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with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG (Karolus imperator augustus)]] The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid
Pippinid

The Pippinids or Arnulfings are the members of a family of Frankish nobles whose select scions served as Mayor of the Palace, de facto rulers, of the Frankish kingdoms of Neustria and Austrasia that were nominally ruled by the Merovingians....
 clans of the 7th century. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin

Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, law, and administration....
 karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German
Old High German

The term Old High German refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. Coherent written texts do not appear until the second half of the 8th century, and some treat the period before 750 as 'prehistoric' and date the start of Old High German proper to 750 for this reason...
 *karling, kerling (meaning "descendant of Charles", cf.






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with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG (Karolus imperator augustus)]] The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid
Pippinid

The Pippinids or Arnulfings are the members of a family of Frankish nobles whose select scions served as Mayor of the Palace, de facto rulers, of the Frankish kingdoms of Neustria and Austrasia that were nominally ruled by the Merovingians....
 clans of the 7th century. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin

Medieval Latin was the form of Latin used in the Middle Ages, primarily as a medium of scholarly exchange and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but also as a language of science, literature, law, and administration....
 karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German
Old High German

The term Old High German refers to the earliest stage of the German language and it conventionally covers the period from around 500 to 1050. Coherent written texts do not appear until the second half of the 8th century, and some treat the period before 750 as 'prehistoric' and date the start of Old High German proper to 750 for this reason...
 *karling, kerling (meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHG
Middle High German

Middle High German , abbreviated MHG , is the term used for the period in the history of the German language between 1050 and 1350. It is preceded by Old High German and followed by Early New High German....
 kerlinc), derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel
Charles Martel

Charles "The Hammer" Martel was proclaimed Mayor of the Palace and ruled the Franks in the name of a Titular ruler. Late in his reign he proclaimed himself Duke of the Franks and by any name was de facto ruler of the Frankish Realms....
: Carolus. The family consolidated its power in the late 7th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the throne. By 751, the Merovingian dynasty
Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingians were a Salian Franks dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the fifth century....
 which until then had ruled the Franks by right was deprived of this right with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy and a Carolingian, Pepin the Short, was crowned King of the Franks.

Traditional historiography has seen the Carolingian assumption of kingship as the product of a long rise to power, punctuated even by a premature attempt to seize the throne through Childebert the Adopted
Childebert the Adopted

When King Sigebert III died in 656, Grimoald the Elder had Sigebert's son Dagobert II shorn of hair and packed off to an Ireland monastery and then proclaimed his own son, Childebert the Adopted , king of Austrasia....
. This picture, however, is not commonly accepted today. Rather, the coronation of 751 is seen typically as a product of the aspirations of one man, Pepin, and of the Church, which was always looking for powerful secular protectors and for the extension of its temporal influence.

The greatest Carolingian monarch was Charlemagne
Charlemagne

Charlemagne was List of Frankish kings from 768 to his death. He expanded the Franks kingdoms into a Carolingian Empire that incorporated much of Western Europe and Central Europe....
, who was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III
Pope Leo III

Pope Saint Leo III was Pope from 795 to 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor....
 at Rome in 800. His empire, ostensibly a continuation of the Roman Empire
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
, is referred to historiographically as the Carolingian Empire
Carolingian Empire

Carolingian Empire is a historiography term sometimes used to refer to the Francia under the Carolingian dynasty. This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany....
. The traditional Frankish (and Merovingian) practice of dividing inheritances among heirs was not given up by the Carolingian emperors, though the concept of the indivisibility of the Empire was also accepted. The Carolingians had the practice of making their sons (sub-)kings in the various regions (regna) of the Empire, regna which they would inherit on the death of their father. Following the death of Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious

Louis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks with his father, Charlemagne, from 813....
, the surviving adult Carolingians fought a three-year civil war ending only in the Treaty of Verdun
Treaty of Verdun

In the Treaty of Verdun-sur-Meuse of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, Charlemagne's grandsons, divided his territories, the Frankish Empire, into three kingdoms....
, which divided the empire into three regna while according imperial status and a nominal lordship to Lothair I
Lothair I

