Cel-shaded animation is a type of non-photorealistic rendering

Non-photorealistic rendering

Non-Photorealistic rendering is an area of computer graphics that focuses on enabling a wide variety of expressive styles for digital art. In contrast to traditional computer graphics, which has focused on photorealism, NPR is inspired by artistic styles such as painting, drawing, technical...

 designed to make computer graphics

Computer graphics

Computer graphics are graphics created using computers and, more generally, the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer with help from specialized software and hardware....

 appear to be hand-drawn. Cel-shading

Shader

In the field of computer graphics, a shader is a computer program that is used primarily to calculate rendering effects on graphics hardware with a high degree of flexibility...

 is often used to mimic the style of a comic book

Comic book

A comic book or comicbook is a magazine made up of comics, narrative artwork in the form of separate panels that represent individual scenes, often accompanied by dialog as well as including...

 or cartoon

Cartoon

A cartoon is a form of two-dimensional illustrated visual art. While the specific definition has changed over time, modern usage refers to a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire, caricature, or humor, or to the artistic style of such works...

. It is a somewhat recent addition to computer graphics, most commonly turning up in video games. However, the end result of cel-shading has a very simplistic feel like that of hand-drawn animation

Traditional animation

Traditional animation, is an animation technique where each frame is drawn by hand...

. The name comes from the clear sheets of acetate, called cel

Cel

A cel, short for celluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional, hand-drawn animation. Actual celluloid was used during the first half of the 20th century, but since it was flammable and dimensionally unstable it was largely replaced by cellulose acetate...

s, which are painted on for use in traditional 2D animation, such as Disney classics.

Process

The cel-shading process starts with a typical 3D model. Where cel-shading differs from conventional rendering is in its use of non-photorealistic lighting. Conventional (smooth) lighting values are calculated for each pixel and then mapped to a small number of discrete shades to create the characteristic flat look – where the shadows and highlights appear more like blocks of color rather than mixed in a smooth way.

Black "ink" outlines and contour lines can be created using a variety of methods. One popular method is to first render a black outline, slightly larger than the object itself. Backface culling

Hidden surface determination

In 3D computer graphics, hidden surface determination is the process used to determine which surfaces and parts of surfaces are not visible from a certain viewpoint...

 is inverted and the back-facing triangles are drawn in black. To dilate the silhouette, these back faces may be drawn in wireframe

Wire frame model

A wire frame model is a visual presentation of a three dimensional or physical object used in 3D computer graphics. It is created by specifying each edge of the physical object where two mathematically continuous smooth surfaces meet, or by connecting an object's constituent vertices using straight...

 multiple times with slight changes in translation. Alternatively, back-faces may be rendered solid-filled, with their vertices translated along their vertex normals in a vertex shader. After drawing the outline, back-face culling is set back to normal to draw the shading and optional textures of the object. Finally, the image is composited via Z-buffering

Z-buffering

In computer graphics, z-buffering is the management of image depth coordinates in three-dimensional graphics, usually done in hardware, sometimes in software. It is one solution to the visibility problem, which is the problem of deciding which elements of a rendered scene are visible, and which...

, as the back-faces always lie deeper in the scene than the front-faces. The result is that the object is drawn with a black outline and interior contour lines. Popularly, this "ink" outline applied to animation and games is what’s called cel shading, while originally the term referred to the shading technique, regardless of whether outline is being applied or not.

The Utah teapot

Utah teapot

The Utah teapot or Newell teapot is a 3D computer model which has become a standard reference object in the computer graphics community. It is a mathematical model of an ordinary teapot of fairly simple shape, which appears solid, cylindrical and partially convex...

 rendered using cel-shading:

1. The back faces are drawn with thick lines
2. The object is drawn with a basic texture
3. Shading

Steps 2 and 3 can be combined using multi-texturing (see texture mapping

Texture mapping

Texture mapping is a method for adding detail, surface texture , or color to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. Its application to 3D graphics was pioneered by Dr Edwin Catmull in his Ph.D. thesis of 1974.-Texture mapping:...

