Coronel
Encyclopedia
Coronel is a Chile
an city and commune, located in the Concepción Province
of the eighth region of Biobío.
This muddy, forested landscape enclosed by high mountains was what the first Spanish
conquistador
s and settlers found when arriving. Vegetation and forests covered most of the area except very close to the coast. This type of landscape is characteristic of the province.
The total area of the commune is 279.4 sqkm. Aside from its western coast along the Pacific Ocean, the commune is surrounded by other communes of the Concepción Province: San Pedro de la Paz
to the north, Hualqui
to the north and east, and Lota
and Santa Juana
to the south.
The Santa María Island also forms part of the city, which is represented there by a municipal delegate.
, common to the Chilean Coast Range
, with moderate temperature variations. As Coronel is situated west of the mountain range, it generally receives winds out of the west and northwest and increased precipitation due to orographic lift
. Its vicinity to the Pacific influences its annual temperature variations. The average temperature in summer is 17 °C (62.6 °F) and 8 °C (46.4 °F) in winter.
. Historically, Spaniards called them as Araucaníans (araucanos) and their coastal territory as Araucanía.
This territory is an integral part of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia, established on November 19, 1861. Klaus-Peter Pohland, Vice Chancellor of the Royal House of Araucania, holds the title of Count of Coronel.
The indigenous population of Coronel Bay was located into a war zone called Butanmapu de la costa. From the descriptions made by the Spaniards, it is probable that before the Spaniards' colonization, half of the Mapuche population lived in this region. Also, the population density of the tribes was evenly distributed on both east and west sides of the Cordillera de Nahuelbuta
The city of Lota was an early coal mining settlement in the area. The mine was composed of "Chiflones" 1, 2, 3, 4, Pique Santa Maria, and Pique Arenas Blancas. This was the last mine closed, because of a grisu gas explosion where 21 miners died. This mine was the deepest in South America, at 1000 m (3,281 ft).
The World War I
naval Battle of Coronel
between ships of the United Kingdom and Germany was fought on 1 November 1914 off the coast of Coronel.
The city was the seat of Lautaro Department, later known as the Coronel Department.
of the National Statistics Institute
, Coronel spans an area of 279.4 sqkm and has 95,528 inhabitants (46,766 men and 48,762 women). Of these, 91,469 (95.8%) lived in urban area
s and 4,059 (4.2%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 14.5% (12,102 persons). The demonym
for a man from Coronel is Coronelino and Coronelina for a woman.
who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Leonidas Romero. The communal council has the following members:
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Coronel is represented in the Chamber of Deputies
by Sergio Bobadilla (UDI) and Clemira Pacheco (PS
) as part of the 45th electoral district, (together with Tomé
, Penco
, Florida
, Hualqui
and Santa Juana
). The commune is represented in the Senate
by Alejandro Navarro Brain (MAS) and Hosain Sabag Castillo (PDC
) as part of the 12th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Cordillera).
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
an city and commune, located in the Concepción Province
Concepción Province
Concepción Province may refer to*Concepción Province, Chile*Concepción Province, Peru...
of the eighth region of Biobío.
Geography
The city of Coronel is located in a sandy platform that goes from the mouth of the Biobío River to the Arauco Gulf bay, a muddy landscape, full of forests, typical of the region.This muddy, forested landscape enclosed by high mountains was what the first Spanish
Spanish people
The Spanish are citizens of the Kingdom of Spain. Within Spain, there are also a number of vigorous nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the country's complex history....
conquistador
Conquistador
Conquistadors were Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th to 16th centuries, following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492...
s and settlers found when arriving. Vegetation and forests covered most of the area except very close to the coast. This type of landscape is characteristic of the province.
The total area of the commune is 279.4 sqkm. Aside from its western coast along the Pacific Ocean, the commune is surrounded by other communes of the Concepción Province: San Pedro de la Paz
San Pedro de la Paz
San Pedro de la Paz is a Chilean city and commune located in the Concepción Province, Biobío Region. It has some 80,447 inhabitants according to the 2002 national census. In 2005, the Pedro Aguirre Cerda avenue, the main avenue in the city, was completed. Most of the inhabitants of this comuna...
to the north, Hualqui
Hualqui
Hualqui is a Chilean city and commune in the Concepción Province, Biobio Region. It is also part of the Greater Concepcion conurbation, although it maintains a rural profile. It had a population of 18,768 inhabitants according to the 2002 census....
to the north and east, and Lota
Lota, Chile
Lota is a city and commune located in the center of the Chile on the Gulf of Arauco. It lies within the Concepción Province of the Biobío Region.-History:...
and Santa Juana
Santa Juana, Chile
Santa Juana is a city and commune of the Concepción Province in the Biobío Region of Chile. It lies south and west of the Biobío River in the valley of Catirai and is 48 kilometers from Concepcion, Chile.- History :...
to the south.
The Santa María Island also forms part of the city, which is represented there by a municipal delegate.
Climate
The climate of Coronel is temperate MediterraneanMediterranean climate
A Mediterranean climate is the climate typical of most of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, and is a particular variety of subtropical climate...
, common to the Chilean Coast Range
Chilean Coast Range
The Chilean Coastal Range is a mountain range that runs from north to south along the Pacific coast of South America parallel to the Andean Mountains, extending from Morro de Arica in the north to Taitao Peninsula, where it ends at the Chile Triple Junction, in the south. The range has a strong...
, with moderate temperature variations. As Coronel is situated west of the mountain range, it generally receives winds out of the west and northwest and increased precipitation due to orographic lift
Orographic lift
Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain. As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically, which can raise the relative humidity to 100% and create clouds and, under the right conditions,...