Lothair I , king of Italy and crowned Carolingian Empire King of Italy, Emperor of the Romans and was Empire of the Franks .Lothair was the eldest son of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingerman of Hesbaye, duke of Hesbaye....
. The Carolingians differed markedly from the Merovingians in that they disallowed inheritance to illegitimate offspring, possibly in an effort to prevent infighting among heirs and assure a limit to the division of the realm. In the late ninth century, however, the lack of suitable adults among the Carolingians necessitated the rise of Arnulf of Carinthia
Arnulf of Carinthia

Arnulf of Carinthia was the Carolingian King of Germany from 887 and Holy Roman Emperor from 896 until his death. He was the illegitimate son of Carloman, King of Bavaria, and his concubine, Liutswind, of Carantanians origin, daughter of one Count Ernst....
, a bastard child of a legitimate Carolingian king.

The Carolingians were displaced in most of the regna of the Empire in 888. They ruled on in East Francia until 911 and they held the throne of West Francia intermittently until 987. Though they asserted their prerogative to rule, their hereditary, God-given right, and their usual alliance with the Church, they were unable to stem the principle of electoral monarchy and their propagandism failed them in the long run. Carolingian cadet branches continued to rule in Vermandois
Vermandois

Vermandois was a France county, that appears in the Merovingian period. In the tenth century, it was organised around two castellan domains: St Quentin and Peronne ....
 and Lower Lorraine
Lower Lorraine

The Duchy of Lower Lorraine or Lower Lotharingia encompassed part of modern-day Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany west of the Rhine, and a part of northern France ....
 after the last king died in 987, but they never sought thrones of principalities and made peace with the new ruling families. It is with the coronation of Robert II of France
Robert II of France

Robert II , called the Pious or the Wise, was King of France from 996 until his death. The second reigning member of the House of Capet, he was born in Orl?ans to Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine....
 as junior co-ruler with his father, Hugh Capet, the first of the Capetian dynasty
Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty is the largest European royal house. It includes any of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. King Juan Carlos of Spain and Grand Duke Henri%2C_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the House of Bourbon of the dynasty....
, that one chronicler of Sens
Sens

Sens is a town and communes of France of France, in the Yonne Departments of France, of which it is a sous-pr?fecture, in the Bourgogne Regions of France....
 dates the end of Carolingian rule.

List of Carolingians

This is an incomplete listing of those of the male-line descent from Charles Martel:

Charles Martel
Charles Martel

Charles "The Hammer" Martel was proclaimed Mayor of the Palace and ruled the Franks in the name of a Titular ruler. Late in his reign he proclaimed himself Duke of the Franks and by any name was de facto ruler of the Frankish Realms....
 (676–741) had five sons;
1. Carloman, Mayor of the Palace (711–754) had two sons;
A. Drogo, Mayor of the Palace (b. 735)
2. Pepin the Short (714–768) had two sons;
A. Charlemagne
Charlemagne

Charlemagne was List of Frankish kings from 768 to his death. He expanded the Franks kingdoms into a Carolingian Empire that incorporated much of Western Europe and Central Europe....
 (747–814) had eight sons; I. Pepin the Hunchback
Pepin the Hunchback

Pepin the Hunchback, was the eldest son of Charlemagne by Himiltrude.Accounts describe Pepin as normally proportioned with attractive features....
 (769–811) died without issue II. Charles the Younger (772–811) died without issue III. Pepin of Italy (773–810) had one son (illegitimate); a. Bernard of Italy
Bernard of Italy

Bernard was the King of Italy from 810 to 818. He plotted against his uncle, Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious, when the latter's Ordinatio Imperii made Bernard a vassal of his cousin Lothair I....
 (797–818) had one son;
i. Pepin, Count of Vermandois
Pepin, Count of Vermandois

