Computational intelligence
Encyclopedia
Computational intelligence (CI) is a set of Nature-inspired computational methodologies and approaches to address complex problems of the real world applications to which traditional (first principles, probabilistic, black-box, etc.) methodologies and approaches are ineffective or infeasible. It primarily includes Fuzzy logic systems, Neural Networks
Artificial neural network
An artificial neural network , usually called neural network , is a mathematical model or computational model that is inspired by the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural networks. A neural network consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons, and it processes...

 and Evolutionary Computation
Evolutionary computation
In computer science, evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence that involves combinatorial optimization problems....

. In addition, CI also embraces techniques that stem from the above three or gravitate around one or more of them, such as Swarm intelligence
Swarm intelligence
Swarm intelligence is the collective behaviour of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence...

 and Artificial immune system
Artificial immune system
In computer science, Artificial immune systems are a class of computationally intelligent systems inspired by the principles and processes of the vertebrate immune system...

s which can be seen as a part of Evolutionary Computation
Evolutionary computation
In computer science, evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence that involves combinatorial optimization problems....

; Dempster-Shafer theory
Dempster-Shafer theory
The Dempster–Shafer theory is a mathematical theory of evidence. It allows one to combine evidence from different sources and arrive at a degree of belief that takes into account all the available evidence. The theory was first developed by Arthur P...

, Chaos theory
Chaos theory
Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics, with applications in several disciplines including physics, economics, biology, and philosophy. Chaos theory studies the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, an effect which is popularly referred to as the...

 and Multi-valued logic
Multi-valued logic
In logic, a many-valued logic is a propositional calculus in which there are more than two truth values. Traditionally, in Aristotle's logical calculus, there were only two possible values for any proposition...

 which can be seen as off-springs of Fuzzy Logic Systems, etc.

The characteristic of 'intelligence' is usually attributed to humans. More recently, many products and items also claim to be 'intelligent'. Intelligence is directly linked to the reasoning and decision making. Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact. In contrast with traditional logic theory, where binary sets have two-valued logic: true or false, fuzzy logic variables may have a truth value that ranges in degree between 0 and 1...

 was introduced in 1965 by Prof. L. A. Zadeh as a tool to formalise and represent the reasoning process and fuzzy logic systems which are based on fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic; it deals with reasoning that is approximate rather than fixed and exact. In contrast with traditional logic theory, where binary sets have two-valued logic: true or false, fuzzy logic variables may have a truth value that ranges in degree between 0 and 1...

 possess many characteristics attributed to intelligence. Fuzzy logic deals effectively with uncertainty that is common for human reasoning, perception and inference and, contrary to some misconceptions, has a very formal and strict mathematical backbone ('is quite deterministic in itself yet allowing uncertainties to be effectively represented and manipulated by it', so to speak). Neural networks
Neural Networks
Neural Networks is the official journal of the three oldest societies dedicated to research in neural networks: International Neural Network Society, European Neural Network Society and Japanese Neural Network Society, published by Elsevier...

, introduced in 1940s (further developed in 1980s) mimic the human brain and represent a computational mechanism based on a simplified mathematical model of the perceptrons (neurons) and signals that they process. Evolutionary computation
Evolutionary computation
In computer science, evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence that involves combinatorial optimization problems....

, introduced by J. Holland in 1970s and more popular since 1990s mimics the population-based sexual evolution through reproduction of generations. It also mimics genetics in so called Genetic Algorithms. More recently, evolving intelligent system
Evolving intelligent system
Evolving Intelligent Systems can be defined as self-developing, self-learning systems that have both their parameters but also their structure self-adapting on-line. They are usually based on fuzzy rule-based or neuro-fuzzy sysytems. Alternative frameworks are Hidden Markov Models, tree-based...

s has been proposed and developed that consider evolution of an individual and self-learning mimicking the way all living creatures, and, especially, humans learn from their experience and develop their own rules and model of the world around them; learn how to group (cluster), predict, classify and control objects, and processes. This is one of the latest building blocks of the CI which is still under intensive research and development.

See also

  • Ant colony optimization
    Ant colony optimization
    In computer science and operations research, the ant colony optimization algorithm ' is a probabilistic technique for solving computational problems which can be reduced to finding good paths through graphs....

  • Artificial immune system
    Artificial immune system
    In computer science, Artificial immune systems are a class of computationally intelligent systems inspired by the principles and processes of the vertebrate immune system...

    s
  • Chaos theory
    Chaos theory
    Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics, with applications in several disciplines including physics, economics, biology, and philosophy. Chaos theory studies the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, an effect which is popularly referred to as the...

