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Classical thermodynamics is a branch of physics
Physics

Physics is the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and spacetime and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its Motion ....
 developed in the nineteenth century, by Sadi Carnot
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot

Nicolas L?onard Sadi Carnot was a France physicist and military engineer who, in his 1824 Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as the Carnot cycle, thereby laying the foundations of the second law of thermodynamics....
 (1824), Emile Clapeyron (1834), Rudolf Clausius
Rudolf Clausius

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius , was a Germany physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics....
 (1850), Willard Gibbs (1876), Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a Germany physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science....
 (1882), and others that studied heat
Heat

In physics and thermodynamics, heat is any transfer of energy from one body or thermodynamic system to another due to a difference in temperature....
 and work
Work (thermodynamics)

In thermodynamics, work is the quantity of energy transferred from one system to another without an accompanying transfer of entropy. It is a generalization of the concept of mechanical work in mechanics....
 and their relation to the collision and interaction of particles in large, near-equilibrium systems.

The term classical thermodynamics is used in distinction to statistical thermodynamics, which came to be pioneered from the 1860s onwards.






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Classical thermodynamics is a branch of physics
Physics

Physics is the natural science which examines basic concepts such as energy, force, and spacetime and all that derives from these, such as mass, charge, matter and its Motion ....
 developed in the nineteenth century, by Sadi Carnot
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot

Nicolas L?onard Sadi Carnot was a France physicist and military engineer who, in his 1824 Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, gave the first successful theoretical account of heat engines, now known as the Carnot cycle, thereby laying the foundations of the second law of thermodynamics....
 (1824), Emile Clapeyron (1834), Rudolf Clausius
Rudolf Clausius

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius , was a Germany physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founders of the science of thermodynamics....
 (1850), Willard Gibbs (1876), Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a Germany physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science....
 (1882), and others that studied heat
Heat

In physics and thermodynamics, heat is any transfer of energy from one body or thermodynamic system to another due to a difference in temperature....
 and work
Work (thermodynamics)

In thermodynamics, work is the quantity of energy transferred from one system to another without an accompanying transfer of entropy. It is a generalization of the concept of mechanical work in mechanics....
 and their relation to the collision and interaction of particles in large, near-equilibrium systems.

The term classical thermodynamics is used in distinction to statistical thermodynamics, which came to be pioneered from the 1860s onwards. Statistical thermodynamics analyses thermodynamic properties by relating them to molecular-level models of microscopic behaviour in the thermodynamic system
Thermodynamic system

In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system, originally called a working substance, is defined as that part of the universe that is under consideration....
. In contrast, classical thermodynamics analyses the macroscopic
Macroscopic

Macroscopic is a word commonly used to describe physics objects that are measurement and observation by the naked eye. When applied to phenomena and abstract objects, it describes existence in the world as we perceive it....
 properties of the system using classical laws of thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics

The laws of thermodynamics, in principle, describe the specifics for the transport of heat and Work in thermodynamic processes. Since their inception, however, these Physical laws have become some of the most important in all of physics and other branches of science connected to thermodynamics....
 that were obtained without considering the microscopic properties.