Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)

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Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)

The Cenomani (Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
: , Strabo

Strabo

Strabo was a Ancient Greeks history, geography and philosophy....
, Ptol.

Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemaeus , known in English as Ptolemy , was a Roman Greek mathematics, Greek astronomy, geographer and astrologer. He lived in History of Roman Egypt, and was probably born there in a town in the Thebaid called Ptolemais Hermiou; he died in Alexandria around 168 AD....
; , Polyb.

Polybius

Polybius was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories covering in detail the period of 220–146 BC....
), was an ancient tribe of the Cisalpine Gaul

Cisalpine Gaul

Cisalpine Gaul was the Roman name for a geographical area , in the territory of modern-day northern Italy , inhabited by the Celts. Sometimes referred to as Gallia Citerior , Provincia Ariminum, or Gallia Togata ....
s, who occupied the tract north of the Padus (modern Po River

Po River

The Po is a river that flows 652 km eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. It has a drainage area of 71,000 km? and is the longest river in Italy....
), between the Insubres

Insubres

The Insubres or Insubri were a population settled in Insubria, in what is now Lombardy. They were the founders of Milan . Though Celtic at the time of Roman republic conquest, they were most likely the result of the fusion of pre-existing Ligurian and Ancient_Italic_peoples population strata with Gaulish tribes who had come from what is...
on the west and the Veneti

Veneti

Veneti may refer to:*Veneti , a Celtic tribe who once lived in what is now Brittany, France*Adriatic Veneti, a bygone people of northeastern Italy who spoke an unclassified Indo-European language...
on the east. Their territory appears to have extended from the river Addua

Addua

Addua is a genus of moth in the family Arctiidae.References...
(or perhaps the Ollius, the modern Oglio

Oglio

The Oglio is a left-side tributary of the Po River in Lombardy, Italy. It is 280 km long.The Oglio is formed from the confluence of two mountain streams, the Narcanello from the Presena Glacier, and the Frigidolfo, from Lake Ercavallo, in the Stelvio National Park....
) to the Athesis (modern Adige

Adige

The Adige is a river with its source in the Alpine region of Trentino-Alto Adige/S?dtirol near the Italy border with Austria and Switzerland. At in length, 220 located in the province of Bolzano, it is the second longest river in Italy, after the Po River with ....
). Whether these Cenomani are the same people as the Cenomani

Cenomani

The Cenomani or Aulerci Cenomani were a Gaul people, a branch of the Aulerci in Gallia Celtica, whose territory corresponded generally to Maine in the modern d?partment of Sarthe, west of the Carnutes between the Seine and the Loire....
in Gallia Celtica encountered by Julius Caesar is a subject of debate (see Cenomani

Cenomani

Polybius

Polybius was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories covering in detail the period of 220–146 BC....
and Livy

Livy

Titus Livius , known as Livy in English language, was a Ancient Rome historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome, Ab Urbe Condita, from its founding through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time....
expressly mention them among the tribes of Gauls which had crossed the Alps within historical memory, and had expelled the Etruscans

Etruscan civilization

Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy and Corsica whom the ancient Romans called Etrusci or Tusci....
from the territory in which they established themselves and subsequently continued to occupy.

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Encyclopedia

The Cenomani (Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
: , Strabo

Strabo

Strabo was a Ancient Greeks history, geography and philosophy....
, Ptol.

Ptolemy

Polybius

Polybius was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories covering in detail the period of 220–146 BC....
), was an ancient tribe of the Cisalpine Gaul

Cisalpine Gaul

Po River

Insubres

Veneti

Addua

Addua is a genus of moth in the family Arctiidae.References...
(or perhaps the Ollius, the modern Oglio

Oglio

Adige

Cenomani

Polybius

Polybius was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories covering in detail the period of 220–146 BC....
and Livy

Livy

Etruscan civilization

Livy

Titus Livius , known as Livy in English language, was a Ancient Rome historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome, Ab Urbe Condita, from its founding through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time....
V.35), a large number of the Cenomani crossed into Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
, drove the Etruscans southwards, and occupied their territory. The statement of Cato

Cato

Cato may refer to:...
(in Pliny

Pliny the Elder

Gaius Plinius Secundus , better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient author, naturalist or natural philosopher and naval and military commander of some importance who wrote Natural History ....
, Nat. Hist. III.130), that some of them settled near Massilia in the territory of the Volcae

Volcae

The Volcae were a Celts tribal confederation constituted sometime before the Gallic raid of combined Gauls that invaded Macedon in the 270s and defeated the assembled Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae ....
, may indicate the route taken by them. It is remarkable that they appear in history almost uniformly as friendly to the Romans

Ancient Rome

Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC....
, and refusing to take part with their kindred tribes against them. Thus, during the great Gaulish war in 225 BCE, when the Boii

