Code page 437 - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981...

or MS-DOS

MS-DOS

MS-DOS is an operating system for x86-based personal computers. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid 1990s, until it was gradually superseded by operating...

code page 437 is the character set of the original IBM PC. It is also known as CP 437, OEM 437, PC-8, MS-DOS Latin US or sometimes misleadingly referred to as the OEM font, High ASCII or Extended ASCII.

In a strict sense, this character set was not born as a code page

Code page

Code page is another term for character encoding. It consists of a table of values that describes the character set for a particular language. The term code page originated from IBM's EBCDIC-based mainframe systems, but many vendors use this term including Microsoft, SAP, and Oracle Corporation...

but was simply the graphical glyph

Glyph

A glyph is an element of writing: an individual mark on a written medium that contributes to the meaning of what is written. A glyph is made up of one or more graphemes....

repertoire available in the 9 by 14 pixels-per-character font of the IBM Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) and the 8 by 8 pixels-per-character font of the Color Graphics Adapter

Color Graphics Adapter

The Color Graphics Adapter , originally also called the Color/Graphics Adapter or IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter, introduced in 1981, was IBM's first color graphics card, and the first color computer display standard for the IBM PC....

(CGA

Color Graphics Adapter

) cards of the original IBM PC. The ROM

Read-only memory

Read-only memory is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware .In its strictest sense, ROM refers only...

of the IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter

Enhanced Graphics Adapter

The Enhanced Graphics Adapter is the IBM PC computer display standard specification which is between CGA and VGA in terms of color and space resolution. Introduced in October 1984 by IBM shortly after its new PC/AT, EGA produces a display of 16 simultaneous colors from a palette of 64 at a...

(EGA

Enhanced Graphics Adapter

) has an 8 by 14 pixels-per-character version and the VGA

Video Graphics Array

Video Graphics Array refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, but through its widespread adoption has also come to mean either an analog computer display standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector or the 640×480 resolution...

adapter expanded the character cell to 9 by 16 for the finer VGA resolution. Today, the character set is still the primary font in the core of any EGA

Enhanced Graphics Adapter

and VGA

Video Graphics Array

compatible graphic card; i.e. the text you can see on screen when a PC reboots, before any other font can be loaded from a storage medium, is rendered with this "code page".

All these display adapters have text modes in which each character cell contains an 8-bit

Octet (computing)

An octet is a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that consists of eight bits. The term is often used when the term byte might be ambiguous, as there is no standard for the size of the byte.-Overview:...

character code point

Code point

In character encoding terminology, a code point or code position is any of the numerical values that make up the code space . For example, ASCII comprises 128 code points in the range 0hex to 7Fhex, Extended ASCII comprises 256 code points in the range 0hex to FFhex, and Unicode comprises 1,114,112...

(see details

VGA compatible text mode

The implementation of computer monitor text mode on VGA compatible hardware is quite complex. Its use on PC compatible computers was widespread in 1980s–1990s , but persists today for some applications even on modern desktop computers...

), giving 256 possible values for graphic characters. This way, beyond the original ASCII

ASCII

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character-encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text...

graphical character set (values 32 to 126, 95 in total), the implementors put in ROM a handful of miscellaneous characters even for the range 0 to 31, reserved in ASCII for control (non graphical) purposes.

The code page has two main uses: as an information interchange code (through files and telecom), in which the values 0 to 127 play the same role as in ASCII plus the international text characters 128 to 175 (see the table below), and as a graphical resource for screen and printers (by merely writing in the video RAM character cell/sending through line the appropriate code), in which the full range can be used to build fine presentations.

Characters

The following tables show code page 437. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode

Unicode

Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...

code point and its decimal code point. See also the notes below as there are multiple equivalent Unicode characters for some code points.

Interpretation of code points 1–31 and 127

Code points 1–31 and 127 (00–1F_hex and 7F_hex) may be interpreted as control or graphic characters, depending on the context. When used in a memory-mapped video display buffer, the code point is displayed as the graphic shown in the table of special graphic characters below. For printers the graphics context is established by a preceding control sequence in the data stream. In other situations, these code points are used as controls, as shown in the standard code page table.

