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Compressive stress is the stress
Stress (physics)

In continuum mechanics, stress is a measure of the average amount of force exerted per unit area. It is a measure of the intensity of the total internal forces acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces, as a reaction to external applied forces and body forces....
 applied to materials resulting in their compaction (decrease of volume). When a material is subjected to compressive stress, then this material is under compression
Physical compression

Physical compression is the result of the subjection of a material to compressive stress, resulting in reduction of volume. The opposite of compression is tension ....
. Usually, compressive stress applied to bars, column
Column

File:National Capitol Columns - Washington, D.C..jpgA column in structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through physical compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below....
s, etc. leads to shortening.

Loading a structural element or a specimen will increase the compressive stress until the reach of compressive strength
Compressive strength

Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed....
. According to the properties of the material, failure will occur as yield
Yield (engineering)

The yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and materials science as the Stress at which a material begins to Plasticity ....
 for materials with ductile behaviour (most metal
Metal

In chemistry, a metal is a chemical element whose atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions , and form metallic bonds between other metal atoms and ionic bonds between nonmetal atoms....
s, some soil
Soil

Soil is the naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose covering on the Earth's surface. Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and environmental processes including weathering and erosion....
s and plastic
Plastic

Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic chemistry solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products....
s) or as rupture for brittle behaviour (geomaterials, cast iron
Cast iron

Cast iron usually refers to Gray iron, but also identifies a large group of ferrous alloys, which solidify with a eutectic. The color of a fractured surface can be used to identify an alloy....
, glass
Glass

Glass generally refers to a Hardness, brittle, transparency amorphous solid, such as that used for windows, many Glass Bottles, or eyewear, including, but not limited to, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, acrylic glass, sugar glass, Muscovite , or aluminium oxynitride....
, etc).

In long, slender structural elements -- such as columns or truss
Truss

In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a architectural structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as Vertex ....
 bars -- an increase of compressive force F leads to structural failure
Structural failure

Structural failure refers to loss of the Structural load-carrying capacity of a component or member within a Architectural structure or of the structure itself....
 due to buckling
Buckling

In engineering, buckling is a structural failure characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive stresses, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding....
 at lower stress than the compressive strength.

Compressive stress has stress
Stress (physics)

In continuum mechanics, stress is a measure of the average amount of force exerted per unit area. It is a measure of the intensity of the total internal forces acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces, as a reaction to external applied forces and body forces....
 units (force per unit area), usually with negative
Negative and non-negative numbers

A negative number is a real number that is inequality 0 , such as -3. A positive number is a real number that is greater than zero, such as 2....
 values to indicate the compaction.






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Compressive stress is the stress
Stress (physics)

In continuum mechanics, stress is a measure of the average amount of force exerted per unit area. It is a measure of the intensity of the total internal forces acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces, as a reaction to external applied forces and body forces....
 applied to materials resulting in their compaction (decrease of volume). When a material is subjected to compressive stress, then this material is under compression
Physical compression

Physical compression is the result of the subjection of a material to compressive stress, resulting in reduction of volume. The opposite of compression is tension ....
. Usually, compressive stress applied to bars, column
Column

File:National Capitol Columns - Washington, D.C..jpgA column in structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits, through physical compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below....
s, etc. leads to shortening.

Loading a structural element or a specimen will increase the compressive stress until the reach of compressive strength
Compressive strength

Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed....
. According to the properties of the material, failure will occur as yield
Yield (engineering)

The yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and materials science as the Stress at which a material begins to Plasticity ....
 for materials with ductile behaviour (most metal
Metal

In chemistry, a metal is a chemical element whose atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions , and form metallic bonds between other metal atoms and ionic bonds between nonmetal atoms....
s, some soil
Soil

Soil is the naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose covering on the Earth's surface. Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and environmental processes including weathering and erosion....
s and plastic
Plastic

Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic chemistry solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products....
s) or as rupture for brittle behaviour (geomaterials, cast iron
Cast iron

Cast iron usually refers to Gray iron, but also identifies a large group of ferrous alloys, which solidify with a eutectic. The color of a fractured surface can be used to identify an alloy....
, glass
Glass

Glass generally refers to a Hardness, brittle, transparency amorphous solid, such as that used for windows, many Glass Bottles, or eyewear, including, but not limited to, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, acrylic glass, sugar glass, Muscovite , or aluminium oxynitride....
, etc).

In long, slender structural elements -- such as columns or truss
Truss

In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a architectural structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as Vertex ....
 bars -- an increase of compressive force F leads to structural failure
Structural failure

Structural failure refers to loss of the Structural load-carrying capacity of a component or member within a Architectural structure or of the structure itself....
 due to buckling
Buckling

In engineering, buckling is a structural failure characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive stresses, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding....
 at lower stress than the compressive strength.

Compressive stress has stress
Stress (physics)

In continuum mechanics, stress is a measure of the average amount of force exerted per unit area. It is a measure of the intensity of the total internal forces acting within a body across imaginary internal surfaces, as a reaction to external applied forces and body forces....
 units (force per unit area), usually with negative
Negative and non-negative numbers

A negative number is a real number that is inequality 0 , such as -3. A positive number is a real number that is greater than zero, such as 2....
 values to indicate the compaction. However in geotechnical engineering
Geotechnical engineering

Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials. Geotechnical engineering includes investigating existing subsurface conditions and materials; determining their physical/mechanical and chemical properties that are relevant to the project considered, assessing risks posed...
, compressive stress is represented with positive
Negative and non-negative numbers

A negative number is a real number that is inequality 0 , such as -3. A positive number is a real number that is greater than zero, such as 2....
 values.

See also

  • Compression member
    Compression member

    A compression member is a general class of structural elements of which a column is the most common specific example....
  • Hooke's law
    Hooke's law

    In mechanics, and physics, Hooke's law of theory of elasticity is an approximation that states that the extension of a spring is in direct proportion with the load added to it as long as this load does not exceed the elastic limit....
  • Tensile stress