All Topics  
Collaborationism

 

 
   Email Print
   Bookmark   Link
 

 

Collaborationism
 
 
  Topics Collaborationism Topic Home

Collaborationism, can describe the treason
Treason

In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more serious acts of loyalty to one's sovereignty or nation. Historically, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, such as the murder of a husband by his wife ....
 of cooperating
Cooperation

Cooperation, co-operation, or co?peration is the process of working or acting together, which can be accomplished by both intentional and non-intentional agents....
 with enemy force
Force

In physics, a force is that which can cause an object with mass to change its velocity. Force has both Euclidean_vector#Length of a vector and Direction , making it a Vector quantity....
s occupying
Military occupation

Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a belligerent....
 one's country
Country

Country may refer to the territory of a state, or to a smaller, or former, political division of a geographical region. In another meaning of the word, the country is also a term used to refer to rural areas....
. As such it implies criminal
Crime

Societies define Crime as the breach of one or more rules or laws for which some Government or force may ultimately prescribe a punishment.The word crime originates from the Latin crimen , from the Latin root cerno and Greek ????? = "I judge"....
 deeds in the service of the occupying power, including complicity
Complicit

An individual is complicit in a crime if he is aware of its occurrence, has the ability to report the crime, but fails to do so. As such the individual effectively allows criminals to carry out a crime despite easily being able to stop them, either directly or by contacting the authorities, thus making him a de-facto accessory to the crime...
 with the occupying power in murder
Murder

Murder as defined in common law countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent , and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide....
, persecution
Persecution

Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are religious persecution, ethnic persecution, and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these terms....
s, pillage, and economic exploitation
Exploitation

The term "exploitation" may carry two distinct meanings:# The act of utilizing something for any purpose. In this case, exploit is a synonym for use....
 as well as participation in a puppet government.

term collaborate dates from 1871, and is a back-formation from collaborator (1802), from the French collaborateur as used during the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
 against smuggler
SMUGGLER

Smuggler is a production company founded in 2002 by Patrick Milling Smith and Brian Carmody. Last year Smuggler launched Honeyshed, which appeared at the Sundance Festival where the short film Force 1, created for eBay, was a selection....
s trading with England and assisting escape of monarchists, and is itself derived from the Latin collaboratus, pp.






Discussion
Ask a question about 'Collaborationism'
Start a new discussion about 'Collaborationism'
Answer questions from other users
Full Discussion Forum



Encyclopedia


Collaborationism, can describe the treason
Treason

In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more serious acts of loyalty to one's sovereignty or nation. Historically, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, such as the murder of a husband by his wife ....
 of cooperating
Cooperation

Cooperation, co-operation, or co?peration is the process of working or acting together, which can be accomplished by both intentional and non-intentional agents....
 with enemy force
Force

In physics, a force is that which can cause an object with mass to change its velocity. Force has both Euclidean_vector#Length of a vector and Direction , making it a Vector quantity....
s occupying
Military occupation

Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a belligerent....
 one's country
Country

Country may refer to the territory of a state, or to a smaller, or former, political division of a geographical region. In another meaning of the word, the country is also a term used to refer to rural areas....
. As such it implies criminal
Crime

Societies define Crime as the breach of one or more rules or laws for which some Government or force may ultimately prescribe a punishment.The word crime originates from the Latin crimen , from the Latin root cerno and Greek ????? = "I judge"....
 deeds in the service of the occupying power, including complicity
Complicit

An individual is complicit in a crime if he is aware of its occurrence, has the ability to report the crime, but fails to do so. As such the individual effectively allows criminals to carry out a crime despite easily being able to stop them, either directly or by contacting the authorities, thus making him a de-facto accessory to the crime...
 with the occupying power in murder
Murder

Murder as defined in common law countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent , and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide....
, persecution
Persecution

Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another group. The most common forms are religious persecution, ethnic persecution, and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these terms....
s, pillage, and economic exploitation
Exploitation

The term "exploitation" may carry two distinct meanings:# The act of utilizing something for any purpose. In this case, exploit is a synonym for use....
 as well as participation in a puppet government.

Etymology

The term collaborate dates from 1871, and is a back-formation from collaborator (1802), from the French collaborateur as used during the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
 against smuggler
SMUGGLER

Smuggler is a production company founded in 2002 by Patrick Milling Smith and Brian Carmody. Last year Smuggler launched Honeyshed, which appeared at the Sundance Festival where the short film Force 1, created for eBay, was a selection....
s trading with England and assisting escape of monarchists, and is itself derived from the Latin collaboratus, pp. of collaborare "work with", from com- "with" + labore "to work." Collaboration as "traitorous cooperation with the enemy" dates from 1940, originally in reference to the Vichy Government
Vichy France

Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944. This government, which succeeded the French Third Republic, officially called itself the French State , in contrast with the previous designation, "French Republic." Marshal of France Philippe P?tain pro...
 of France and those who cooperated with or helped the Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the colloquial English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party , which established a Totalitarianism dictatorship that existed from 1933 to 1945....
 following the Battle of France
Battle of France

In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the Germany invasion of France and the Low Countries, executed from 10 May 1940, which ended the Phoney War....
 defeat.