Most fonts for Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft.Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal...

include the special graphic characters at the Unicode indexes shown, as they are part of the WGL4 set that Microsoft encourages font designers to support. (The monospaced raster font family Terminal was an early font that replicated all code page 437 characters, at least at some resolutions.) To draw these characters directly from these code points, a Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows

font called MS Linedraw replicates all of the code page 437 characters, thus providing one way to display DOS text on a contemporary Windows machine as it was shown in DOS, with limitations. >

Standard code page

The following table shows the standard code page 437.
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Along with the characters in the range 0 to 31 (00_hex to 1F_hex), which can be interpreted as ASCII controls as well as graphical dingbat

Dingbat

A dingbat is an ornament, character or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a "printer's ornament" or "printer's character"....

s, some characters have overloaded meanings. Implementers of translation to Unicode should note that these codes do not have a unique, single Unicode equivalent and the correct choice depends upon context:

0 and 255 (FF_hex) both draw a blank space, as does 32 (20_hex). The use of 255 for U+00A0 Non-breaking space (NBSP) has some precedent in word processors designed for the IBM PC.
225 (E1_hex) is both the German sharp S
ß
In the German alphabet, ß is a letter that originated as a ligature of ss or sz. Like double "s", it is pronounced as an , but in standard spelling, it is only used after long vowels and diphthongs, while ss is used after short vowels...

(U+00DF, ß) and the Greek lowercase beta
Beta (letter)
Beta is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. In Ancient Greek, beta represented the voiced bilabial plosive . In Modern Greek, it represents the voiced labiodental fricative ....

(U+03B2, β).
227 (E3_hex) is the Greek lowercase pi
Pi (letter)
Pi is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing . In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 80. Letters that arose from pi include Cyrillic Pe , Coptic pi , and Gothic pairthra .The upper-case letter Π is used as a symbol for:...

(U+03C0, π), but early fonts such as Terminal use a variant of pi that is ambiguous in case, and therefore can be used for the Greek capital pi (U+03A0, Π) or the n-ary product sign (U+220F, ∏).
228 (E4_hex) is both the n-ary summation sign (U+2211, ∑) and the Greek uppercase sigma
Sigma
Sigma is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, and carries the 'S' sound. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 200. When used at the end of a word, and the word is not all upper case, the final form is used, e.g...

(U+03A3, Σ).
230 (E6_hex) is both the micro sign (U+00B5, µ) and the Greek lowercase mu
Mu (letter)
Carlos Alberto Vives Restrepo is a Grammy Award and three-time Latin Grammy Award winning-Colombian singer, composer and actor.-Biography:...

(U+03BC, μ).
234 (EA_hex) is both the ohm sign (U+2126, Ω) and the Greek uppercase omega
Omega
Omega is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system, it has a value of 800. The word literally means "great O" , as opposed to omicron, which means "little O"...

(U+03A9, Ω). (Unicode considers the ohm sign to be equivalent to uppercase omega, and suggests that the latter be used in both contexts.).
235 (EB_hex) is the Greek lowercase delta
Delta (letter)
Delta is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 4. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Dalet...

(U+03B4, δ), but it has also been used as a surrogate for the Icelandic lowercase eth
Eth
Eth is a letter used in Old English, Icelandic, Faroese , and Elfdalian. It was also used in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, but was subsequently replaced with dh and later d. The capital eth resembles a D with a line through the vertical stroke...

(U+00F0, ð) and the partial derivative
Partial derivative
In mathematics, a partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect to one of those variables, with the others held constant...

sign (U+2202, ∂).
237 (ED_hex) is supposed to be used as Greek lowercase phi
Phi (letter)
Phi , pronounced or sometimes in English, and in modern Greek, is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. In modern Greek, it represents , a voiceless labiodental fricative. In Ancient Greek it represented , an aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive...

, but is mainly used as the empty set
Empty set
In mathematics, and more specifically set theory, the empty set is the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality is zero. Some axiomatic set theories assure that the empty set exists by including an axiom of empty set; in other theories, its existence can be deduced...

sign (U+2205, ) and was also used as the Greek phi symbol in italics (U+03D5, ) to name angles, diameter sign (U+2300, ), and as a surrogate for the Latin lowercase O with stroke (U+00F8, ø).
238 (EE_hex) is both the Greek lowercase epsilon
Epsilon
Epsilon is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a close-mid front unrounded vowel . In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 5. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He...