).

Another outlining technique is to use 2D image-processing. First, the scene is rendered (with cel-shading) to a screen-sized color texture:



Then, the scene's depth and world-space surface normal information are rendered to screen-sized textures:





A Sobel filter or similar edge-detection filter is applied to the normal/depth textures to generate an edge texture. Texels on detected edges are black, while all other texels are white:



Finally, the edge texture and the color texture are composited to produce the final rendered image:

Gallery

Film and television

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  (season 19+)
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Commercials

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  Little Deviants
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   2007 ad's
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• Blockbuster
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  Total Access
• Commit
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  mint lozenges
• Cartoon Network Master Control
• HSBC
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  HSBCdirect.com
• Hewlett Packard xw8400 Workstation Titans of iron
• Mr. Clean
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• Pampers
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   Kandoo Flushable Toilet Wipes, Foaming Handsoap
• Post Cereals
  Post Cereals
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  Fruity Pebbles
  Fruity Pebbles
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   cereal (Bowling for Fruity Pebbles ad)
• Lego Exo-Force
  Lego Exo-Force
  LEGO Exo-Force is a LEGO toy line based on the popular mecha genre from Japanese manga and anime. Mecha fans have long used LEGO bricks to build both imaginative new designs and their interpretations of classic mecha, but Exo-Force is the first time LEGO has dedicated a whole toy line to this...
  
  
• L'Oréal
  L'Oréal
  The L'Oréal Group is the world's largest cosmetics and beauty company. With its registered office in Paris and head office in the Paris suburb of Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France, it has developed activities in the field of cosmetics...
  
  Couleur Expert
• Lunchables
  Lunchables
  Lunchables are a line of instant children's meals manufactured by Kraft Foods, Inc. They are marketed under the Oscar Mayer brand in the United States and Dairylea in the United Kingdom. Many Lunchables products are produced at Kraft Foods, Inc.'s Fullerton factory in Fullerton, California, and are...
  
   Pizza (Atlantis Paradise Island promotion ad)
• McCain's Zwak Punch
• Neopets
  Neopets
  Neopets is a virtual pet website that was launched by Adam Powell and Donna Williams on November 15, 1999. Two years after the web site was launched, Adam Powell and Donna Williams sold a majority share to a consortium of investors led by Doug Dohring. On June 20, 2005, Viacom bought Neopets, Inc...
  
  virtual prize code (Canadian Betty Crocker
  Betty Crocker
  Betty Crocker AKA: batter witch is a cultural icon, as well as brand name and trademark of American Fortune 500 corporation General Mills. The name was first developed by the Washburn Crosby Company in 1921 as a way to give a personalized response to consumer product questions. The name Betty was...
  
   fruit-flavored snacks promotional ad)
• Oscar Mayer
  Oscar Mayer
  Oscar Mayer is an American meat and cold cut production company, owned by Kraft Foods, known for its hot dogs, bologna, bacon and Lunchables products.-History:...
  
   Lunchables
  Lunchables
  Lunchables are a line of instant children's meals manufactured by Kraft Foods, Inc. They are marketed under the Oscar Mayer brand in the United States and Dairylea in the United Kingdom. Many Lunchables products are produced at Kraft Foods, Inc.'s Fullerton factory in Fullerton, California, and are...
  
  Chicken Dunks (airhead mysteries ad)
• Sola/Nero/Vena/Olera/Zonte sparkling wine
• Toyo Tires
  Toyo Tire & Rubber Company
  is a tire company based in Japan.-History:The company started in 1945. In 1966, the company expanded to the United States as Toyo Tire Corporation...
  
  Versado LX all-season touring tires (OK Tire promotional ad)

External links

• Shirowproject.com. filmic quality cel shaded project inspired by Ghost in the Shell
• IGN: Jet Set Radio review. Retrieved August 4, 2005.
• GameDev.net - Cel-Shading. Retrieved August 5, 2005.