is a contributing property
Contributing property
In the law regulating historic districts in the United States, a contributing resource or contributing property is any building, structure, or object which adds to the historical integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, listed locally or federally, significant...

 to the Dupont Circle Historic District and Massachusetts Avenue Historic District.

History

The Club originally met in the Corcoran Building on the corner of 15th and F Streets, NW, but moved to Lafayette Square
President's Park
President's Park, located in Washington, D.C., encompasses the White House, a visitor center, Lafayette Square, and The Ellipse. President's Park was the original name of Lafayette Square. The current President's Park is administered by the National Park Service.-White House:Washington, D.C...

 in 1882. Eventually, the Club occupied the Tayloe and Dolley Madison Houses
Cutts-Madison House
The Cutts-Madison House is an American colonial-style historic home located at 721 Madison Place NW in Washington, D.C...

 on the eastern side of the Square, and razed two rowhouses between them for additional space. Prompted to relocate by the federal government
Federal government of the United States
The federal government of the United States is the national government of the constitutional republic of fifty states that is the United States of America. The federal government comprises three distinct branches of government: a legislative, an executive and a judiciary. These branches and...

, the Club moved to the Townsend House in 1952.

Since 1887, the regular meeting place of the Philosophical Society of Washington
Philosophical Society of Washington
The Philosophical Society of Washington is the oldest scientific society in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1871 by Joseph Henry.Its aims are "the promotion of science, the advancement of learning, and the free exchange of views among its members on scientific subjects."Since 1887, the regular...

 has been the assembly hall of the Cosmos Club, now called the John Wesley Powell
John Wesley Powell
John Wesley Powell was a U.S. soldier, geologist, explorer of the American West, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions...

 auditorium. The National Geographic Society
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society , headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world. Its interests include geography, archaeology and natural science, the promotion of environmental and historical...

 was founded in the Cosmos Club in 1888, and The Wilderness Society
The Wilderness Society (United States)
The Wilderness Society is an American organization that is dedicated to protecting America's wilderness. It was formed in 1935 and currently has over 300,000 members and supporters.-Founding:The society was incorporated on January 21, 1935...

 was founded there in 1935.

For its first 110 years, the Cosmos Club did not permit women members, and forbade female guests to enter by the front door or to enter rooms reserved for members. In 1988, the Washington, D.C., Human Rights Office ruled that there was probable cause to believe that the club's men-only policy
Gentlemen's club
A gentlemen's club is a members-only private club of a type originally set up by and for British upper class men in the eighteenth century, and popularised by English upper-middle class men and women in the late nineteenth century. Today, some are more open about the gender and social status of...

 violated the city's anti-discrimination law. The Office was ready to order public hearings on the case, which could have resulted in the loss of all city licenses and permits if the all-male policy had continued.

In 1990, the Cosmos Club began publication of Cosmos: A Journal of Emerging Issues as an annual publication of original essays by its members.

Awards

The Cosmos Club offers two major awards:
  • The Cosmos Club Award has been presented annually since 1964 to persons of national or international standing in a field of science, literature, the fine arts, the learned professions, or the public service. Notable recipients have included Edwin Land, Paul Volcker
    Paul Volcker
    Paul Adolph Volcker, Jr. is an American economist. He was the Chairman of the Federal Reserve under United States Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan from August 1979 to August 1987. He is widely credited with ending the high levels of inflation seen in the United States in the 1970s and...

    , C. Everett Koop
    C. Everett Koop
    Charles Everett Koop, MD is an American pediatric surgeon and public health administrator. He was a vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, and served as thirteenth Surgeon General of the United States under President Ronald Reagan from 1982 to 1989.-Early years:Koop was born...

    , James Van Allen
    James Van Allen
    James Alfred Van Allen was an American space scientist at the University of Iowa.The Van Allen radiation belts were named after him, following the 1958 satellite missions in which Van Allen had argued that a Geiger counter should be used to detect charged particles.- Life and career :* September...

    , Arthur Kornberg
    Arthur Kornberg
    Arthur Kornberg was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid " together with Dr. Severo Ochoa of New York University...

