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Convention of London (1840)

 

 
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Convention of London (1840)
 
 
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The Convention of London of 1840 was a treaty
Treaty

A Treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. A Treaty may also be known as: agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, exchange of letters, etc....
 signed on 15 July 1840 between the United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
, Austria
Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire was a periodization successor state empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire centered on what is today's Austria that officially lasted from 1804 to 1867....
, Prussia
Prussia

Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
, Russia
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
 on the one hand, and the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
 on the other hand. The signatories offered to Muhammad Ali Pasha
Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha , Muhamed Ali Pasha in Albanian language or Kavalali Mehmet Ali Pasa in Turkish language, , was Wali of Egypt and Sudan, and is regarded as the "founder of modern Egypt"....
 and his heirs control over Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
 and the province of Acre
District of Acre

The District of Acre or Sanjak Akka was one of the districts of the Damascus Wilayah Wilayah established by the Ottoman Empire in Ottoman Palestine....
 (roughly what is now Israel
Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
), provided that he agreed within ten days to withdraw from the rest of Syria
Ottoman Syria

Ottoman Syria refers to the Levant within the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Syria in the Ottoman era included modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Jordan, and parts of Turkey and Iraq....
 and returned to Sultan Abdülmecid I
Abdülmecid I

Abd?lmecid I, Abdul Mejid I, Abd-ul-Mejid I or Abd Al-Majid I Ghazi was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2 1839....
 the Ottoman fleet
Ottoman Navy

The Ottoman Navy was established in the early 14th century. During its long existence it was involved in many conflicts; refer to list of Ottoman sieges and landings and list of Admirals in the Ottoman Empire for a brief chronology....
, which had defected to Alexandria
Alexandria

Alexandria , with a population of 4.1 million, is the second-largest city in Egypt, and is the country's largest seaport, serving about 80% of Egypt's imports and exports....
. The European powers agreed to use all possible means of persuasion to effect this agreement, but Muhammad Ali, backed by France, refused.






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The Convention of London of 1840 was a treaty
Treaty

A Treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. A Treaty may also be known as: agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, exchange of letters, etc....
 signed on 15 July 1840 between the United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
, Austria
Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire was a periodization successor state empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire centered on what is today's Austria that officially lasted from 1804 to 1867....
, Prussia
Prussia

Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
, Russia
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
 on the one hand, and the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
 on the other hand. The signatories offered to Muhammad Ali Pasha
Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha , Muhamed Ali Pasha in Albanian language or Kavalali Mehmet Ali Pasa in Turkish language, , was Wali of Egypt and Sudan, and is regarded as the "founder of modern Egypt"....
 and his heirs control over Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
 and the province of Acre
District of Acre

The District of Acre or Sanjak Akka was one of the districts of the Damascus Wilayah Wilayah established by the Ottoman Empire in Ottoman Palestine....
 (roughly what is now Israel
Israel

Israel officially the State of Israel , is a country in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan in the east, and Egypt on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area....
), provided that he agreed within ten days to withdraw from the rest of Syria
Ottoman Syria

Ottoman Syria refers to the Levant within the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Syria in the Ottoman era included modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Jordan, and parts of Turkey and Iraq....
 and returned to Sultan Abdülmecid I
Abdülmecid I

Abd?lmecid I, Abdul Mejid I, Abd-ul-Mejid I or Abd Al-Majid I Ghazi was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2 1839....
 the Ottoman fleet
Ottoman Navy

The Ottoman Navy was established in the early 14th century. During its long existence it was involved in many conflicts; refer to list of Ottoman sieges and landings and list of Admirals in the Ottoman Empire for a brief chronology....
, which had defected to Alexandria
Alexandria

Alexandria , with a population of 4.1 million, is the second-largest city in Egypt, and is the country's largest seaport, serving about 80% of Egypt's imports and exports....
. The European powers agreed to use all possible means of persuasion to effect this agreement, but Muhammad Ali, backed by France, refused. British and Austrian forces then attacked Acre, defeating his troops late in 1840. Muhammad Ali finally accepted the terms of the Convention and the firmans subsequently issued by the sultan, confirming his rule over Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
 and the Sudan
Sudan

Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest in the African continent and the Arab World, and List of countries and outlying territories by total area by area....
. He withdrew from Syria
Ottoman Syria

Ottoman Syria refers to the Levant within the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Syria in the Ottoman era included modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Jordan, and parts of Turkey and Iraq....
 and Crete
Crete

Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
 and sent back the Ottoman fleet. The London Convention and the firmans were the legal basis for Egypt's status as a privileged Ottoman province
Egypt Province, Ottoman Empire

Although Egypt was an Ottoman province from the time of the Mamaluke wars, in its later years the Albanian born Muhammad Ali of Egypt became its governor....
. Later Egyptian nationalists cited them to discredit claims for the British occupation.

See also

  • History of Ottoman Egypt
    History of Ottoman Egypt

    Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control. It remained dominated by the semi-autonomous Mameluks until it was conquered by the France in 1798....
  • History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty