Corynebacterium is a
genusIn biology, a genus is a taxonomic unit used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The term comes from Latin genus "descent, family, type, gender" , cognate with – genos, "race, stock, kin" ..In addition, genus is a taxonomic rank in the hierarchy In biology, a genus (plural:...
of
Gram-positiveGram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. This is in contrast to Gram-negative bacteria, which cannot retain the crystal violet stain, instead taking up the counterstain and appearing red or pink...
rod-shaped
bacteriaThe bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals...
. They are widely distributed in nature and are mostly innocuous. Some are useful in industrial settings such as
C. glutamicum. Others cause human disease such as
C. diphtheriaeCorynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler .-Classification:Four subspecies are recognized: C. diphtheriae mitischodis,...
, the pathogen responsible for
diphtheriaDiphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity. A milder form of diphtheria can be restricted to the skin...
.
Taxonomy
The genus
Corynebacterium was created by Lehmann and Neumann in 1896 as a
taxonomicTaxonomy is the practice and science of classification. The word finds its roots in the Greek , taxis and , nomos...
group to contain the bacterial rods responsible for causing diphtheria. The genus was defined based on
morphologicalIn biology morphology is the form, structure and configuration of an organism.This includes aspects of the outward appearance as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs...
characteristics. Thanks to studies of 16S-
rRNARibosomal RNA is the central component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. The function of the rRNA is to provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and to interact with the tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity.The...
, they have been grouped into the subdivision of
Gram-positiveGram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. This is in contrast to Gram-negative bacteria, which cannot retain the crystal violet stain, instead taking up the counterstain and appearing red or pink...
eubacteria with high
GGuanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. With the formula C
5H
5N
5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused...
:
CCytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA. It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached . The nucleoside of cytosine is cytidine...
content, with close philogenetic relationship to
ArthrobacterArthrobacter is a genus of bacteria that is commonly found in soil. All species in this genus are Gram-positive obligate aerobes that are rods during exponential growth and cocci in their stationary phase....
,
MycobacteriumMycobacterium is a genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy...
,
NocardiaNocardia is a genus of weakly-staining Gram-positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. It forms partially acid-fast beaded branching filaments . It has total 85 species. Some species are non pathogenic; some species are pathogenic . Nocardia are found worldwide in soil that is rich with...
, and
StreptomycesStreptomyces is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and the type genus of the family Streptomycetaceae. Over 500 species of Streptomyces bacteria have been described. As with the other Actinobacteria, streptomycetes are gram-positive, and have genomes with high GC-content...
. The term comes from the
GreekGreek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical...
corönë ("knotted rod") and
bacterion ("rod"). The term "diphtheroids" is used to represent Corynebacteria that are non-pathogenic; for example,
C. diphtheriaeCorynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler .-Classification:Four subspecies are recognized: C. diphtheriae mitischodis,...
would be excluded.
Characteristics
The principal features of the
Corynebacterium genus were described by Collins and Cummins in 1986. They are
Gram-positiveGram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. This is in contrast to Gram-negative bacteria, which cannot retain the crystal violet stain, instead taking up the counterstain and appearing red or pink...
,
catalaseCatalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms which are exposed to oxygen, where it functions to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen...
positive, non-
sporeIn biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions...
-forming, non-
motileMotility is a biological term which refers to the ability to move spontaneously and actively, consuming energy in the process. It can apply to either single-celled or multicellular organisms. Motile marine animals are commonly called free-swimming...
, rod-shaped bacteria that are straight or slightly curved. Metachromatic granules are usually present representing stored phosphate regions. Their size falls between 2-6
micrometerA micrometer , sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device used widely in mechanical engineering and machining for precision measurement, along with other metrological instruments such as dial calipers and vernier calipers...
s in length and 0.5 micrometers in
diameterIn geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints are on the circle. The diameters are the longest chords of the circle...
. The bacteria group together in a characteristic way, which has been described as the form of a "V", "palisades", or "Chinese letters". They may also appear
ellipticalIn mathematics, an ellipse is the bounded case of a conic section, the geometric shape that results from cutting a circular conical or cylindrical surface with an oblique plane...
. They are
aerobicAn aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. -Types:*Obligate aerobes require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration...
or
facultatively anaerobicA facultative anaerobic organism is an organism, usually a bacterium, that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation...
,
chemoorganotrophChemoorganotrophs are organisms which use organic compounds as their energy source. These organic chemicals include glucose and acetate. All animals are chemoorganotrophs, as are fungi, protozoa and some bacteria. Indeed, most heterotrophs are chemoorganotrophs. However, chemolithotrophs instead...
s, with a 51–65%
genomicIn modern molecular biology the genome refers to all of its hereditary information encoded in DNA .The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA. The term was adapted in 1920 by Hans Winkler, Professor of Botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany...
