Circularity

Begging the question is a logical fallacy in which the proposition to be proved is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise. Begging the question is related to circular argument, circulus in probando or circular reasoning but they are considered absolutely different by Aristotle...

A circular definition is one that assumes a prior understanding of the term being defined. By using the term being defined as a part of the definition, a circular definition provides no new or useful information; either the audience already knows the meaning of the term, or the definition is...

The compactness measure of a shape, sometimes called the shape factor, is a numerical quantity representing the degree to which a shape is compact. The meaning of "compact" here is not related to the topological notion of compact space. Various compactness measures are used...

In statistics, analysis of variance is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance is partitioned into components due to different explanatory variables...