    , Sandra Day O'Connor
    Sandra Day O'Connor
    Sandra Day O'Connor is an American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States. She served as an Associate Justice from 1981 until her retirement from the Court in 2006. O'Connor was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981...

    , Daniel Patrick Moynihan
    Daniel Patrick Moynihan
    Daniel Patrick "Pat" Moynihan was an American politician and sociologist. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected to the United States Senate for New York in 1976, and was re-elected three times . He declined to run for re-election in 2000...

     and Elie Wiesel
    Elie Wiesel
    Sir Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel KBE; born September 30, 1928) is a Hungarian-born Jewish-American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He is the author of 57 books, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a prisoner in the Auschwitz, Buna, and...

  • The John P. McGovern Award which supports an annual series of lectures in science, literature, arts, and humanities (given by the award recipients). Notable recipients have included: J. Craig Venter, Mstislav Rostropovich
    Mstislav Rostropovich
    Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich, KBE , known to close friends as Slava, was a Soviet and Russian cellist and conductor. He was married to the soprano Galina Vishnevskaya. He is widely considered to have been the greatest cellist of the second half of the 20th century, and one of the greatest of...

    , Stephen J. Gould, Edward O. Wilson, Saul Bellow
    Saul Bellow
    Saul Bellow was a Canadian-born Jewish American writer. For his literary contributions, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts...

    , Derek Jacobi
    Derek Jacobi
    Sir Derek George Jacobi, CBE is an English actor and film director.A "forceful, commanding stage presence", Jacobi has enjoyed a highly successful stage career, appearing in such stage productions as Hamlet, Uncle Vanya, and Oedipus the King. He received a Tony Award for his performance in...

     and Leonard Slatkin
    Leonard Slatkin
    Leonard Edward Slatkin is an American conductor and composer.-Early life and education:Slatkin was born in Los Angeles to a musical family that came from areas of the Russian Empire now in Ukraine. His father Felix Slatkin was the violinist, conductor and founder of the Hollywood String Quartet,...


Membership

Election to membership in the Cosmos Club honors persons deemed to have "done meritorious original work in science, literature, or the arts, or... recognized as distinguished in a learned profession or in public service".

Its members have included:

  • Dean C. Allard
    Dean C. Allard
    Dr. Dean Conrad Allard, Jr. , is a naval historian and archivist, who served as Director of Naval History and Director of the United States Navy's Naval Historical Center from 1989 to 1995....

  • John Vincent Atanasoff
    John Vincent Atanasoff
    John Vincent Atanasoff was an American physicist and inventor.The 1973 decision of the patent suit Honeywell v. Sperry Rand named him the inventor of the first automatic electronic digital computer...

  • Alexander Graham Bell
    Alexander Graham Bell
    Alexander Graham Bell was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone....

  • John Shaw Billings
    John Shaw Billings
    John Shaw Billings was an American librarian and surgeon best known as the modernizer of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office of the Army and as the first director of the New York Public Library.-Biography:...

  • Harry Blackmun
    Harry Blackmun
    Harold Andrew Blackmun was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 until 1994. He is best known as the author of Roe v. Wade.- Early years and professional career :...

  • Herbert Block
  • Alfred Blumstein
    Alfred Blumstein
    Alfred Blumstein is an American scientist and the J. Erik Jonsson University Professor of Urban Systems and Operations Research at the Heinz College and Department of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University...

  • Robert D. Briskman
  • Vannevar Bush
    Vannevar Bush
    Vannevar Bush was an American engineer and science administrator known for his work on analog computing, his political role in the development of the atomic bomb as a primary organizer of the Manhattan Project, the founding of Raytheon, and the idea of the memex, an adjustable microfilm viewer...

  • Robert Butler
    Robert Neil Butler
    Robert Neil Butler was a physician, gerontologist, psychiatrist, and Pulitzer Prize-winning author, who was the first director of the National Institute on Aging...

  • Steve Charnovitz
    Steve Charnovitz
    Steve Charnovitz is a scholar of public international law, living in the United States. He teaches at The George Washington University Law School in Washington, DC, and is best known for his writings on the linkages between trade and environment and trade and labor rights.-Background:Charnovitz is...