G:C content. They are
pleomorphicPleomorphism is the occurrence of two or more structural forms during a life cycle, especially of certain plants.It can also apply at the species level.-Bacteria:...
through their
life cycleLife cycle may refer to:* Biological life cycle* Enterprise Life Cycle* New product development* Life cycle assessment* Product life cycle management* LIFECYCLE Fundraising* Software life cycle* Systems Development Life Cycle* Adobe LifeCycle...
: they come in various lengths and frequently have thickenings at either end, depending on the surrounding conditions.
Cell wall
The
cell wallA cell wall is a tough, flexible and sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a...
is distinctive, with a predominance of meso-
diaminopimelic acidDiaminopimelic acid is an amino acid derivative. It is closely related to lysine.It is a characteristic of certain cell walls and is the attachment point for Braun's lipoprotein....
in the murein wall and many repetitions of
arabinogalactanArabinogalactan is a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides. Two classes of arabinogalctans are found in nature: plant arabinogalactan and microbial arabinogalactan. In plants, it is a major constituents of many gums, including gum arabic, gum gutti and so on...
as well as corynemycolic acid (a
mycolic acidMycolic acids are long fatty acids found in the cell walls of the mycolata taxon, a group of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis. They form the major component of the cell wall of mycolata species...
with 22 to 26
carbonCarbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds...
atoms), tied together by
disaccharideA disaccharide is the carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups only...
bonds called L-Rha
p-(1 → 4)--D-GlcNAc-phosphate. These form a complex commonly seen in
Corynebacterium species: the mycolyl-AG–peptidoglican (mAGP).
Culture
Corynebacteria grow slowly, even on enriched media. In terms of nutritional requirements, all need
biotinBiotin, also known as vitamin H or B7, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring...
in order to grow. Some strains also need
thiamineThiamine or thiamin, sometimes called aneurin, is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex , whose phosphate derivatives are involved in many cellular processes. The best characterized form is thiamine diphosphate , a coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids...
and
PABA4-Aminobenzoic acid is an organic compound with the formula H
2NC
6H
4CO
2H. PABA is a white crystalline substance that is only slightly soluble in water...
. Some of the
Corynebacterium with sequenced genomes have between 2.5 and 3 million base pairs. The bacteria grows in Loeffler's media, blood agar, and
trypticase soy agar (TSA)Trypticase soy agar is a bacterial growth medium.The medium contains enzymatic digests of casein and soybean meal which provides amino acids and other nitrogenous substances making it a nutritious medium for a variety of organisms. Dextrose is the energy source. Sodium chloride maintains the...
. It forms small grayish colonies with a granular appearance, mostly translucent but with opaque centers, convex, with continuous borders. The color tends to be yellowish white in Loeffler's media. In TSA, it can form grey colonies with black centers and dentated borders that look similar to flowers (
C. gravis), or continuous borders (
C. mitis), or a mix between the two forms (
C. intermedium).
Habitat
Corynebacteria species occur commonly in nature in the soil, water, plants, and food products. The non-diphtheiroid
Corynebacterium can even be found in the mucosa and normal
skin floraThe skin flora are the microorganisms which reside on the skin. Most research has been upon those that reside upon the 2 square meters of human skin. Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1000 species upon human skin from 19 phyla. The total number of bacteria on an average human has...
of humans and animals. Some species are known for their pathogenic effects in humans and other animals. Perhaps the most notable one is
C. diphtheriaeCorynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler .-Classification:Four subspecies are recognized: C. diphtheriae mitischodis,...
, which acquires the capacity to produce
diphtheria toxinDiphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the pathogen bacterium that causes diphtheria.-Structure:Diphtheria toxin is a single polypeptide chain of 535 amino acids consisting of two subunits linked by disulfide bridges...
only after interacting with a
bacteriophageA bacteriophage is any one of a number of viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages are among the most common organisms on Earth. The term is commonly used in its shortened form, phage....
. Other pathogenic species in humans include:
C. amicolatum,
C. striatum,
C. jeikeiumCorynebacterium jeikeium is a rod-shaped, catalase-positive, aerobic species of actinobacteria in the genus Corynebacterium. C. jeikeium is pathogenic, typically causing an opportunistic infection seen most frequently in bone marrow transplant patients.C...
,
C. urealyticum, and
C. xerosis (Oteo et al., 2001; Lagrou et al., 1998; Boc & Martone, 1995); all of these are important as pathogens in
immunosuppressedImmunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immuno-suppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions...
patients. Pathogenic species in other animals include
C. bovisCorynebacterium bovis is a pathogenic veterinary bacterium that causes mastitis and pyelonephritis in cattle.C. bovis is a facultatively anaerobic Gram positive organism, characterized by non-encapsulated, non-sporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of...
and
C. renaleCorynebacterium renale is a pathogenic veterinary bacterium that causes cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle.C. renale is a facultatively anaerobic Gram positive organism, characterized by non-encapsulated, non-sporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of...