(U+03B5, ε) and the element-of sign (U+2208, ∈). Later it was often used for the euro sign
Euro sign
The euro sign is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the Eurozone in the European Union . The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996. The international three-letter code for the euro is EUR...

(U+20AC, €).

Entry on keyboards

In DOS

DOS

DOS, short for "Disk Operating System", is an acronym for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions 95, 98, and Millennium Edition.Related...

and Windows

Microsoft Windows

, most characters from the currently active DOS code page can be inserted by holding down the Alt key

Alt key

The Alt key on a computer keyboard is used to change the function of other pressed keys. Thus, the Alt key is a modifier key, used in a similar fashion to the Shift key. For example, simply pressing "A" will type the letter a, but if you hold down either Alt key while pressing A, the computer...

and entering the character's three-digit decimal code on the numpad. This technique is called Windows Alt keycodes. One can find out which DOS code page is currently active by issuing the DOS command mode con or chcp.

Difference from ASCII

Code page 437 is based on ASCII

ASCII

, with the following modifications:

Codes from the C0 control range (00_hex to 1F_hex) and ASCII DEL (7F_hex) can assume their original function as control characters, but also function as graphic symbols when displayed in text mode
Text mode
Text mode is a kind of computer display mode in which the content of the screen is internally represented in terms of characters rather than individual pixels. Typically, the screen consists of a uniform rectangular grid of character cells, each of which contains one of the characters of a...

from the screen buffer
Screen buffer
In computing, screen buffer is a part of computer memory used by a computer application for the representation of the content to be shown on the computer display....

. For example, DEL and most of the C0 control codes are displayed graphically in a screen editor like MS-DOS Editor or when written to the screen via the DOS type
Type (command)
In computing, type is a command in various VMS. AmigaDOS, CP/M, DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows command line interpreters such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe, 4DOS/4NT and Windows PowerShell. It is used to display the contents of specified files...

command. The graphics include smiling faces, card suits, and musical notes. Code 127 (7F_hex), DEL, shows as a "house". This behavior is not specific to code page 437, but shared by all DOS code pages and so-called Windows OEM code pages, which generally resemble code page 437.
The high-bit range, 128 to 255 (80_hex to FF_hex), is mapped to various symbols: a few European characters (accented Latin letters, etc.) in no particular order and not sufficient for representation of most Western European languages; box drawing characters
Box drawing characters
Box drawing characters, also known as line drawing characters, or pseudographics, are widely used in text user interfaces to draw various frames and boxes...

; mathematical symbols; and a few Greek
Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet is the script that has been used to write the Greek language since at least 730 BC . The alphabet in its classical and modern form consists of 24 letters ordered in sequence from alpha to omega...

letters commonly used in mathematics and physics.

The repertoire of code page 437 was taken from the character set of Wang

Wang Laboratories

Wang Laboratories was a computer company founded in 1951 by Dr. An Wang and Dr. G. Y. Chu. The company was successively headquartered in Cambridge , Tewksbury , and finally in Lowell, Massachusetts . At its peak in the 1980s, Wang Laboratories had annual revenues of $3 billion and employed over...

word-processing machines, according to Bill Gates

Bill Gates

William Henry "Bill" Gates III is an American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen...

in an interview with Gates and Paul Allen

Paul Allen

Paul Gardner Allen is an American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. Allen co-founded Microsoft with Bill Gates...

that appeared in the 2 October 1995 edition of Fortune Magazine:

"... We were also fascinated by dedicated word processors from Wang, because we believed that general-purpose machines could do that just as well. That's why, when it came time to design the keyboard for the IBM PC, we put the funny Wang character set into the machine—you know, smiley faces and boxes and triangles and stuff. We were thinking we'd like to do a clone of Wang word-processing software someday."