  • Samuel Clemens
  • Stanwood Cobb
    Stanwood Cobb
    Stanwood Cobb was an American educator, author and prominent Bahá'í of the 20th century.He was born in Newton, Massachusetts to Darius Cobb - a Civil War soldier, artist and descendent of Elder Henry Cobb of the second voyage of the Mayflower - and Eunice Hale - founding president of the Ladies...

  • Karl Compton
  • Willis Conover
    Willis Conover
    Willis Clark Conover, Jr. was a jazz producer and broadcaster on the Voice of America for over forty years. He produced jazz concerts at the White House, the Newport Jazz Festival, and for movies and television. By arranging concerts where people of all races were welcome, he is credited with...

  • Frank Cyr
  • Clarence Edward Dutton
  • Kenneth M. Ford
    Kenneth M. Ford
    Ken Ford is founder and director of the Florida Institute for Human & Machine Cognition .Kenneth Ford is Founder and CEO of the Institute for Human & Machine Cognition — a not-for-profit research institute located in Pensacola, Florida...

  • John Hope Franklin
    John Hope Franklin
    John Hope Franklin was a United States historian and past president of Phi Beta Kappa, the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, and the Southern Historical Association. Franklin is best known for his work From Slavery to Freedom, first published in 1947, and...

  • Daniel Friedman
    Daniel Mortimer Friedman
    Daniel Mortimer Friedman, was a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.Born in New York, New York, Friedman received an A.B. from Columbia University in 1937, and an LL.B. from Columbia Law School in 1940...

  • William R. Green
    William R. Green
    William Raymond Green was a longtime Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 9th congressional district, and chairman of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee, until he resigned to accept appointment as an associate judge on the United States Court of Claims.Born in Colchester,...

  • Louis A. Gottschalk
    Louis A. Gottschalk
    Louis A. Gottschalk was an American psychiatrist and neuroscientist.Gottschalk earned his M.D. at Washington University in St. Louis in 1943 and his Ph.D...

  • William Harkness
    William Harkness
    William Harkness was an astronomer, born at Ecclefechan, Scotland, a son of James Harkness . He was educated at Lafayette College , graduated from the University of Rochester , and studied medicine in New York City. He served as a surgeon in the Union armies during part of the American Civil War...

  • Helen Hayes
    Helen Hayes
    Helen Hayes Brown was an American actress whose career spanned almost 70 years. She eventually garnered the nickname "First Lady of the American Theatre" and was one of twelve people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award...

  • Elizabeth Hoffman
    Elizabeth Hoffman (professor)
    Elizabeth Hoffman is the Executive Vice President and Provost and professor of economics at Iowa State University. From 2000 to 2005, she was President of the University of Colorado System, where she is President Emerita...

  • Richard Holbrooke
    Richard Holbrooke
    Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke was an American diplomat, magazine editor, author, professor, Peace Corps official, and investment banker....

  • Calvin Bryce Hoover
  • Herbert Hoover
    Herbert Hoover
    Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States . Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business...

  • M. Thomas Inge
    M. Thomas Inge
    M. Thomas Inge is an American writer, who is an authority on popular culture and comic art history. He is the author or editor of over 50 books.Odyssey Press published his Agrarianism in American Literature in 1969...

  • Marvin Kalb
    Marvin Kalb
    Marvin L. Kalb is an American journalist. Kalb was the Shorenstein Center's Founding Director and Edward R. Murrow Professor of Press and Public Policy . The Shorenstein Center and the Kennedy School are part of Harvard University...

  • James Kilpatrick
  • Rudyard Kipling
    Rudyard Kipling
    Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English poet, short-story writer, and novelist chiefly remembered for his celebration of British imperialism, tales and poems of British soldiers in India, and his tales for children. Kipling received the 1907 Nobel Prize for Literature...

  • Henry Kissinger
    Henry Kissinger
    Heinz Alfred "Henry" Kissinger is a German-born American academic, political scientist, diplomat, and businessman. He is a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and...

  • George Lang
    George Lang
    George Lang may refer to:* George C. Lang , United States Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient* George H. Lang , British Bible teacher and writer* George Lang , American cinematographer...