History of criminal collaboration


In France, a distinction emerged between the "collaborateur" and "collaborationists." The latter expression is mainly used to describe individuals enrolled in pseudo-Nazi parties, often based in Paris, who had an overwhelming belief in fascist ideology
Fascism

Fascism is a Political radicalism, Authoritarianism Nationalism ideology that aims to create a single-party state with a government led by a dictator who seeks national unity and development by requiring individuals to subordinate self-interest to the collective interest of the nation or Race ....
. "Collaborateur," on the other hand, could engage in collaboration for a number of more pragmatic reasons, such as preventing infrastructure damage for use by the occupation forces or personal ambition, and were not necessarily believers in fascism per se. Arch-collaborators like Pierre Laval
Pierre Laval

Pierre Laval was a France politician. He served four times as Prime Minister of France of the Third French Republic, thrice consecutively. Following France's Armistice with Germany in 1940, he served twice in the Vichy Regime as head of government....
 or René Bousquet
René Bousquet

Ren? Bousquet was a high-ranking France civil servant, who served as secretary general to the Vichy France police from May 1942 to 31 December 1943....
 are thus distinct from collaborationists.

Recent research by the British historian, Simon Kitson
Simon Kitson

Simon Kitson is a British historian.Born in Nailsworth, Gloucestershire, Kitson was educated in Bath, doing his undergraduate studies at the University of Ulster and his post-graduate studies at the University of Sussex, under the supervision of Professor Roderick Kedward ....
, has shown that France did not wait until the Liberation to begin pursuing collaborationists. The Vichy government, itself heavily engaged in collaboration, arrested around 2000 individuals on charges of passing information to the Germans. Their reasons for doing so was to centralise collaboration to ensure that the state maintained a monopoly in Franco-German relations and to defend sovereignty so that France may negotiate from a position of strength. As Kitson has shown, the government engaged in many compromises along the way.

The term in this negative meaning is also used for German individuals and institutions cooperating with the Nazi regime, though in their case it was not a foreign occupation, and later to people cooperating with or helping other dictatorial regimes in their own countries, even when foreign occupation was not involved.

Alleged collaborators


Sources

  • Paul Webster, Petain's Crime: The Complete Story of French Collaboration in the Holocaust, Ivan R. Dee, 1999 ISBN 1566632498
  • The Oxford English Dictionary, vol.3, Oxford University Press.
  • Henry L. Wilson, When Collaboration becomes Plagiarism: The Administrative perspective, in Lise Buranen, Andrea A. Lunsford, Alice Myers Roy, Perspectives on Plagiarism and Intellectual Property in a Postmodern World, SUNY Press, 1999 ISBN 0791440796
  • .


Further reading

  • David Littlejohn, 1972. The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940-45
    The Patriotic Traitors

    The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940-45 is a 1972 book by David Littlejohn. It is a history of the European nationalists who took part in collaborationism with the Third Reich....
    , William Heinemann Ltd., London), ISBN 043442725X
  • Simon Kitson, The Hunt for Nazi Spies, Fighting espionage in Vichy France, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2008. (translation from French, Vichy et la chasse aux espions nazis, Paris, Autrement, 2005.)


See also

  • Anti-fascism
    Anti-fascism

    Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascism ideologies, organizations, governments and people. Another term for anti-fascism is antifa. Most major Resistance during World War II were anti-fascist....
  • Collaboration during World War II
    Collaboration during World War II

    During World War II Nazi Germany occupied all or parts of the following countries: Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Vichy France, Yugoslavia, Greece, the Soviet Union, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Egypt and Italy....
  • Dhimmi (pejorative sense)
    Dhimmitude

    Dhimmitude is a neologism, imported from the French language, and derived from the Arabic language adjective dhimmi, which literally means protected....
  • Hilfspolizei
  • Puppet government
  • Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
    Pursuit of Nazi collaborators

    The pursuit of Nazi collaborators refers to the post-WWII pursuit and apprehension of individuals who were not citizens of the Third Reich at the outbreak of World War II and Non-German cooperation with nazis during World War 2 with the Nazism regime during the war....
  • Quisling
    Quisling

    Quisling, after Norway politician Vidkun Quisling, who assisted Nazi Germany to conquer his own country, is a term used to describe treason and collaborationism....
  • Resistance during World War II
    Resistance during World War II

    Resistance movement during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns....
  • Treason
    Treason

    In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more serious acts of loyalty to one's sovereignty or nation. Historically, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, such as the murder of a husband by his wife ....
  • Hanjian
    Hanjian

    In Chinese culture, a Hanjian is a highly derogatory and pejorative term for a traitor to the Han Chinese ethnicity, distinct from the word traitor ....
  • Medism
    Medism

    Medism can refer to:* in ancient Greece, having sympathies with the Medes or siding with the Persian Empire. It was considered a crime in many ancient Greek city-states....