Closure
Encyclopedia
Closure may refer to:
- Closure (container) used to seal a bottle, jug, jar, can, or other container
- Closure (wine bottle)Closure (wine bottle)Closure is a term used in the wine industry to refer to a stopper, the object used to seal a bottle and avoid harmful contact between the wine and oxygen.They include:* Traditional natural cork closures ;...
, a stopper
- Closure (wine bottle)
- Closure (business)Closure (business)Closure is the term used to refer to the actions necessary when it is no longer necessary or possible for a business or other organization to continue to operate...
, the process by which an organization ceases operations
- Closure (philosophy)Closure (philosophy)Closure, in epistemology, is the principle that if a subject S knows that p, and S knows that p entails q, then S can thereby come to know that q. Most epistemological theories involve a closure principle and many sceptical arguments assume a closure principle, arguing for instance that if you...
, a principle in epistemology - Closure (psychology)Closure (psychology)Closure or need for closure is a popular psychology term used to describe an individual's desire for a definite cognitive closure as opposed to enduring ambiguity...
, the state of experiencing an emotional conclusion to a difficult life event - Closure, also known as clotureClotureIn parliamentary procedure, cloture is a motion or process aimed at bringing debate to a quick end. It is also called closure or, informally, a guillotine. The cloture procedure originated in the French National Assembly, from which the name is taken. Clôture is French for "ending" or "conclusion"...
, is a motion in parliamentary procedure to bring debate to a quick end - Closure (atmospheric science)Closure (atmospheric science)A closure experiment in atmospheric science is a combination of different measurement techniques to describe the current state of the investigated system as fully as possible, and to find inaccuracies in one or some of the methods involved...
, is a type of experiment in aerosol and cloud studies - Closure: A Short History of EverythingClosure: A Short History of EverythingClosure: A Story of Everything is a philosophical description of the world put forward by Hilary Lawson. It is an attempt to provide an account that overcomes the problems of self-reference inherent in other philosophical systems. The theory of closure provides a new vocabulary with which to do this...
, a philosophical book by Hilary Lawson - Closure, a concept in the social construction of technology
- Deductive closureDeductive closurePeter D. Klein, in the second edition of The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, defines closure as follows:A set of objects, O, is said to exhibit closure or to be closed under a given operation, R, provided that for every object, x, if x is a member of O and x is R-related to any object, y, then...
, the application of the mathematical concept to formal logic - Law of Closure, a principle in Gestalt psychology
- Poetic closurePoetic closurePoetic closure is the sense of conclusion given at the end of a poem. Barbara Herrnstein Smith's detailed study—Poetic Closure: A Study of How Poems End—explores various techniques for achieving closure. One of the most common techniques is setting up a regular pattern and then breaking it to mark...
Computer science
- Closure (computer science)Closure (computer science)In computer science, a closure is a function together with a referencing environment for the non-local variables of that function. A closure allows a function to access variables outside its typical scope. Such a function is said to be "closed over" its free variables...
, programming language construct, an abstraction binding a function to its scope - Kleene closureKleene starIn mathematical logic and computer science, the Kleene star is a unary operation, either on sets of strings or on sets of symbols or characters. The application of the Kleene star to a set V is written as V*...
(or Kleene star or Kleene operator), a unary operator on a set of strings or symbols - Google Closure ToolsGoogle Closure ToolsGoogle Closure Tools is a set of tools to help developers build rich web applications with JavaScript. It was developed by Google for use in their web applications such as Gmail, Google Docs and Google Maps.-Closure Compiler:...
, a set of JavaScript tools created by Google - The programming language ClojureClojureClojure |closure]]") is a recent dialect of the Lisp programming language created by Rich Hickey. It is a general-purpose language supporting interactive development that encourages a functional programming style, and simplifies multithreaded programming....
, a dialect of Lisp that runs on the Java Virtual MachineJava Virtual MachineA Java virtual machine is a virtual machine capable of executing Java bytecode. It is the code execution component of the Java software platform. Sun Microsystems stated that there are over 4.5 billion JVM-enabled devices.-Overview:...
and the Common Language RuntimeCommon Language RuntimeThe Common Language Runtime is the virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NET framework and is responsible for managing the execution of .NET programs. In a process known as just-in-time compilation, the CLR compiles the intermediate language code known as CIL into the machine instructions...
Mathematics
- Closure (mathematics)Closure (mathematics)In mathematics, a set is said to be closed under some operation if performance of that operation on members of the set always produces a unique member of the same set. For example, the real numbers are closed under subtraction, but the natural numbers are not: 3 and 8 are both natural numbers, but...
, the smallest object that both includes the object as a subset and possesses some given property - Transitive closureTransitive closureIn mathematics, the transitive closure of a binary relation R on a set X is the transitive relation R+ on set X such that R+ contains R and R+ is minimal . If the binary relation itself is transitive, then the transitive closure will be that same binary relation; otherwise, the transitive closure...
- Algebraic closureAlgebraic closureIn mathematics, particularly abstract algebra, an algebraic closure of a field K is an algebraic extension of K that is algebraically closed. It is one of many closures in mathematics....
- Closure (logic)
- Closure (topology)Closure (topology)In mathematics, the closure of a subset S in a topological space consists of all points in S plus the limit points of S. Intuitively, these are all the points that are "near" S. A point which is in the closure of S is a point of closure of S...
, for a set, the smallest closed set containing that set - Convex closure
- Kuratowski closure axiomsKuratowski closure axiomsIn topology and related branches of mathematics, the Kuratowski closure axioms are a set of axioms which can be used to define a topological structure on a set. They are equivalent to the more commonly used open set definition...