  • Harvey J. Levin
    Harvey J. Levin
    Harvey Joshua Levin was an American economist. He was University Research Professor in the Department of Economics at Hofstra University , Augustus B. Weller Professor of Economics at Hofstra , and Founder and Director of its Public Policy Workshop . He was also a Senior Research Associate at the...

  • Sol Linowitz
    Sol Linowitz
    Sol Myron Linowitz was an American diplomat, lawyer, and businessman born in Trenton, NJ.Linowitz helped negotiate the return of the Panama Canal to Panama under the direction of President Jimmy Carter...

  • Arthur H. Livermore
    Arthur H. Livermore
    Arthur Hamilton Livermore was a science educator, He was educated at Reed College in Portland and in the University of Rochester in New York, where he worked on the synthesis of penicillin under Vincent du Vigneaud, who won the 1955 Nobel Prize in chemistry...

  • Robert Lowell
    Robert Lowell
    Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV was an American poet, considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement. He was appointed the sixth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress where he served from 1947 until 1948...

  • Gerald S. McGowan
    Gerald S. McGowan
    Gerald Stephen "Jerry" McGowan is an American lawyer, and diplomat. He was appointed United States Ambassador to Portugal on November 10, 1997, and was sworn in by Vice President Al Gore. He presented his credentials in Lisbon, Portugal on March 19, 1998 and left his post on July 3, 2001...

  • Robert McNamara
    Robert McNamara
    Robert Strange McNamara was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968, during which time he played a large role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War...

  • Ronald A. Marks
    Ronald A. Marks
    Ronald Anthony Marks is a former senior CIA official and Capitol Hill Staffer. He is an advocate for the use of Open Source Intelligence within the US Intelligence Community and an expert on Homeland Security intelligence.- Personal :...

  • Warren L. Miller
    Warren L. Miller
    Warren L. Miller is Chairman of the U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad, the agency of the U.S. Government charged with helping to protect and preserve memorials, historic sites, buildings, cemeteries, and other property in Central and Eastern Europe, including parts...

  • John Strong Newberry
    John Strong Newberry
    John Strong Newberry was a American geologist, physician, explorer, author, and a member of the Megatherium Club at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C....

  • John S. Monagan
    John S. Monagan
    John S. Monagan was a Connecticut politician and author.Monagan graduated from Dartmouth College in 1933, where he majored in French literature and was the editor of the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern...

  • Nathaniel B. Nichols
    Nathaniel B. Nichols
    Nathaniel B. Nichols was an American control engineer who made significant contributions to the field of control theory. He is well-known for his book Theory of Servomechanism, one of the most widely read books in control engineering....

  • Sandra Day O'Connor
    Sandra Day O'Connor
    Sandra Day O'Connor is an American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States. She served as an Associate Justice from 1981 until her retirement from the Court in 2006. O'Connor was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981...

  • Douglas Lane Patey
    Douglas Lane Patey
    Douglas Lane Patey is Sophia Smith Professor of English at Smith College in Northampton, MA. He received M.A. degrees from the University of Virginia in 1977 and 1978 and his Ph.D from the same university in 1979, with a thesis on "Probability and Literary Form"...

  • Stanton J. Peelle
    Stanton J. Peelle
    Stanton Judkins Peelle was a U.S. Representative from Indiana and chief justice of the United States Court of Claims.Born near Richmond, Indiana, Peelle attended the common schools and Winchester Seminary....

  • Forrest Pogue
    Forrest Pogue
    Forrest Carlisle Pogue Jr. . Forrest C. Pogue was an official United States Army historian during World War II, and attained the rank of Master Sergeant. He may well have been one of the best-educated sergeants in the U.S. Army in World War II...

  • George B. Post
    George B. Post
    George Browne Post was an American architect trained in the Beaux-Arts tradition.-Biography:Post was a student of Richard Morris Hunt , but unlike many architects of his generation, he had previously received a degree in civil engineering...

  • John Wesley Powell
    John Wesley Powell
    John Wesley Powell was a U.S. soldier, geologist, explorer of the American West, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions...

