Chantecler (play)
Encyclopedia
'Chantecler' is a verse play in four acts, written by Edmond Rostand
. The play is notable in that all the characters are farmyard animals including the main protagonist, a chanticleer
, or rooster. The play centers on the theme of idealism and spiritual sincerity, as contrasted with cynicism and artificiality. Much of the play satirizes modernist
artistic doctrines from Rostand's romanticist
perspective.
and L'Aiglon. Although he began writing the play in 1902, its completion was repeatedly delayed due to Rostand's perfectionism and illnesses. Rostand originally intended Benoît-Constant Coquelin, known as 'Coq', who had created the role of Cyrano de Bergerac, to portray Chantecler. But Coquelin died of a heart attack in 1909 (clutching, it was said, a copy of the script of Chantecler), so the play finally premiered on 7 February 1910 at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin
in Paris, with Lucien Guitry
in the title role. The play was not initially successful, due, in Rostand's opinion, to Guitry's uninspired performance, but also because the sophisticated Parisians in the audience realised their way of life was being criticised. A later production in 1927, starring Victor Francen
, was more successful. A notable British production was Terence Gray's final production at the Cambridge Festival Theatre in 1933 before he terminated his ownership of the theatre. An experienced actor Wilfred Walter played Chantecler, and the cast included most of the current Festival actors, including Doria Paston, Gilson MacCormnack, Noel Iliff, the dancer Sara Patrick and the actor who became the new director of the theatre, Joseph Gordon Macleod. The design was by Paston with costumes by Hedley Briggs and choreography by Sara Patrick, with music by Walter Leigh The play made its American debut on Broadway
in 1911, featuring Maude Adams
in an adaptation by Louis N. Parker.
Chantecler
has recently been rediscovered in France to wide acclaim, with several performances since 1984.
(a traditional symbol of France) who secretly believes that his crowing causes the sun to rise. The play opens as several other animals are discussing the singing skills of the Blackbird, Rostand’s symbol of sophisticated cynicism and artistic naturalism.
The hens and the Blackbird then praise Chantecler's crowing skills until he enters and sings his "Hymn to The Sun" (a poetic set piece that remains a popular recitation in France). Although the hens try to persuade Chantecler to confess the secret of his crowing, he refuses. He converses with Patou, the farmyard dog, about the Blackbird's cynicism and biting wit; while Chantecler considers it of little importance, Patou warns that Blackbird's flippant attitude is a dangerous moral influence because it weakens sincere belief in the potential of heroism. Suddenly, a female golden pheasant
(a female who nevertheless has the colorful plumage of a male) arrives in the barnyard, fleeing from a hunter. Chantecler helps hide her in Patou's doghouse.
was a relatively new technology at the time Rostand was writing.) When the pheasant discovers the ruse, she demands that Chantecler prove his love by not crowing, but when he refuses this, she decides to trick him into listening to the nightingale's
song, knowing its beauty will distract him long enough for dawn to appear without him. A group of toads arrive, praising Chantecler's song as far prettier than the nightingale's, which he has never heard. When the nightingale begins to sing, Chantecler is awestruck by the beauty of his song, and realizes that the toads' derision paralleled the farm animals' jealous derision of his own crowing. Finding themselves kindred spirits, the nightingale and Chantecler praise each others' songs. At that instant, a hunter (the same man who owns Chantecler's farm) shoots and kills the nightingale. While Chantecler is grieving, the pheasant points out to him that dawn has come without him. Chantecler is at first distraught, but then realizes that the farm still needs his crowing because without it, people and animals will sleep and not realise another day has begun. The spiritual dawn brought about by his singing repels the bleak spiritual night that provides cover for the birds of prey. He decides it is his duty to return to the farm, and when the pheasant demands that he love her more than the dawn, he refuses, and leaves her. Although initially angered, when the pheasant realises that the hunter who shot the nightingale is now aiming at Chantecler, she is overcome by her love and her admiration for Chantecler's idealistic devotion. To save his life, she tries to distract the hunter by flying up herself, but is caught in a net he had set in order to capture her for his farmyard. The shot goes wide; Chantecler returns safely to the farmyard, where he will soon be joined by the captured pheasant, who has resigned herself to taking second place to the cockerel's devotion to his duty of crowing every morning.
(1987). Parker's adaptation does not appear to have been published.
Two modern annotated editions are available: with notes and introduction in French by Philippe Bulinge (GF Flammarion 2006) or with notes and introduction in English by Sue Lloyd (Genge Press,UK, 2010).
Edmond Rostand
Edmond Eugène Alexis Rostand was a French poet and dramatist. He is associated with neo-romanticism, and is best known for his play Cyrano de Bergerac. Rostand's romantic plays provided an alternative to the naturalistic theatre popular during the late nineteenth century...