.
Role in disease
The most notable human infection is
diphtheriaDiphtheria is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low fever, and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity. A milder form of diphtheria can be restricted to the skin...
, caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriaeCorynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler .-Classification:Four subspecies are recognized: C. diphtheriae mitischodis,...
. It is an acute and contagious infection characterized by pseudomembranes of dead epithelial
cell-Science and technology:*Cell , the basic organizational unit of all living organisms*Cell , a term used in electronic circuit design schematics*Cell , a three-dimensional element, part of a higher-dimensional object...
s,
white blood cellWhite blood cells , or leukocytes , are cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a...
s,
red blood cellRed blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues via the blood. They take up oxygen in the lungs or gills and release it while squeezing through the body's capillaries. The cells are filled with hemoglobin, a...
s, and
fibrinFibrin is a fibrous protein involved in the clotting of blood, and is non globular. It is a fibrillar protein that is polymerised to form a "mesh" that forms a hemostatic plug or clot over a wound site.Fibrin is made from fibrinogen, a soluble plasma glycoprotein that is synthesised by the liver...
that form around the
tonsilPalatine tonsils, occasionally called the faucial tonsils, are the tonsils that can be seen on the left and right sides at the back of the throat....
s and
back of the throatThe pharynx is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea.-Functions:...
. It is an uncommon illness that tends to occur in un-
vaccinatedA vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains a small amount of an agent that resembles a microorganism...
individuals especially school-aged children, those in developing countries, elderly,
neutropenicNeutropenia , from Latin prefix neutro- and Greek suffix -πενία is a hematological disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils, the most important type of white blood cell, in the blood...
or immunocompromised patients, and those with prosthetic devices such as prosthetic heart valves,
shuntsIn medicine, a shunt is a hole or passage which moves, or allows movement of fluid from one part of the body to another. The term may describe either congenital or acquired shunts; and acquired shunts may be either biological or mechanical.* Cardiac shunts may be described as right-to-left,...
, or
catheterIn medicine a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct or vessel. Catheters thereby allow drainage, injection of fluids or access by surgical instruments. The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization. In most uses a catheter is a thin, flexible tube , although...
s. It can occasionally infect wounds, the
vulvaThe vulva refers to the external genital organs of the female. This article deals with the human vulva, although the structures are similar for other mammals....
, the
conjunctivaThe conjunctiva is a clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids...
, and the
middle earThe middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the cochlea. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which couple vibration of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear has...
. It can be spread
within a hospitalNosocomial infections are infections which are a result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare service unit, but secondary to the patient's original condition. Infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admission or within 30 days after discharge...
. The virulent and toxigenic strains are lysogenic and produce an
exotoxinAn exotoxin is a toxin excreted by a microrganism, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host...
formed by two polypeptide chains, which is itself produced when a bacterium is
transformedIn molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake, genomic incorporation, and expression of foreign genetic material ....
by a
geneA gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cells and pass genetic traits to offspring...
from the β
prophageA prophage is a phage genome inserted as part of the linear structure of the DNA chromosome of a bacterium. A temperate phage integrated into the host chromosome or existing as an extrachromosomal plasmid...
.
Several species cause disease in animals, and some are also pathogenic in humans. Some attack healthy
hostHost or hosts may refer to:* Host or sacramental bread* Host — organism harboring another organism on or in itself* Host — "personality" emphasized in treating dissociative identity disorder...
s, while others tend to attack the immunocompromised. Effects of infection include
granulomaGranuloma is a medical term for a ball-like collection of immune cells which forms when the immune system attempts to wall off substances that it perceives as foreign but is unable to eliminate. Such substances include infectious organisms such as bacteria and fungi as well as other materials such...
tous
lymphadenopathyLymphadenopathy is a term meaning "disease of the lymph nodes." It is, however, almost synonymously used with "swollen/enlarged lymph nodes". It could be due to infection, auto-immune disease, or malignancy....
,
pneumonitisPneumonitis is a general term that refers to inflammation of lung tissue.Pneumonia is pneumonitis combined with consolidation and exudation....
,
pharyngitisPharyngitis is an inflammation of the throat or pharynx. In most cases it is painful and the initial infection can extent for a lengthy time period, and is often referred to as a sore throat....
, skin infections, and
endocarditisEndocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. It usually involves the heart valves . Other structures which may be involved include the interventricular septum, the chordae tendinae, the mural endocardium, or even on intracardiac devices...
. Corynebacterial endocarditis is seen most frequently in patients with intravascular devices.
C. tenuis is believed to cause trichomycosis palmellina and
trichomycosis axillarisTrichomycosis axillaris is a superficial bacterial colonization of the hair shafts in sweat gland–bearing areas, such as the armpits and the pubic area...
.
C. striatum may cause axillary odor.
C. minutissimumCorynebacterium minutissimum is a species of corynebacterium.It is associated with erythrasma....
causes
erythrasmaErythrasma is a skin disease that can result in pink patches, which can turn into brown scales. It is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium minutissimum.It is most commonly found in folds of skin ....
.
Industrial Uses
Non-pathogenic species of
Corynebacterium are used for very important industrial applications, such as the production of
amino acidAmino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and one of the twenty R-groups. These molecules are particularly important in biochemistry, where this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H
2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent...
s,
nucleotideNucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition, nucleotides play central roles in metabolism...
s, and other nutritional factors (Martín, 1989); bioconversion of
steroidA steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by its sterane core and additional functional groups. The core is a carbon structure of four fused rings: three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring. The steroids vary by the functional groups attached to these rings and the oxidation state of the...
s; degradation of
hydrocarbonIn organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen are referred to as "pure"...
s;
cheeseCheese is a food consisting of proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep. It is produced by coagulation of the milk protein casein. Typically, the milk is acidified and addition of the enzyme rennet causes coagulation. The solids are separated and pressed into...
aging; and production of
enzymeEnzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, called the products. Almost all processes in a biological cell need enzymes to occur at...
s (Khurana et al., 2000). Some species produce metabolites similar to
antibioticIn common usage, an antibiotic is a substance or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria...
s:
bacteriocinBacteriocins are proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain. They are typically considered to be narrow spectrum antibiotics, though this has been debated They are phenomenologically analogous to yeast and paramecium killing...
s of the corynecin-linocin type, anti-tumor agents, etc. One of the most studied species is
C. glutamicum, whose name refers to its capacity to produce
glutamic acidGlutamic acid is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, and its codons are GAA and GAG. It is a non-essential amino acid...
in aerobic conditions. It is used in the foods industry as
monosodium glutamateMonosodium glutamate, also known as sodium glutamate and MSG, is a sodium salt of the naturally occurring non-essential amino acid glutamic acid. It is used as a food additive and is commonly marketed as a flavour enhancer. It has the HS code 29224220 and the E number E621. Trade names of...
in the production of
soy sauceSoy sauce , soya sauce or is produced by fermenting soybeans with the molds Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus soyae along with roasted grain, water, and salt. Soy sauce was invented in China, where it has been used as a condiment for close to 2,500 years...
and yogurt.
Species of Corynebacterium have been used in the mass production of various amino acids including L-Glutamic Acid, a popular food additive that is made at a rate of 1.5 million tons/ year by Corynebacterium. The metabolic pathways of Corynebacterium have been further manipulated to produce L-Lysine and L-Threonine.
Species
Most species of corynebacteria are non-
lipophilicLipophilic bacteria are bacteria that may proliferate in lipids.-Types:They include lipophilic corynebacteria..Propionibacterium acnes is a type of liphophilic bacteria, releasing fatty acids and worsening comedones....
, but some are lipophilic.
Non-lipophilic
The nonlipophilic bacteria may be classified as
fermentativeFermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound. This is in contrast to cellular respiration, where electrons are donated to an exogenous electron acceptor,...
and non-fermentative:
- Fermentative Corynebacteria
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is also known as the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, because it was discovered in 1884 by German bacteriologists Edwin Klebs and Friedrich Löffler .-Classification:Four subspecies are recognized: C. diphtheriae mitischodis,...
group
- Corynebacterium xerosis and Corynebacterium striatum
- Corynebacterium minutissimum
Corynebacterium minutissimum is a species of corynebacterium.It is associated with erythrasma....
- Corynebacterium amycolatum
- Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum
- Corynebacterium argentoratense
- Corynebacterium matruchotii
- Corynebacterium spp.
- Nonfermentative Corynebacteria
- Corynebacterium afermentans subsp. afermentans
- Corynebacterium auris
- Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum
- Corynebacterium propinquum
Lipophilic
- Corynebacterium jeikeium
Corynebacterium jeikeium is a rod-shaped, catalase-positive, aerobic species of actinobacteria in the genus Corynebacterium. C. jeikeium is pathogenic, typically causing an opportunistic infection seen most frequently in bone marrow transplant patients.C...
- Corynebacterium urealyticum
- Corynebacterium afermentans subsp. lipophilum
- Corynebacterium accolens
- Corynebacterium macginleyi
- CDC coryneform groups F-1 and G
- Corynebacterium bovis
Corynebacterium bovis is a pathogenic veterinary bacterium that causes mastitis and pyelonephritis in cattle.C. bovis is a facultatively anaerobic Gram positive organism, characterized by non-encapsulated, non-sporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods with a length of 1 to 8 µm and width of...