The selection of graphic characters, often called bizarre, has some internal logic:

Table rows 0 and 1, codes 0 to 31 (00_hex to 1F_hex), are assorted dingbat
Dingbat
A dingbat is an ornament, character or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a "printer's ornament" or "printer's character"....

s (complementary and decorative characters). The isolated character 127 (7F_hex) also belongs to this group.
Table rows 2 to 7 (except character 127, 7F_hex), codes 32 to 126 (20_hex to 7E_hex), are the standard ASCII
ASCII
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character-encoding scheme based on the ordering of the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text...

printable characters.
Table rows 8 to 10 (8_hex to A_hex), codes 128 to 175 (80_hex to AF_hex), are a selection of international text characters.
Table rows 11 to 13 (B_hex to D_hex), codes 176 to 223 (B0_hex to DF_hex), are box drawing
Box drawing characters
Box drawing characters, also known as line drawing characters, or pseudographics, are widely used in text user interfaces to draw various frames and boxes...

and block
Unicode Symbols
In computing, in addition to encoding characters for the various writing systems used throughout the World, Unicode also devotes several blocks of characters to symbols that have a well-defined place in plain text. In Unicode there is a main distinction between "scripts" and "symbols". A character...

characters. This block is arranged so that characters 192 to 223 (C0_hex to DF_hex) of the rows 12 and 13 (C_hex and D_hex) have all right arms (except 217 (D9_hex)) or right filled areas (except 221 (DD_hex)), and this is due to the following technical reason: the original IBM PC
IBM PC
The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981...

MDA display adapter stored the code page 437 character glyph
Glyph
A glyph is an element of writing: an individual mark on a written medium that contributes to the meaning of what is written. A glyph is made up of one or more graphemes....

s as bitmap
Bitmap
In computer graphics, a bitmap or pixmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images. The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map of bits, a spatially mapped array of bits. Now, along with pixmap, it commonly refers to...

s eight pixel
Pixel
In digital imaging, a pixel, or pel, is a single point in a raster image, or the smallest addressable screen element in a display device; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be represented or controlled....

s wide, but for visual enhancement displayed them every nine pixels on screen (eight plus an additional gap). Thus characters with connections at their right edge had to duplicate their eighth pixels to avoid visual interruptions in the designs built up with them. This pixel extension is done by special hardware circuitry, and only this character subset is affected.
Table rows 14 and 15 (E_hex and F_hex), codes 224 to 255 (E0_hex to FF_hex) are devoted to mathematical symbols, where the first twelve are a selection of Greek letters commonly used in physics. Characters 244 (F4_hex) and 245 (F5_hex) are the upper and lower portion of an italic long S
Long s
The long, medial or descending s is a form of the minuscule letter s formerly used where s occurred in the middle or at the beginning of a word, for example "ſinfulneſs" . The modern letterform was called the terminal, round, or short s.-History:The long s is derived from the old Roman cursive...

, the symbol used as the integral sign , and they can be extended with the character 179 (B3_hex), the vertical line of the box drawing block. Characters 249 (F9_hex) and 250 (FA_hex) are almost indistinguishable: the first is slightly larger than the second, which resembles the typographic middle dot
Interpunct
An interpunct —also called an interpoint—is a small dot used for interword separation in ancient Latin script, which also appears in some modern languages as a stand-alone sign inside a word. It is present in Unicode as code point ....

(·). The character 255 (FF_hex) is merely blank, and acts as a kind of non-breaking space
Non-breaking space
In computer-based text processing and digital typesetting, a non-breaking space or no-break space is a variant of the space character that prevents an automatic line break at its position. In certain formats , it also prevents the “collapsing” of multiple consecutive whitespace characters into a...

in order to arrange math formulae.

Internationalization

Code page 437 has a series of international characters, mainly values 128 to 175 (80_hex to AF_hex). However, it lacks many characters important to several Western languages:

Spanish
Spanish language
Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...

(Á, Í, Ó, Ú), French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...

(À, Â, È, Ê, Ë, Ì, Î, Ï, Ô, Œ, œ, Ù, Û), and Portuguese
Portuguese language
Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...