  • Larry Pressler
  • Henry Smith Pritchett
    Henry Smith Pritchett
    Henry Smith Pritchett was an American astronomer and educator.-Biography:Pritchett was born on April 16, 1857 in Fayette, Missouri, and attended Pritchett College in Glasgow, Missouri, receiving an A.B. in 1875. He then took instruction from Asaph Hall for two years at the US Naval Observatory...

  • Mila Rechcigl
    Mila Rechcigl
    Miloslav Rechcigl, Jr., or Mila Rechcigl, is a trained biochemist, nutritionist and cancer researcher, writer, editor, historian, bibliographer and genealogist. He was one of the founders and past President for many years of the Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences.-Biography:He was born on...

  • Alan Reich
    Alan Reich
    Alan Anderson Reich was the founder of the National Organization on Disability. In 1962 Reich suffered severe spinal injuries in a diving accident, confining him to a wheelchair for the rest of his life...

  • S. Dillon Ripley
  • Nelson Rockefeller
    Nelson Rockefeller
    Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller was the 41st Vice President of the United States , serving under President Gerald Ford, and the 49th Governor of New York , as well as serving the Roosevelt, Truman and Eisenhower administrations in a variety of positions...

  • Sievert Allen Rohwer
    Sievert Allen Rohwer
    Sievert Allen Rohwer Sievert Allen Rohwer Sievert Allen Rohwer (22 December 1887 , Telluride - 12 February 1951 was an American entomologist who specialised in HymenopteraHe was a senior insect taxonomist with the United States Department of Agriculture. Rohwer wrote Technical papers on...

  • Theodore Roosevelt
    Theodore Roosevelt
    Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States . He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity...

  • Carl Sagan
    Carl Sagan
    Carl Edward Sagan was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, science popularizer and science communicator in astronomy and natural sciences. He published more than 600 scientific papers and articles and was author, co-author or editor of more than 20 books...

  • Antonin Scalia
    Antonin Scalia
    Antonin Gregory Scalia is an American jurist who serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. As the longest-serving justice on the Court, Scalia is the Senior Associate Justice...

  • Fred Singer
    Fred Singer
    Siegfried Fred Singer is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia...

  • Denis Sinor
    Denis Sinor
    Denis Sinor was a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Central Asian Studies at the Department of Central Eurasian Studies at Indiana University and a tenured lecturer at Cambridge University between 1948 and 1962, and was one of the world's leading scholars for the history of Central Asia. Sinor...

  • Julian Steward
    Julian Steward
    Julian Haynes Steward was an American anthropologist best known for his role in developing "the concept and method" of cultural ecology, as well as a scientific theory of culture change.-Early life and education:...

  • Robert P. Strauss
    Robert P. Strauss
    Robert P. Strauss has been Professor of Economics and Public Policy at the H. John Heinz III College since 1979.-Academic career:Prior to joining Carnegie Mellon, he was a member of the economics department at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for 10 years where he was also an adjunct...

  • William Howard Taft
    William Howard Taft
    William Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States...

  • Vinod Thomas
    Vinod Thomas
    Vinod Thomas is Director-General of Independent Evaluation at the Asian Development Bank. He was formerly Director-General and Senior Vice President, Independent Evaluation Group , at the World Bank Group.He reports directly to the Board of Executive Directors and oversees the activities of...

  • Everett Warner
    Everett Warner
    Everett Longley Warner was an American Impressionist painter and printmaker, as well as a leading contributor to US Navy camouflage during both World Wars.-Early years:...

  • Joseph Weber
    Joseph Weber
    Joseph Weber was an American physicist. He gave the earliest public lecture on the principles behind the laser and the maser and developed the first gravitational wave detectors .-Early education:...

  • Gilbert F. White
    Gilbert F. White
    Gilbert Fowler White was a prominent American geographer, sometimes termed the "father of floodplain management" and the "leading environmental geographer of the 20th century"...

  • Woodrow Wilson
    Woodrow Wilson
    Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913...

  • Alma S. Woolley
    Alma S. Woolley
    Alma S. Woolley was an American nurse, nurse educator, nursing historian, and author...



See also


External links

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