Pepin was the first count of Vermandois, lord of Senlis, Peronne, and Saint-Quentin, Aisne. He was the son of King Bernard of Italy and Cunigunda....
 (b. 815) had three sons;
1. Bernard, Count of Laon (844–893) had one son; A. Roger I of Laon (d. 927) had one son; I. Roger II of Laon (d. 942) died without male issue 2. Pepin, Count of Senlis and Valois (846–893) had one son; A. Pepin II, Count of Senlis, (876–922) had one son; I. Bernard of Senlis (919–947) had one son;
a. Robert I of Senlis (d. 1004) had one son;
i. Robert II of Senlis and Peroone (d. 1028) died without male issue 3. Herbert I, Count of Vermandois
Herbert I, Count of Vermandois

Herbert I of Vermandois , Count of Vermandois, lord of Senlis, of Peronne and of Saint-Quentin, Aisne, was the son of Pepin of Vermandois....
 (848–907) had two sons; A. Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
Herbert II, Count of Vermandois

Herbert II , Count of Vermandois and Count of Troyes, was the son of Herbert I, Count of Vermandois....
 (884–943) had five sons; I. Eudes of Vermandois (910–946) died without issue II. Herbert, Count of Meaux and of Troyes (b. 911–993) III. Robert of Vermandois
Robert of Vermandois

Robert of Vermandois was Count of Meaux after his father, Herbert II, Count of Vermandois, and mother, Liegarde of France.He was married to Adelaide of Burgundy, daughter of Gilbert, Duke of Burgundy....
 (d. 968) had one son;
a. Herbert III, Count of Meaux
Herbert III, Count of Meaux

Herbert the Younger was the Count of Troyes and Count of Meaux from 966 and Count of Omois from 984. He belonged to the House of Vermandois and was a son of Robert of Vermandois and Adelaide Werra....
 (950–995) had one son;
i. Stephen I, Count of Troyes (d. 1020) died without issue IV. Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois
Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois

Adalbert I of Vermandois , Count of Vermandois, was the son of Herbert II of Vermandois and Adela....
 (916–988) had four sons;
a. Herbert III, Count of Vermandois
Herbert III, Count of Vermandois

Herbert III of Vermandois , Count of Vermandois, was the son of Adalbert I of Vermandois and Gerberge of Lorraine....
 (953–1015) had three sons;
i. Adalbert II of Vermandois (c.980–1015) ii. Landulf, Bishop of Noyon iii. Otto, Count of Vermandois
Otto, Count of Vermandois

Otto of Vermandois , Count of Vermandois, was the son of Herbert III, Count of Vermandois and Ermengarde of Bar-sur-Seine. He succeeded in 1021 as count of Vermandois....
 (979–1045) had three sons; 1. Herbert IV, Count of Vermandois
Herbert IV, Count of Vermandois

Herbert IV of Vermandois , Count of Vermandois, was the son of Otto, Count of Vermandois and Pavia ....
 (1028–1080) had one son; A. Eudes the Insane, Count of Vermandois (d. 1085) 2.Eudes I, Count of Ham, (b. 1034) 3.Peter, Count of Vermandois
b. Eudes of Vermandois (c. 956-983)
c. Liudolfe of Noyon (c.957-986)
d. Guy of Vermandois, Count of Soissons
V. Hugh of Vermandois, Archbishop of Rheims
Hugh of Vermandois, Archbishop of Rheims

Hugh of Vermandois was the Archbishop of Reims from 925 to 931, when he was removed from office by the actions of Hugh the Great and others, his father Herbert II, Count of Vermandois who had been the power behind his episcopate was driven out of Reims and the bishopric was then assumed by Artoldus....
 (920-962) died without issue B. Berenger of Vermandois, Count of Bayeaux whose grandson was Conan I of Rennes IV. Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious

Louis the Pious , also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781 and Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Franks with his father, Charlemagne, from 813....
 (778–840) had 4 sons; a. Lothair I
Lothair I

Lothair I , king of Italy and crowned Carolingian Empire King of Italy, Emperor of the Romans and was Empire of the Franks .Lothair was the eldest son of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Ermengarde of Hesbaye, daughter of Ingerman of Hesbaye, duke of Hesbaye....
 (795–855) had 4 sons;
i. Louis II of Italy (825–875) died without male issue
ii. Lothair II of Lotharingia
Lothair II of Lotharingia