  • Cuckoo search
    Cuckoo search
    Cuckoo search is an optimization algorithm developed by Xin-she Yang and Suash Debin 2009. It was inspired by the obligate brood parasitism of some cuckoo species by laying their eggs in the nests of other host birds . Some host birds can engage direct conflict with the intruding cuckoos...

  • Cognitive robotics
    Cognitive robotics
    a robot is a robot device that is built from inanimate matter. Its behavior in response to the environment is deterministic, based on how the robot was designed. Cognition is the process of acquiring and using knowledge about the world for goal-oriented purposes, such as survival...

  • Developmental robotics
    Developmental robotics
    Developmental Robotics , sometimes called epigenetic robotics, is a methodology that uses metaphors from neural development and developmental psychology to develop the mind for autonomous robots. The focus is on a single or multiple robots going through stages of autonomous mental development...

  • Evolutionary computation
    Evolutionary computation
    In computer science, evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence that involves combinatorial optimization problems....

  • Evolutionary robotics
    Evolutionary robotics
    Evolutionary robotics is a methodology that uses evolutionary computation to develop controllers for autonomous robots. Algorithms in ER frequently operate on populations of candidate controllers, initially selected from some distribution. This population is then repeatedly modified according to...

  • Expert system
    Expert system
    In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, like an expert, and not by following the procedure of a developer as is the case in...

    s
  • Firefly algorithm
    Firefly algorithm
    The firefly algorithm is a metaheuristic algorithm, inspired by the flashing behaviour of fireflies. The primary purpose for a firefly's flash is to act as a signal system to attract other fireflies...

  • Intelligent agent
    Intelligent agent
    In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which observes through sensors and acts upon an environment using actuators and directs its activity towards achieving goals . Intelligent agents may also learn or use knowledge to achieve their goals...

    s
  • Knowledge-Based Engineering
    Knowledge-based engineering
    Knowledge-based engineering is a discipline with roots in computer-aided design and knowledge-based systems but has several definitions and roles depending upon the context. An early role was support tool for a design engineer generally within the context of product design...

  • Machine learning
    Machine learning
    Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is a scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases...

  • Particle swarm optimisation
  • Simulated annealing
    Simulated annealing
    Simulated annealing is a generic probabilistic metaheuristic for the global optimization problem of locating a good approximation to the global optimum of a given function in a large search space. It is often used when the search space is discrete...

  • Simulated reality
    Simulated reality
    Simulated reality is the proposition that reality could be simulated—perhaps by computer simulation—to a degree indistinguishable from "true" reality. It could contain conscious minds which may or may not be fully aware that they are living inside a simulation....

  • Soft computing
    Soft computing
    Soft computing is a term applied to a field within computer science which is characterized by the use of inexact solutions to computationally-hard tasks such as the solution of NP-complete problems, for which an exact solution cannot be derived in polynomial time.-Introduction:Soft Computing became...

  • Swarm intelligence
    Swarm intelligence
    Swarm intelligence is the collective behaviour of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence...

  • Synthetic intelligence
    Synthetic intelligence
    Synthetic intelligence is an alternative term for artificial intelligence which emphasizes that the intelligence of machines need not be an imitation or any way artificial; it can be a genuine form of intelligence. John Haugeland proposes an analogy with artificial and synthetic diamonds—only the...

  • Metaheuristic
    Metaheuristic
    In computer science, metaheuristic designates a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality. Metaheuristics make few or no assumptions about the problem being optimized and can search very large spaces...



Related topics:
  • Bioinformatics
    Bioinformatics
    Bioinformatics is the application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology and medicine. Bioinformatics deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, software...

     and Bioengineering
  • Computational finance
    Computational finance
    Computational finance, also called financial engineering, is a cross-disciplinary field which relies on computational intelligence, mathematical finance, numerical methods and computer simulations to make trading, hedging and investment decisions, as well as facilitating the risk management of...

     and Computational economics
    Computational economics
    Computational economics is a research discipline at the interface between computer science and economic and management science. Areas encompassed include agent-based computational modeling, computational modeling of dynamic macroeconomic systems and transaction costs, other applications in...

  • Concept mining
    Concept Mining
    Concept mining is an activity that results in the extraction of concepts from artifacts. Solutions to the task typically involve aspects of artificial intelligence and statistics, such as data mining and text mining...

  • Data mining
    Data mining
    Data mining , a relatively young and interdisciplinary field of computer science is the process of discovering new patterns from large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics and database systems...

  • Emergence
    Emergence
    In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence is the way complex systems and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions. Emergence is central to the theories of integrative levels and of complex systems....

  • Support vector machine
    Support vector machine
    A support vector machine is a concept in statistics and computer science for a set of related supervised learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis...

  • Intelligent system
    Intelligent system
    Intelligent system may refer to:* Intelligent Systems, a game developer* a system with artificial intelligence...

    s

Software

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