(Ã, ã, Õ, õ).
German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....

sharp S (ß) shares its code point with the beta
Beta (letter)
Beta is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. In Ancient Greek, beta represented the voiced bilabial plosive . In Modern Greek, it represents the voiced labiodental fricative ....

symbol (β).
Scandinavian lacks Ø and ø. Character number 237 (ED_hex), the empty set symbol, could be used as a surrogate, but its spacing is awkward for display within a word. To compensate, the Norwegian and Danish code pages (865
Code page 865
Code page 865 is a code page used under MS-DOS to write Nordic languages ....

and 861
Code page 861
Code page 861 is a code page used under MS-DOS to write the Icelandic language .-Code page layout:...

), replaced cent (¢) with ø, and yen (¥) with Ø.
Most Greek alphabet
Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet is the script that has been used to write the Greek language since at least 730 BC . The alphabet in its classical and modern form consists of 24 letters ordered in sequence from alpha to omega...

symbols. (They were included in the Greek-language code pages 737
Code page 737
Code page 737 is a code page used under MS-DOS to write Greek language. It was much more popular than code page 869.-Code page layout:...

and 869
Code page 869
Code page 869 is a code page used under MS-DOS to write Greek language. It is also called MS-DOS Greek 2. It was designed to include all characters from ISO 8859-7.Code page 869 was not as popular as code page 737....

.)

Along with the cent

Cent (currency)

In many national currencies, the cent is a monetary unit that equals 1⁄100 of the basic monetary unit. Etymologically, the word cent derives from the Latin word "centum" meaning hundred. Cent also refers to a coin which is worth one cent....

(¢), pound sterling

Pound sterling

The pound sterling , commonly called the pound, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, its Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, British Antarctic Territory and Tristan da Cunha. It is subdivided into 100 pence...

(£) and yen/yuan

Chinese yuan

The yuan is the base unit of a number of modern Chinese currencies. The yuan is the primary unit of account of the Renminbi.A yuán is also known colloquially as a kuài . One yuán is divided into 10 jiǎo or colloquially máo...

(¥) currency symbols, it has a couple of European currency symbols: the florin (ƒ, Netherlands) and the peseta

Spanish peseta

The peseta was the currency of Spain between 1869 and 2002. Along with the French franc, it was also a de facto currency used in Andorra .- Etymology :...

(₧, Spain). The presence of the last is unusual, since the Spanish peseta was never an internationally relevant currency, and also never had a symbol of its own; it was simply abbreviated as "Pt", "Pta", "Pts", or "Ptas". Spanish models of the IBM electric typewriter

IBM Electric typewriter

The IBM Electric typewriters were a series of electric typewriters that IBM manufactured, starting in the mid-1930s. They used the conventional moving carriage and typebar mechanism, as opposed to the fixed carriage and type ball used in the IBM Selectric, introduced in 1961...

, however, also had a single position devoted to it.

Later MS-DOS character sets, such as code page 850

Code page 850

Code page 850 is a code page used under MS-DOS in Western Europe. It is the code page commonly used by the version of MS-DOS underlying Windows ME...

(DOS Latin-1), code page 852

Code page 852

Code page 852 is a code page used under MS-DOS to write Central European languages that use Latin script ....

(DOS Central-European) and code page 737

Code page 737

Code page 737 is a code page used under MS-DOS to write Greek language. It was much more popular than code page 869.-Code page layout:...

(DOS Greek), filled the gaps for international use with some compatibility with code page 437 by retaining the single and double box-drawing characters, while discarding the mixed ones (e.g. horizontal double/vertical single). All code page 437 characters have similar glyphs in Unicode

Unicode

Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...

and in Microsoft's WGL4

Windows Glyph List 4

Windows Glyph List 4, or more commonly WGL4 for short, also known as the Pan-European character set, is a character repertoire on recent Microsoft operating systems comprising 652 Unicode characters...

character set, and therefore are available in most fonts in Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows

, and also in the default VGA font of the Linux

Linux

Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of any Linux system is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds...

kernel, and the ISO 10646

Universal Character Set

The Universal Character Set , defined by the International Standard ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology — Universal multiple-octet coded character set , is a standard set of characters upon which many character encodings are based...

fonts for X11

X Window System

The X window system is a computer software system and network protocol that provides a basis for graphical user interfaces and rich input device capability for networked computers...

External links

[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP00437.pdf IBM Code Page 437 reference chart]
IBM PC memory-mapped video graphics to Unicode on official Unicode site

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.