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Chairman of the Federal Reserve
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The Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the head of the central banking system of the United States. Known colloquially as "Chairman of the Fed," or in market circles "Fed Chair" or "Fed Chief". The Chairman is the "active executive officer" (see ) of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, which is an independent agency of the federal government created by statute (see ), as part of the Federal Reserve System.
As stipulated in the Banking Act of 1935, the chairman is one of seven members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System who are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors.
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The Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the head of the central banking system of the United States. Known colloquially as "Chairman of the Fed," or in market circles "Fed Chair" or "Fed Chief". The Chairman is the "active executive officer" (see ) of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, which is an independent agency of the federal government created by statute (see ), as part of the Federal Reserve System.
As stipulated in the Banking Act of 1935, the chairman is one of seven members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System who are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors. The chairman is subject to Senate confirmation to a four-year term. In practice the chairman is often re-appointed, but cannot serve longer than one 14-year term as governor (or, if appointed to fill a position whose previous occupant had not served out their term, then 14 years plus the time remaining in the previous unexpired term). By law, the chairman reports twice a year to Congress on the Federal Reserve's monetary policy objectives. He or she also testifies before Congress on numerous other issues and meets periodically with the Secretary of the Treasury.
Currently, the chairman is Ben Bernanke, a South Carolina macroeconomist nominated by George W. Bush and sworn into office on February 1, 2006, for a term lasting until 2010. Bernanke succeeded Alan Greenspan, who served for more than 18 years under four U.S. Presidents.
The law applicable to the Chairman and all other members of the Board provides (in part):
No member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall be an officer or director of any bank, banking institution, trust company, or Federal Reserve bank or hold stock in any bank, banking institution, or trust company; and before entering upon his duties as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System he shall certify under oath that he has complied with this requirement, and such certification shall be filed with the secretary of the Board.
See
Chairmen of the Board of Directors/Governors of the Federal Reserve Board
- Charles S. Hamlin (August 10, 1914 — August 10, 1916) -- Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve System
- William P. G. Harding (August 10, 1916 – August 9, 1922)
- Daniel R. Crissinger (May 1, 1923 – September 15, 1927)
- Roy A. Young (October 4, 1927 – August 31, 1930)
- Eugene I. Meyer (September 16, 1930 – May 10, 1933)
- Eugene R. Black (May 19, 1933 – August 15, 1934)
- Marriner S. Eccles¹ (November 15, 1934 – February 3, 1948) -- first Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
- Thomas B. McCabe (April 15, 1948 – April 2, 1951)
- William McChesney Martin, Jr. (April 2, 1951 – February 1, 1970)
- Arthur F. Burns (February 1, 1970 – January 31, 1978)
- G. William Miller (March 8, 1978 – August 6, 1979)
- Paul A. Volcker (August 6, 1979 – August 11, 1987)
- Alan Greenspan² (August 11, 1987 – January 31,2006)
- Ben S. Bernanke (February 1, 2006 – )
¹ Served as Chairman pro tempore from February 3, 1948, to April 15, 1948.
² Served as Chairman pro tempore from March 3, 1996, to June 20, 1996.
Historical Note
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve did not exist prior to the major reorganization of the Fed in 1935 (Banking Act of 1935). Prior to that time, the "Federal Reserve Board" (created in 1913 under the Federal Reserve Act) had a Board of Directors. The directors' salaries were significantly lower and their terms of office were much shorter prior to 1935. In effect, the Federal Reserve Board members in Washington, D.C. were significantly less powerful than the elite of the regional Federal Reserve Banks prior to 1935.
Prior to 1935, the heads of the twelve district "Federal Reserve Banks" were called "Governors." In the 1935 act, the district heads had their titles changed to "President" (e.g., "President of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis"), as part of a major shift of power to Washington.
Thus, Marriner Eccles was the first actual 'Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board.' The others prior to 1935 were 'Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve System,' with much more circumscribed power.
See also
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