Lothair II , was the second son of Emperor Lothair I and Ermengarde of Tours. He was married to Teutberga, daughter of Boso the ElderUpon his father's death in 855, he received as his kingdom a territory west of the Rhine stretching from the North Sea to the Jura mountains....
 (835–869) had 1 son (illegitimate);
1. Hugh, Duke of Alsace
Hugh, Duke of Alsace

Hugh was the only son of Lothair II, an illegitimate child by his relationship with Waldrada. He did not inherit his father's kingdom, but he did receive a lot of lands and benefices in the Duchy of Alsace from Louis the German....
 (855–895) died without issue
iii. Charles of Provence
Charles of Provence

Charles of Provence was the Carolingian List of Kings of Burgundy from 855 until his early death in 863.Charles was the youngest son of Holy Roman Emperor Lothair I and Ermengarde of Tours....
 (845–863) died without issue
iv. Carloman (b. 853) died in infancy
b. Pepin I of Aquitaine
Pepin I of Aquitaine

File:Pepin_I_Aquitaine_denier_817_838.jpgPepin I was King of Aquitaine. He was the second son of Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye....
 (797–838) had 2 sons;
i. Pepin II of Aquitaine
Pepin II of Aquitaine

File:Pepin_II_d_Aquitaine_obole_845_to_848.jpgPepin II, called the Younger , was King of Aquitaine from 838 as the successor upon the death of his father, Pepin I of Aquitaine....
 (823–864) died without issue
ii. Charles, Archbishop of Mainz (828–863) died without issue
c. Louis the German
Louis the German

Louis the German , was a grandson of Charlemagne and the third son of the succeeding Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Ermengarde of Hesbaye....
 (806–876) had 3 sons;
i. Carloman of Bavaria
Carloman of Bavaria

Carloman, was the eldest son of Louis the German, king of East Francia , and Hemma, daughter of the count Welf. He was duke of Bavaria from 876 and of Italy from 877 until he was incapacitated in 879 and died in 880....
 (830–880) had 1 son (illegitimate);
1. Arnulf of Carinthia
Arnulf of Carinthia

Arnulf of Carinthia was the Carolingian King of Germany from 887 and Holy Roman Emperor from 896 until his death. He was the illegitimate son of Carloman, King of Bavaria, and his concubine, Liutswind, of Carantanians origin, daughter of one Count Ernst....
 (850–899) had 3 sons; A. Louis the Child
Louis the Child

Louis the Child , sometimes called Louis IV or Louis III, was the last Carolingians ruler of East Francia.He was the only legitimate son of the Arnulf of Carinthia and his wife, Ota, wife of Arnulf of Carinthia, a member of the Conradines....
 (893–911) died without issue B. Zwentibold
Zwentibold

Zwentibold was the illegimate son of the Holy Roman Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia. In 895 his father granted him the Kingdom of Lotharingia, which he ruled until his death....
 (870–900) died without issue C. Ratold of Italy
Ratold of Italy

Ratold was a King of Italy who ruled for a month or so in 896.He was younger illegitimate son of Arnulf of Carinthia by a concubine. His mother may have been the same mother as Zwentibold, but may on the other hand have been a Lombards, thus gaining the child standing among the people of Italy, or a Slav, based on his name....
 (889–929) died without issue
ii. Louis the Younger
Louis the Younger

Louis the Younger , sometimes Louis III, was the second eldest of the three sons of Louis the German and Hemma. He succeeded his father as the List of German monarchs on 28 August 876 and his elder brother Carloman of Bavaria as Rulers of Bavaria from 880....
 (835–882) had 1 son;
1. Louis (877 - 879) died in infancy
iii. Charles the Fat
Charles the Fat

Charles the Fat was the Duke of Swabia from 876, King of Italy from 879, Carolingian Empire from 881, King of Germany from 882, and King of France from 884....
 (839–888) had 1 son (illegitimate);
1. Bernard (son of Charles the Fat) (d. 892 young) d. Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald

File:Charles le Chauve denier Bourges after 848.jpgCharles the Bald , Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia , was the youngest son of the Emperor Louis the Pious by his second wife Judith, daughter of Welf....
 (823–877) had 4 sons;
i. Louis the Stammerer
Louis the Stammerer

Louis the Stammerer , was the King of Aquitaine and later List of French monarchs. He was the eldest son of Charles the Bald and Ermentrude of Orl?ans....
 (846–879) had 3 sons;
1. Louis III of France
Louis III of France

Louis III , king of France, was the second son of King Louis the Stammerer and Ansgarde, and became king, jointly with his brother Carloman of France, on his father's death in 879....
 (863–882) died without issue 2. Carloman II of France (866–884) died without issue 3. Charles the Simple
Charles the Simple

Charles III , called the Simple or the Straightforward , was a member of the Carolingian dynasty who ruled as List of French monarchs from 893 to 922/923....
 (879–929) had one son; A. Louis IV of France
Louis IV of France

File:Louis IV denier Chinon 936 954.jpgLouis IV , called d'Outremer or Transmarinus , reigned as List of French monarchs from 936 to 954....
 (920–954) had five sons; I. Lothair of France
Lothair of France

Lothair , sometimes called Lothair IV, was the Carolingian king of West Francia , son of Louis IV of France and Gerberga of Saxony....
 (941–986) had two sons;
a. Louis V of France
Louis V of France

Louis V , called the Indolent or the Sluggard , was the King of West Francia from 986 until his early death. The son of Lothair of France and his wife Emma of Italy, a daughter of Lothair II of Italy, he was the last Carolingian monarch....
 (967–987) died without issue
b. Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims
Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims

Arnulf, also Arnulph or Arnoul, was archbishop of Reims and the illegitimacy son of King Lothair of France.Archbishop Adalberon wanted Gerbert of Aurillac to succeed him, but King Hugh Capet accepted the elected Arnulf, a Carolingian, in March 989....
 (d. 1021) died without issue
II. Carloman (b. 945) died in infancy III. Louis (b. 948) died in infancy IV. Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine
Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine

Charles of Lorraine was the son of Louis IV of France and Gerberga of Saxony and younger brother of King Lothair of France. He was a sixth generation descendant of Charlemagne....
 (953–993) had 3 sons;
a. Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine
Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine

Otto was the duke of Lower Lorraine from 993 until his death. He was the son of Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, son of King Louis IV of France, and his first wife, a daughter of Robert I of Meaux, count of Meaux and Count of Champagne....
 (970–1012) died without issue
b. Louis of Lower Lorraine
Louis of Lower Lorraine

Louis was the second of Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine's three sons and the eldest by his second marriage to Adelaide, the daughter of a low-ranking vassal of Hugh Capet....
 (980–1015) died without issue, the last legitimate Carolingian
c. Charles (b. 989) died young
V. Henry (b. 953) died in infancy
ii. Charles the Child
Charles the Child

Charles the Child was the King of Aquitaine from October 855 until his death in 866. If his father, Charles the Bald, and great grandfather, Charlemagne, are counted as rulers of Aquitaine, he would be numbered Charles III....
 (847–866) died without issue
iii. Lothar (848–865) died without issue
iv. Carloman, son of Charles the Bald
Carloman, son of Charles the Bald

Carloman was the youngest son of Charles the Bald....
 (849–874) died without issue
V. Lothair (778–780) died in infancy VI. Drogo of Metz
Drogo of Metz

Drogo, also known as Dreux or Drogon was an illegitimate son of Frankish emperor Charlemagne by the concubine Regina .As one of the few children to outlive his father, Drogo's prospects for political power were very favourable....
 (801–855) died without issue VII. Hugh, son of Charlemagne
Hugh, son of Charlemagne

Hugh was the illegitimate son of Charlemagne and his concubine Regina , with whom he had one other son: Bishop Drogo of Metz .Hugh was the abbot of several abbacies: Saint-Quentin , Lobbes Abbey , and Saint-Bertin ....
 (802–844) died without male issue VIII. Dietrich (Theodricum) (807-818)died without male issue B. Carloman I (751–771) died without issue
3. Grifo
Grifo