Boii

Boii is the Ancient Rome name of an ancient Celtic tribes, attested at various times in Transalpine Gaul and Cisalpine Gaul , as well as in Pannonia , Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia....
and Insubres took up arms against Rome, the Cenomani, as well as their neighbours the Veneti, concluded an alliance with the Roman Republic

Roman Republic

The Roman Republic was the phase of the Ancient Rome characterized by a republican form of government; a period which began with the overthrow of the Roman Roman Kingdom, c....
, and the two nations together furnished a force of 20,000 men, with which they threatened the frontier of the Insubres. (Pol. ii. 23, 24, 32; Strab. v. p. 216.) Even when Hannibal invaded Cisalpine Gaul they continued faithful to the Romans, and furnished a body of auxiliaries, who fought with them at the Battle of the Trebia

Battle of the Trebia

The Battle of the Trebia was the first major battle of the Second Punic War, fought between the Carthage forces of Hannibal and the Roman Republic in 218 BC....
. (Liv. xxi. 55.) After the close of the Second Punic War

Second Punic War

The Second Punic War lasted from 218 BC to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean. It was the second of three major wars between Carthage and the Roman Republic....
, however, they took part in the revolt of the Gauls under Hamilcar

Hamilcar

Hamilcar was a common name in the Punic culture. There are several different transcriptions into Greek and Roman scripts. The ruling families of ancient Carthage often named their members with the traditional name Hamilcar....
(200 BCE), and again a few years later joined their arms with those of the Insubres: but even then the defection seems to have been but partial, and after their defeat by the consul Gaius Cornelius Cethegus

Gaius Cornelius Cethegus

Gaius Cornelius Cethegus was a politician of the Roman republic from the Cethegus brach of the gens Cornelius .He became proconsul in Spain in 200 BC and was elected Aedile in absence....
(197 BCE), they hastened to submit, and thenceforth continued faithful allies of the Romans. (Liv. xxxi. 10, xxxii. 30, xxxix. 3.) From this time they disappear from history, and became gradually merged in the condition of Roman subjects, until in 49 BCE they acquired, with the rest of the Transpadane Gauls, the full rights of Roman citizens. (Dion Cass. xli. 36.)

The limits of the territory occupied by them are not very clearly defined. Strabo omits all notice of them in the geographical description of Gallia Cisalpina, and assigns their cities to the Insubres. Livy speaks of Brixia (modern Brescia

Brescia

Brescia is a city in the region of Lombardy in northern Italy. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, between the Mella and the Naviglio, with a population of around 190,000....
) and Verona

Verona

Verona is a city in Veneto, northern Italy, one of the seven provincial capitals in the region. It is one of the main tourist destinations in north-eastern Italy, thanks to its artistic heritage, several annual fairs, shows and operas, such as the lyrical season in the Arena, the ancient amphitheatre built by the Romans....
as the chief cities in their territory. Pliny

Pliny the Elder

Cremona

Cremona is a city in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left shore of the Po River in the middle of the Pianura Padana . It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local City and Province governments....
and Brixia: while Ptolemy gives them a much wider extent, comprising not only Bergamum (modern Bergamo

Bergamo

Bergamo is a town in Lombardy, Italy, about 40km northeast of Milan. The commune is home to circa 117,000 inhabitants. It is served by the Orio al Serio Airport, which also serves the Province of Bergamo, and to a lesser extent Milan....
) and Mantua

Mantua

Mantua is a city in Lombardy, Italy and capital of the Province of Mantua of the same name.Mantua is surrounded on three sides by artificial lakes created during the 12th century....
, but Tridentum also, which was certainly a Rhaetian city. (Strab. v. p. 213; Liv. v. 35; Plin. iii. 19. s. 23; Ptol. iii. 1. § 31.) It is singular that Polybius, in one passage (ii. 32), appears to describe the river Clusius (modern Chiese

Chiese

The Chiese, also known in the Province of Brescia as the Clisi, is a 160 km Italy river which is the principal immisary and sole emissary of the sub-alpine lake Lago d?Idro, and is a left tributary of the Oglio....
), as separating them from the Insubres: but this is probably a mistake. The limits above assigned them, namely, the Addua on the west, the Athesis on the east, and the Padus on the south, may be regarded as approximately correct.

The Alpine tribes of the Camunni

Camunni

The Camunni or ancient Camunians were an Alpine people who inhabited the valley of the Ollius , from the central chain of the Rhaetian Alps to the head of the Lacus Sebinus ....
and the Triumpilini, which bordered on them on the north, are expressly described by Pliny as of Euganean race, and were not therefore nationally connected with the Cenomani, though in his time at least united with them for administrative purposes.