Char is the solid material that remains after light gases (e.g.
coal gasCoal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. Town gas is a more general term referring to manufactured gaseous fuels produced for sale to consumers and municipalities. It is also known as manufactured gas, syngas , hygas, and producer...
) and tar (e.g.
coal tarCoal tar is a brown or black liquid of high viscosity, which smells of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar is among the by-products when coal is...
) have been driven-out or released from a carbonaceous material, during the initial stage of
combustionCombustion or burning is a complex sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames, appearance of light flickering.Direct combustion by atmospheric oxygen is a reaction...
, which is known as
carbonizationCarbonization or carbonisation is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation. It is often used in organic chemistry with reference to the generation of coal gas and coal tar from raw coal...
,
charringCharring is a chemical process of incomplete combustion of a solid when subjected to high heat. The resulting residue matter is called Char. Charring can be either a deliberate and controlled reaction used in manufacturing or it may be the result of naturally-occurring processes...
, devolatilization or
pyrolysisPyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of condensed organic substances by heating. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition"....
. Further stages of efficient combustion (with or without char deposits) are known as
gasificationGasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material, such as house waste, or compost at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas...
reactions, ending quickly when the
reversibleA reversible reaction is a chemical reaction that results in an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products. For a reaction involving two reactants and two products this can be expressed symbolically as...
gas phase
water gas shift reactionThe water-gas shift reaction is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen:The water-gas shift reaction is an important industrial reaction...
reaches equilibrium.
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Char is the solid material that remains after light gases (e.g.
coal gasCoal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. Town gas is a more general term referring to manufactured gaseous fuels produced for sale to consumers and municipalities. It is also known as manufactured gas, syngas , hygas, and producer...
) and tar (e.g.
coal tarCoal tar is a brown or black liquid of high viscosity, which smells of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar is among the by-products when coal is...
) have been driven-out or released from a carbonaceous material, during the initial stage of
combustionCombustion or burning is a complex sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames, appearance of light flickering.Direct combustion by atmospheric oxygen is a reaction...
, which is known as
carbonizationCarbonization or carbonisation is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation. It is often used in organic chemistry with reference to the generation of coal gas and coal tar from raw coal...
,
charringCharring is a chemical process of incomplete combustion of a solid when subjected to high heat. The resulting residue matter is called Char. Charring can be either a deliberate and controlled reaction used in manufacturing or it may be the result of naturally-occurring processes...
, devolatilization or
pyrolysisPyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of condensed organic substances by heating. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition"....
. Further stages of efficient combustion (with or without char deposits) are known as
gasificationGasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material, such as house waste, or compost at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas...
reactions, ending quickly when the
reversibleA reversible reaction is a chemical reaction that results in an equilibrium mixture of reactants and products. For a reaction involving two reactants and two products this can be expressed symbolically as...
gas phase
water gas shift reactionThe water-gas shift reaction is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen:The water-gas shift reaction is an important industrial reaction...
reaches equilibrium.