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A concordat usually refers to an agreement between the Apostolic See
Apostolic See

An Apostolic See is any episcopal see whose foundation is attributed to one or more of the Twelve Apostles. Examples are the Churches in Thessalonica and Corinth and the many others founded by Paul the Apostle, such as the Maltese Church....
 and a government
Government

Government is the body within any organization that has the authority to make and the power to enforce laws, regulations, or rules. Typically, the government refers to a civil government -- local, provincial, or national -- but commercial, academic, religious, or other formal organizations are also administered by governing bodies....
 of a certain country on religious matters, although it is also used in relation to some other agreements in internal United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 and others counties' politics.

often included both recognition and privileges for the Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church, officially known as the Catholic Church is the world's largest Christianity Ecclesia , representing over half of all Christians and one-sixth of the world population....
 in a particular country. Privileges might include exemptions from certain legal matters and processes, and issues such as taxation as well as the right of a state to influence the selection of bishop
Bishop

A bishop is an ordination or consecration member of the Clergy#Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight....
s within its territory.






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A concordat usually refers to an agreement between the Apostolic See
Apostolic See

An Apostolic See is any episcopal see whose foundation is attributed to one or more of the Twelve Apostles. Examples are the Churches in Thessalonica and Corinth and the many others founded by Paul the Apostle, such as the Maltese Church....
 and a government
Government

Government is the body within any organization that has the authority to make and the power to enforce laws, regulations, or rules. Typically, the government refers to a civil government -- local, provincial, or national -- but commercial, academic, religious, or other formal organizations are also administered by governing bodies....
 of a certain country on religious matters, although it is also used in relation to some other agreements in internal United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 and others counties' politics.

Papal concordat

This often included both recognition and privileges for the Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church, officially known as the Catholic Church is the world's largest Christianity Ecclesia , representing over half of all Christians and one-sixth of the world population....
 in a particular country. Privileges might include exemptions from certain legal matters and processes, and issues such as taxation as well as the right of a state to influence the selection of bishop
Bishop

A bishop is an ordination or consecration member of the Clergy#Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight....
s within its territory. Although for a time after the Second Vatican Council
Second Vatican Council

The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. It opened under Pope John XXIII in 1962 and closed under Pope Paul VI in 1965....
, which ended in 1965, the term 'concordat' was dropped, it reappeared with the Polish Concordat of 1993
Concordat of 1993

Concordat between the Holy See and Poland was signed on 28 July 1993 between the archbishop and Vatican nuncio to Poland, J?zef Kowalczyk and Polish Foreign Minister, Krzysztof Skubiszewski....
 and the Portuguese Concordat of 2004
Concordat of 2004

Concordat between the Holy See and the Portuguese Republic was signed on 18 May 2004 by Angelo Cardinal Sodano, Secretary of State for the Holy See and Jos? Manuel Dur?o Barroso, Prime Minister of Portugal....
.

The Vatican has been particularly vocal on issues of abortion
Abortion

An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death....
 in Ireland
Ireland

Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
 and Portugal
Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
, and in attempting to ensure references to Christianity in the prospective EU constitution. Less high profile are agreements concerning taxation and partial state funding of Catholic owned institutions such as orphanages, homes for the elderly and hospices for those suffering from AIDS
AIDS

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the HIV ....
.

A different model of relations between the Vatican and various states is still evolving in the wake of the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on Religious Liberty, Dignitatis Humanae
Dignitatis Humanae

Dignitatis Human? is the Second Vatican Council Declaration on Freedom of Religion. The full text in English is available from the The passage of this measure by a vote of 2,308 to 70 by the assembled bishops of the Catholic Church is considered by many one of the most significant events of the Council....
.

United Kingdom

The term is also used for agreements setting out the framework for co-operation between United Kingdom government departments and the Scottish Government and the Cabinet of the National Assembly for Wales
National Assembly for Wales

The National Assembly for Wales is a devolution National Assembly with power to make legislation in Wales. The Assembly comprises 60 members, who are known as Assembly Member, or AMs ....
: for examples see DEFRA
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is the United Kingdom government department responsible for environmental quality protection, food production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in the United Kingdom....
. In other jurisdictions such as Australia and the United States, the term Memorandum of Understanding, often just MOU, is more prevalent.

List of concordats

  • Concordat of Worms
    Concordat of Worms

    The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor on September 23 1122 near the city of Worms, Germany....
     (1122) between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V
    Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

    Henry V was King of Germany and Holy Roman Empire , the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. Henry's reign coincided with the final phase of the great Investiture Controversy, which had pitted pope against emperor....
  • Concordat of Bologna
    Concordat of Bologna

    The Concordat of Bologna , marking a stage in the evolution of the Gallican Church, was an agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X that Francis negotiated in the wake of his Battle of Marignano in September 1515....
     (1516) between King Francis I of France
    Francis I of France

    Francis I , was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547.Francis I is considered to be France's first Renaissance monarch....
     and Pope Leo X
    Pope Leo X

    Pope Leo X, born Giovanni de' Medici was Pope from 1513 to his death. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St....
  • Concordat of 1753 with Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  • Concordat of 1801
    Concordat of 1801

    The Concordat of 1801 is a reflection of an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status....
     between Pope Pius VII
    Pope Pius VII

    Pope Pius VII, Order of Saint Benedict , born Count Barnaba Niccol? Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823....
     and Napoléon
    Napoleon I of France

    Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
  • Concordat of Fontainebleau (1813) between Pope Pius VII
    Pope Pius VII

    Pope Pius VII, Order of Saint Benedict , born Count Barnaba Niccol? Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823....
     and Napoléon
    Napoleon I of France

    Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
  • Concordat of 5 June 1817, with Bavaria
    Bavaria

    Bavaria , with an area of and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, is a region located in the southeast of Germany and is the largest States of Germany of Germany by area....
  • Concordat of 11 June 1817, with France
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  • Concordat of 1847 (3 August) with Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
  • Concordat of 1851 (16 March) with Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  • Concordat of 1855 between Pope Pius IX
    Pope Pius IX

    Blessed Pope Pius IX , born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16, 1846 until his death. His was the longest reign in Church history, lasting 32 years....
     and Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph
  • Concordat of 1882 (23 December) with Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
  • Concordat of 1886 (23 June) with Portugal
    Portugal

    Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
  • Concordat of 1925
    Concordat of 1925

    A 1925 concordat between the Holy See and the Second Polish Republic had 27 articles, which guaranteed the freedom of the Church and the faithful....
     (10 February) between the Holy See and the Second Polish Republic
    Second Polish Republic

    The Second Polish Republic, Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II....
  • Lateran treaty (11 February 1929) between Italy and Pope Pius XI
    Pope Pius XI

    Pope Pius XI , born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, reigned as Pope from February 6, 1922, and as sovereignty of Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on February 11, 1929 until his death on February 10, 1939....
    , being composed of a Treaty formally defining the Vatican City
    Vatican City

    Vatican City , officially the State of the Vatican City , is a Landlocked country sovereignty city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, the Capital of Italy....
     and its international sovereign status and of the Concordat of 1929 concerning the Catholic Church in Italy
  • Concordat of 1933 (5 June) between the Holy See and Austria
    Austria

    Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
  • Reichskonkordat
    Reichskonkordat

    The Reichskonkordat is the concordat between the Holy See and Germany. It was signed on July 20, 1933 by Pope Pius XII and Franz von Papen on behalf of Pope Pius XI and President Paul von Hindenburg, respectively....
     (20 July 1933) between the Holy See
    Holy See

    The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church....
     and the Third Reich
  • Concordat of 1940 (7 May) with the Portuguese government
    Portugal

    Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
     under Antonio de Oliveira Salazar
    António de Oliveira Salazar

    Ant?nio de Oliveira Salazar, Order of Infante D. Henrique, Order of the Tower and Sword, Order of St. James of the Sword, pronunciation....
  • Concordat of 1953
    Concordat of 1953

    The Concordat of 1953 was the last classic concordat of the Roman Catholic Church. Concluded by Spain with the Holy See, and together with the Pact of Madrid, signed the same year, it was a significant attack on Spain's post-World War II international isolation....
     (27 August) with Francisco Franco
    Francisco Franco

    Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Te?dulo Franco y Bahamonde, Salgado y Pardo de Andrade , commonly known as Francisco Franco or Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was the dictator and Head of State of Spain from October 1936, and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in 1975....
    's Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  • Four Agreements of 1979 (3 January) between the Holy See and Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  • Concordat of 1984 (18 February) between the Holy See and the Republic of Italy
    Italy

    Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
    , or Villa Madama Agreement
  • Concordat of 1993
    Concordat of 1993

    Concordat between the Holy See and Poland was signed on 28 July 1993 between the archbishop and Vatican nuncio to Poland, J?zef Kowalczyk and Polish Foreign Minister, Krzysztof Skubiszewski....
     (28 July) between the Holy See and Poland
    Poland

    Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
  • Treaty of 2004
    Treaty of 2004

    Treaty between the Slovak Republic and the Holy See about Catholic upbringing and education.This treaty, or concordat, secures full state funding for Church-controlled schools and Catholic religious education....
     (March) between the Holy See and Slovakia
    Slovakia

    Slovakia . It was amended in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president and again in February 2001 due to EU admission requirements....
  • Concordat of 2004
    Concordat of 2004

    Concordat between the Holy See and the Portuguese Republic was signed on 18 May 2004 by Angelo Cardinal Sodano, Secretary of State for the Holy See and Jos? Manuel Dur?o Barroso, Prime Minister of Portugal....
     (18 May) between the Holy See and Portugal
    Portugal

    Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
  • Several Concordats with individual Laender
    States of Germany

    Germany is a federation consisting of sixteen states, known in German language as L?nder . Since Land is the literal German word for "country", the term Bundesl?nder is commonly used colloquially, as it is more specific, though technically incorrect within the corpus of German law....
     (also spelled Länder; Land being its singular form) of the German Federal Republic
    German Federal Republic

    "German Federal Republic" was one of the derogatory terms used by the communist German Democratic Republic to refer to the West Germany from the 1950s until 1968, when they started using the propaganda term "BRD"....
     since the mid-1960s one example of which is the Concordat of 2009
    Concordat of 2009

    The Concordat of 2009 between the Holy See and the Land of Schleswig-Holstein is an agreement between the Catholic Church in its temporal form and the state of Schleswig-Holstein that was signed on Monday 12 January 2009 was signed in Kiel, Germany....
    .

Criticism


.

President Luiz Inácio da Silva of Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
 did not sign a concordat with the Vatican as was hoped by pope Benedict XVI during his visit to Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
 in 2007. The principle of separation of church and state
Separation of church and state

Separation of church and state is a political and legal doctrine that government and religion institutions are to be kept separate and independent from each other....
 was the basic reason for the disagreement between the parts. Usually Brazil is considered the largest Catholic
Catholic

Catholic is an adjective derived from the Greek language adjective , meaning "whole" or "complete". In the context of Christianity ecclesiology, it has a rich history and several usages....
 population in the world. Unofficially, however, many follow other creeds and are only nominally Catholic.

External sources