. Its vicinity to the Pacific influences its annual temperature variations. The average temperature in summer is 17 °C (62.6 °F) and 8 °C (46.4 °F) in winter.
History
Like all territory to the south of Biobío River, this area was populated by the MapucheMapuche
The Mapuche are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina. They constitute a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who shared a common social, religious and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage. Their influence extended...
. Historically, Spaniards called them as Araucaníans (araucanos) and their coastal territory as Araucanía.
This territory is an integral part of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia, established on November 19, 1861. Klaus-Peter Pohland, Vice Chancellor of the Royal House of Araucania, holds the title of Count of Coronel.
The indigenous population of Coronel Bay was located into a war zone called Butanmapu de la costa. From the descriptions made by the Spaniards, it is probable that before the Spaniards' colonization, half of the Mapuche population lived in this region. Also, the population density of the tribes was evenly distributed on both east and west sides of the Cordillera de Nahuelbuta
The city of Lota was an early coal mining settlement in the area. The mine was composed of "Chiflones" 1, 2, 3, 4, Pique Santa Maria, and Pique Arenas Blancas. This was the last mine closed, because of a grisu gas explosion where 21 miners died. This mine was the deepest in South America, at 1000 m (3,281 ft).
The World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
naval Battle of Coronel
Battle of Coronel
The First World War naval Battle of Coronel took place on 1 November 1914 off the coast of central Chile near the city of Coronel. German Kaiserliche Marine forces led by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee met and defeated a Royal Navy squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher...
between ships of the United Kingdom and Germany was fought on 1 November 1914 off the coast of Coronel.
The city was the seat of Lautaro Department, later known as the Coronel Department.
Demographics
According to the 2002 censusCensus
A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common...
of the National Statistics Institute
National Statistics Institute (Chile)
The National Statistics Institute of Chile is a state-run organization of the Government of Chile, created in the second half of the 19th century and tasked with performing a general census of population and housing, then collecting, producing and publishing official demographic statistics of...
, Coronel spans an area of 279.4 sqkm and has 95,528 inhabitants (46,766 men and 48,762 women). Of these, 91,469 (95.8%) lived in urban area
Urban area
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets.Urban areas are created and further...
s and 4,059 (4.2%) in rural areas. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 14.5% (12,102 persons). The demonym
Demonym
A demonym , also referred to as a gentilic, is a name for a resident of a locality. A demonym is usually – though not always – derived from the name of the locality; thus, the demonym for the people of England is English, and the demonym for the people of Italy is Italian, yet, in english, the one...
for a man from Coronel is Coronelino and Coronelina for a woman.
Administration
As a commune, Coronel is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a communal council, headed by an alcaldeAlcalde
Alcalde , or Alcalde ordinario, is the traditional Spanish municipal magistrate, who had both judicial and administrative functions. An alcalde was, in the absence of a corregidor, the presiding officer of the Castilian cabildo and judge of first instance of a town...
who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Leonidas Romero. The communal council has the following members:
- José Suazo Muñoz
- Bernardo Ulloa Pereira
- Edmundo Salas Norambuena
- Francisco Reyes Aguayo
- Daniel Rosales Salgado
- Tania Concha Hidalgo
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Coronel is represented in the Chamber of Deputies
Chamber of Deputies of Chile
The Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Chile is the lower house of Chile's bicameral Congress. Its organisation and its powers and duties are defined in articles 42 to 59 of Chile's current constitution....
by Sergio Bobadilla (UDI) and Clemira Pacheco (PS
Socialist Party of Chile
The Socialist Party of Chile is a political party, that is part of the center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition. Its historical leader was the late President of Chile Salvador Allende Gossens, who was deposed by General Pinochet in 1973...
) as part of the 45th electoral district, (together with Tomé
Tomé
Tomé is a port city and commune in the Biobío Region of Chile. It is bordered by Coelemu to the north, Ránquil and Florida to the east, Penco to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west...
, Penco
Penco
Penco is a Chilean city and commune in Concepción Province, Biobío Region on the Bay of Concepción. Founded as the city of Concepción del Nuevo Extremo on February 12, 1550 by Pedro de Valdivia, it is the third oldest city in the country after Santiago founded first in 1541 and La Serena second...
, Florida
Florida, Chile
Florida is a Chilean town and commune located in the Concepción Province, Biobío Region.-Demographics:According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Florida spans an area of and has 10,177 inhabitants . Of these, 3,875 lived in urban areas and 6,302 in rural areas...
, Hualqui
Hualqui
Hualqui is a Chilean city and commune in the Concepción Province, Biobio Region. It is also part of the Greater Concepcion conurbation, although it maintains a rural profile. It had a population of 18,768 inhabitants according to the 2002 census....
and Santa Juana
Santa Juana, Chile
Santa Juana is a city and commune of the Concepción Province in the Biobío Region of Chile. It lies south and west of the Biobío River in the valley of Catirai and is 48 kilometers from Concepcion, Chile.- History :...
). The commune is represented in the Senate
Senate of Chile
The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile.-Composition:...
by Alejandro Navarro Brain (MAS) and Hosain Sabag Castillo (PDC
Christian Democratic Party
Christian democratic parties are those political parties that seek to apply Christian principles to public policy. The underlying Christian democracy movement emerged in 19th-century Europe, largely under the influence of Catholic social teaching, and it continues to be influential in Europe and...
) as part of the 12th senatorial constituency (Biobío-Cordillera).