. The play is notable in that all the characters are farmyard animals including the main protagonist, a chanticleer
Chanticleer
- Fiction :*A rooster appearing in fables about Reynard The Fox**The Nun's Priest's Tale, a version of Chanticleer and the Fox told in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales**By metonymy, any rooster**A character in the movie Rock-a-Doodle played by Glen Campbell...
, or rooster. The play centers on the theme of idealism and spiritual sincerity, as contrasted with cynicism and artificiality. Much of the play satirizes modernist
Modernism
Modernism, in its broadest definition, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement, its set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society...
artistic doctrines from Rostand's romanticist
Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...
perspective.
History
Rostand was inspired to write the play after spending time in the farm country around his home in the south of France, where he had moved for health reasons after the phenomenal success of Cyrano de BergeracCyrano de Bergerac (play)
Cyrano de Bergerac is a play written in 1897 by Edmond Rostand. Although there was a real Cyrano de Bergerac, the play bears very scant resemblance to his life....
and L'Aiglon. Although he began writing the play in 1902, its completion was repeatedly delayed due to Rostand's perfectionism and illnesses. Rostand originally intended Benoît-Constant Coquelin, known as 'Coq', who had created the role of Cyrano de Bergerac, to portray Chantecler. But Coquelin died of a heart attack in 1909 (clutching, it was said, a copy of the script of Chantecler), so the play finally premiered on 7 February 1910 at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin
Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin
The Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin is a venerable theatre and opera house at 18, Boulevard Saint-Martin in the 10e arrondissement of Paris.- History :...
in Paris, with Lucien Guitry
Lucien Guitry
Lucien Germain Guitry was a French actor.In 1885, while living in Saint Petersburg, he appeared at the French Theatre. His son, the future actor, writer and director Sacha Guitry, was born in Saint Petersburg and named in honour of Tsar Alexander III...
in the title role. The play was not initially successful, due, in Rostand's opinion, to Guitry's uninspired performance, but also because the sophisticated Parisians in the audience realised their way of life was being criticised. A later production in 1927, starring Victor Francen
Victor Francen
Victor Francen , born Victor Franssens, was a Belgian-born actor with a long career in French cinema and in Hollywood....
, was more successful. A notable British production was Terence Gray's final production at the Cambridge Festival Theatre in 1933 before he terminated his ownership of the theatre. An experienced actor Wilfred Walter played Chantecler, and the cast included most of the current Festival actors, including Doria Paston, Gilson MacCormnack, Noel Iliff, the dancer Sara Patrick and the actor who became the new director of the theatre, Joseph Gordon Macleod. The design was by Paston with costumes by Hedley Briggs and choreography by Sara Patrick, with music by Walter Leigh The play made its American debut on Broadway
Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 professional theatres with 500 or more seats located in the Theatre District centered along Broadway, and in Lincoln Center, in Manhattan in New York City...
in 1911, featuring Maude Adams
Maude Adams
Maude Ewing Kiskadden , known professionally as Maude Adams, was an American stage actress who achieved her greatest success as Peter Pan. Adams's personality appealed to a large audience and helped her become the most successful and highest-paid performer of her day, with a yearly income of more...
in an adaptation by Louis N. Parker.
Chantecler
Chantecler (play)
Chantecler is a verse play in four acts, written by Edmond Rostand. The play is notable in that all the characters are farmyard animals including the main protagonist, a chanticleer, or rooster. The play centers on the theme of idealism and spiritual sincerity, as contrasted with cynicism and...
has recently been rediscovered in France to wide acclaim, with several performances since 1984.
Prologue
The play begins with a prologue in which the "director" asks the audience to imagine themselves in a barnyard, and calls down a giant magnifying-glass to better see the animals up close.Act I
Chantecler is a gallic roosterGallic rooster
The Gallic rooster is an unofficial national symbol of France as a nation .-France:...
(a traditional symbol of France) who secretly believes that his crowing causes the sun to rise. The play opens as several other animals are discussing the singing skills of the Blackbird, Rostand’s symbol of sophisticated cynicism and artistic naturalism.
Naturalism (literature)
Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character...
The hens and the Blackbird then praise Chantecler's crowing skills until he enters and sings his "Hymn to The Sun" (a poetic set piece that remains a popular recitation in France). Although the hens try to persuade Chantecler to confess the secret of his crowing, he refuses. He converses with Patou, the farmyard dog, about the Blackbird's cynicism and biting wit; while Chantecler considers it of little importance, Patou warns that Blackbird's flippant attitude is a dangerous moral influence because it weakens sincere belief in the potential of heroism. Suddenly, a female golden pheasant
Golden Pheasant
The Golden Pheasant or "Chinese Pheasant", is a gamebird of the order Galliformes and the family Phasianidae...
(a female who nevertheless has the colorful plumage of a male) arrives in the barnyard, fleeing from a hunter. Chantecler helps hide her in Patou's doghouse.