Film and television
- StraightheadsStraightheadsStraightheads is a 2007 British thriller film which follows a couple who are seeking revenge against a group of men who brutally attacked them. It is written and directed by Dan Reed, who made his directorial début....
, a 2007 British thriller film, US release title Closure - "Closure" (The X-Files)Closure (The X-Files)"Closure" is the 150th episode and the eleventh episode of the seventh season of the science fiction television series The X-Files. The episode first aired in the United States and Canada on February 3, 2000 on the Fox Network, and subsequently aired in the United Kingdom. It was written by...
, a 2000 episode of the television series The X-Files - "Closure" (8 Simple Rules episode), a 2005 episode of the sitcom 8 Simple Rules
- "Closure" (Raines), a 2007 episode of the crime drama Raines
- "Closure" (Tru Calling), a 2004 episode of the supernatural drama Tru Calling
- A two-part episode, split between seasons 1Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 1)Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, an American police procedural television series, premiered on September 20, 1999 on NBC. Created by Dick Wolf, it is the first spin-off of Law & Order and follows the detectives of a fictionalized version of the New York City Police Department's Special Victims...
and 2Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 2)This article contains a list of episodes for season 2 of the television series, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.David J. Burke and Neal Baer served as chief executive producers; Baer took over in the season finale.-Cast:...
of Law and Order: SVU.
Music
- Closure (band)Closure (band)Closure is a Canadian rock band previously signed to TVT Records. The band released their first album, a self-titled album, in 2003. The album was fueled by the hit single "Look Out Below". The band is currently writing their new album and is awaiting word from their label...
, a Canadian rock band - Closure: LiveClosure: LiveClosure: Live is a 2001 release by Norwegian gothic metal band Theatre of Tragedy. Recorded live at the Metal festival in Katowice 2000, the CD is composed of 10 audio tracks and 2 multimedia video tracks....
, a 2001 live album by Norwegian gothic metal band Theatre of Tragedy - Closure (album)Closure (album)Closure is the first album by Canadian hard rock band Closure.-Track listing:# "Look Out Below"# "Afterglow"# "Oxygen"# "What it's All About"# "Whatever Made You"# "Crushed# "Lie to Me"# "Live Again"# "I Don't Mind "# "Fragile"...
, a 2003 album by Canadian hard rock band Closure - Closure EPClosure EPClosure is a compilation of live and acoustic songs recorded by the band Everclear. It was the first release to feature the new five-piece line-up of the band, that included Art Alexakis as the only remaining original band member...
, a 2004 compilation album by Everclear - "Closure" (song)Closure (song)"Closure" is the third and last single from alternative metal band Chevelle's second album Wonder What's Next. It features a dark, melodic verse that carries into a similarly melodic chorus ending in heavy guitar chords...
, a 2003 song by Chevelle's album Wonder What's Next - "Closure" (Scarlett Belle song)Closure (Scarlett Belle song)"Closure" is the debut single from Australian pop duo, Scarlett Belle. The song was written by Scarlett Belle and Rudy Sandapa, and produced by, Phil Tan. The single was released physically on 4 June 2010 and digitally on 18 June, and is the lead single from their upcoming debut album.-Chart...
, a 2010 song by Australian pop duo Scarlett Belle - Closure (video), a 1997 Nine Inch Nails video set
- "Closure" (Gabrielle song)Closure (Gabrielle song)"Closure" is the thirteenth song on Gabrielle's fifth studio album, Always and is written by Gabrielle and Julian Gallagher. The song is not going to be given a single or commercial release and is only available to download as an album track, however, a group of fans started a campaign to get...
, a song on Gabrielle's 2007 album Always - "Closure", a song on Hood's 2005 album Outside CloserOutside CloserOutside Closer is a 2005 album by Hood. It was produced in Leeds and released on Domino Records. It is their sixth full-length album.-Track listing:#"Introduction"#"The Negatives..."#"Any Hopeful Thoughts Arrive"#"End of One Train Working"#"Winter 72"...
- "Closure", a song by OpethOpethOpeth is a Swedish heavy metal band from Stockholm, formed in 1990. Though the group has been through several personnel changes, singer, guitarist, and songwriter Mikael Åkerfeldt has remained Opeth's driving force throughout the years...
from their album DamnationDamnation (album)-Notes:# The vocal melody in the chorus of "To Rid the Disease" is borrowed from a track recorded by Mikael Åkerfeldt's sideproject Sörskogen, "Mordet i Grottan".-Opeth:* Mikael Åkerfeldt – vocals, guitar; producing and engineering... - "Closure", a song by Aly & AJAly & AJ78violet is a pop rock band consisting of sisters Alyson and Amanda Michalka. They were born in Torrance, California, but spent part of their childhood in Seattle, Washington. They are both actresses, singer-songwriters, and guitarists. They signed a record deal with the Disney-owned label,...
from their album InsomniaticInsomniaticInsomniatic is the second studio album by American teen pop duo Aly & AJ. The album was released on July 10, 2007 in the United States, and was later released in the UK and Italy on October 22, 2007 with new cover art... - "Closure", a song on Divine Heresy's 2007 album Bleed the FifthBleed the FifthBleed the Fifth is the debut studio album by Divine Heresy, released in the United States on August 28, 2007. The album sold approximately 2,700 copies in its first week of release. The album name is a play on the American judicial system Fifth Amendment...
- Resolution (music)Resolution (music)Resolution in western tonal music theory is the move of a note or chord from dissonance to a consonance .Dissonance, resolution, and suspense can be used to create musical interest...
, in music theory