Grifo was the son of the Frankish major domo Charles Martel and his second wife Swanachild.After the death of Charles Martel power may well have been intended to be divided among Grifo and his half-brothers Pepin the Younger and Carloman, son of Charles Martel....
 (726–753) died without issue
4. Bernard, son of Charles Martel
Bernard, son of Charles Martel

Bernard or Bernhard was a son of Charles Martel by his mistress Ruodhaid. He is an obscure figure, rising out of the mists only to lead half of the Franks army in his nephew Charlemagne's Lombards Charlemagne#Conquest of Lombardy....
 (730–787) had two sons;
A. Adalard of Corbie (751–827) died without issue B. Wala of Corbie
Wala of Corbie

Wala of Corbie was the son of Bernard, son of Charles Martel, son of Charles Martel, and one of the principal advisers of his cousin Charlemagne, Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious, and his son Lothair I....
 (755–836) died without issue
5. Remigius of Rouen
Remigius of Rouen

Remigius or Remedius was the illegitimate son of Charles Martel and probably Ruodhaid. He was also the third archbishop of Rouen from 755 to 762....
 (d. 771) died without issue


See also

  • Kings of Germany family tree. The Carolingians were the first dynasty to rule Germany and were related by marriage to all the others.


Sources

  • Hollister, Clive, and Bennett, Judith. Medieval Europe: A Short History.
  • Reuter, Timothy. Germany in the Early Middle Ages 800–1056. New York: Longman, 1991.
  • MacLean, Simon. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge University Press: 2003.
  • Lewis, Andrew W. (1981). Royal Succession in Capetian France: Studies on Familial Order and the State. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0 674 77985 1.
  • Leyser, Karl. Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries. London: 1994.
  • Oman, Charles
    Charles Oman

    Sir Charles William Chadwick Oman was a British Military history of the early 20th century. His reconstructions of medieval battles from the fragmentary and distorted accounts left by chroniclers were pioneering....
    . The Dark Ages, 476-918. 6th ed. London: Rivingtons, 1914.
  • Painter, Sidney
    Sidney Painter

    Sidney Painter was a twentieth-century USAn medievalist at Johns Hopkins University. He wrote many influential books....
    . A History of the Middle Ages, 284-1500. New York: Knopf, 1953.
  • "Astronomus", , ed. G. Pertz, ch. 2, in Mon. Gen. Hist. Scriptores, II, 608.
  • Reuter, Timothy (trans.) . (Manchester Medieval series, Ninth-Century Histories, Volume II.) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
  • Einhard
    Einhard

    Einhard was a Franks courtier, a dedicated servant of Charlemagne, of whom he wrote his famous biography, Vita Karoli Magni, and Louis the Pious....
    . . Translated by Samuel Epes Turner. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1880.


See also

  • List of Frankish Kings
    List of Frankish Kings

    The Franks were originally led by Dux and Rex . The Salian Franks Merovingian dynasty rose to dominance among the Franks and conquered most of Roman Gaul....
  • List of French monarchs
    List of French monarchs

    The monarchs of France ruled, first as kings and later as emperors , from the Middle Ages to 1870. There is some disagreement as to when France came into existence....
  • List of German monarchs
    List of German monarchs

    This article lists the German monarchs, ruling over the territory of Germany from the creation of a separate East Francia in 843 until the end of German monarchy in 1918....
  • List of Holy Roman Emperors
  • Kings of France family tree
  • Carolingian minuscule
    Carolingian minuscule

    Carolingian or Caroline minuscule is a script developed as a writing standard in Europe so that the Roman alphabet could be easily recognized by the small literate class from one region to another....
  • Carolingian Renaissance
    Carolingian Renaissance

    The Carolingian Renaissance was a period of intellectual and cultural revival occurring in the late Eighth century and Ninth century centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious....
  • List of counts of Vermandois
    List of counts of Vermandois

    This is a list of counts of Vermandois....