Act II
At night, the nighttime birds of prey, along with the cat and the Blackbird, plot to kill Chantecler because his crowing interrupts their nefarious plans. They devise a plot to lure Chantecler to the weekly soirée held by the fashionable Guinea Hen, where they will also invite a famous game cock to assassinate Chantecler. The pheasant overhears, but the Blackbird persuades her not to tell Chantecler of the plot. When Chantecler appears to crow for the dawn, the pheasant persuades him to attend the soirée, and also to confess his secret belief that his crowing makes the sun rise. The Blackbird, hiding in a flower pot, eavesdrops through the hole in the pot's bottom, but because his position doesn't allow him to see the sunrise, he assumes Chantecler's confession is only a ruse to seduce the pheasant. After the pheasant leaves, Blackbird tells Chantecler that the game cock will attend Guinea Hen's soirée, and Chantecler insists on attending and confronting him.Act III
At the soirée, a series of increasingly fancy-bred roosters are introduced before Chantecler arrives; disgusted by the artificiality of the other birds' plumage, he insists on being introduced simply as "the cock." When the fighting cock appears, he and Chantecler fight, with all the birds except the pheasant and Patou cheering for the fighting cock. Chantecler is badly beaten and nearly killed, but at the last moment, a hawk flies overhead and he and the other birds cower in fear. Chantecler bravely shields the others with his body, and scares the hawk away. When the hawk leaves, the game cock makes a last lunge at Chantecler, but wounds himself instead and is carried away. Chantecler bitterly denounces the Blackbird's soulless cynicism and the crowd's envious rooting for his enemy, and departs for the forest with the pheasant.Act IV
In the woods, the pheasant, jealous of Chantecler's single-minded devotion to his ideal, entreats Chantecler to give up his love for the sun and devote himself entirely to her. He cannot bring himself to do so, and secretly calls the barnyard for news updates on a telephone made from vines. (The telephoneTelephone
The telephone , colloquially referred to as a phone, is a telecommunications device that transmits and receives sounds, usually the human voice. Telephones are a point-to-point communication system whose most basic function is to allow two people separated by large distances to talk to each other...
was a relatively new technology at the time Rostand was writing.) When the pheasant discovers the ruse, she demands that Chantecler prove his love by not crowing, but when he refuses this, she decides to trick him into listening to the nightingale's
Nightingale
The Nightingale , also known as Rufous and Common Nightingale, is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae...
song, knowing its beauty will distract him long enough for dawn to appear without him. A group of toads arrive, praising Chantecler's song as far prettier than the nightingale's, which he has never heard. When the nightingale begins to sing, Chantecler is awestruck by the beauty of his song, and realizes that the toads' derision paralleled the farm animals' jealous derision of his own crowing. Finding themselves kindred spirits, the nightingale and Chantecler praise each others' songs. At that instant, a hunter (the same man who owns Chantecler's farm) shoots and kills the nightingale. While Chantecler is grieving, the pheasant points out to him that dawn has come without him. Chantecler is at first distraught, but then realizes that the farm still needs his crowing because without it, people and animals will sleep and not realise another day has begun. The spiritual dawn brought about by his singing repels the bleak spiritual night that provides cover for the birds of prey. He decides it is his duty to return to the farm, and when the pheasant demands that he love her more than the dawn, he refuses, and leaves her. Although initially angered, when the pheasant realises that the hunter who shot the nightingale is now aiming at Chantecler, she is overcome by her love and her admiration for Chantecler's idealistic devotion. To save his life, she tries to distract the hunter by flying up herself, but is caught in a net he had set in order to capture her for his farmyard. The shot goes wide; Chantecler returns safely to the farmyard, where he will soon be joined by the captured pheasant, who has resigned herself to taking second place to the cockerel's devotion to his duty of crowing every morning.
English Translations
Among published English transations of Chantecler are: Gertrude Hall (1920), Henderson Daingerfield Norman (1923), Clifford Hershey Bissel & William Van Wyck (1947); and Kay Nolte SmithKay Nolte Smith
Kay Nolte Smith was an American writer. She was for a time friendly with the philosopher-novelist Ayn Rand, who was her leading literary and philosophical influence....
(1987). Parker's adaptation does not appear to have been published.
Two modern annotated editions are available: with notes and introduction in French by Philippe Bulinge (GF Flammarion 2006) or with notes and introduction in English by Sue Lloyd (Genge Press,UK, 2010).
Sources
- Liberma, Marco Francis, story of Chantecler, a critical analysis of Rostand's play, New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1910
- Lloyd, Sue, The Man Who Was Cyrano: A Life of Edmond Rostand, Bloomington, Ind.: Unlimited Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-58832-072-3; Minehead, UK: Genge Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9549043-1-9