Carol Gilligan (born November 28, 1936) is an
AmericanThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
feministThe term Feminism can be used to describe an academic discourse, or to describe a political, cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing more rights and legal protection for women...
,
ethicistAn ethicist is one whose judgment on ethics and ethical codes has come to be trusted by a specific community, and is expressed in some way that makes it possible for others to mimic or approximate that judgement...
, and
psychologistA psychologist is someone who studies the human mind and behavior. Research psychologists study human perception, cognition, attention, emotion, motivation, personality, behavior and interpersonal relationships...
best known for her work with and against
Lawrence KohlbergLawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist born in Bronxville, New York, who served as a professor at the University of Chicago, as well as Harvard University. Having specialized in research on moral education and reasoning, he is best known for his theory of stages of moral development...
on ethical community and
ethical relationshipAn ethical relationship, in most theories of ethics that employ the term, is a basic and trustworthy relationship that one has to another human being, that cannot necessarily be characterized in terms of any abstraction other than trust and common protection of each other's body...
s, and certain
subject-object problemThe subject-object problem is a longstanding philosophical issue. It arises from the notion that the world consists of objects which are perceived or otherwise acted upon by subjects...
s in ethics. She is currently a Professor at
New York UniversityNew York University is a private, nonsectarian, research university in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan...
and a Visiting Professor at the
University of CambridgeThe University of Cambridge , located in the City of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, is the second oldest university in the English-speaking world and the fourth oldest in Europe...
. She is best known for her 1982 work,
In a Different VoiceIn a Different Voice is a 1982 text on gender studies by American professor Carol Gilligan.Harvard University Press has described this text as “the little book that started a revolution.” In this text, she criticized Kohlberg's stages of moral development of children which argued that girls on...
.
Background and career
Carol Gilligan was raised in a Jewish family in
New York CityNew York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is among the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment...
. She was the only child of a lawyer, William Friedman, and nursery school teacher, Mabel Caminez. She played piano and pursued a career in modern dance during her graduate studies. Gilligan received her B.A.
summa cum laude in
English literatureEnglish literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was born in Poland, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, V.S....
from
Swarthmore CollegeSwarthmore College is a private, independent, liberal arts college in the United States with an enrollment of about 1,500 students. The college is located in the borough of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, 11 miles southwest of Philadelphia....
, a master's degree in
clinical psychologyClinical psychology includes the scientific study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development...
from
Radcliffe CollegeRadcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was the coordinate college for Harvard University. It was also one of the Seven Sisters colleges. Radcliffe College conferred joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas beginning in 1963 and a formal merger agreement with...
, and a Ph.D. in
social psychologySocial psychology is a type of social science that is concerned with individuals' thoughts, feelings and behavior as they affect or are affected by other individuals...
from
Harvard UniversityHarvard University is a private university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1636 by the colonial Massachusetts legislature, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and currently comprises ten separate academic units...
.
http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/gilligan.html
She began her teaching career at
Harvard UniversityHarvard University is a private university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1636 by the colonial Massachusetts legislature, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and currently comprises ten separate academic units...
in 1967, receiving tenure with the
Harvard Graduate School of EducationThe Harvard Graduate School of Education is a graduate school at Harvard University, and is one of the top schools of education in the United States.It offers six doctoral concentrations and thirteen masters programs...
in 1986. Gilligan taught for two years at the
University of CambridgeThe University of Cambridge , located in the City of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, is the second oldest university in the English-speaking world and the fourth oldest in Europe...
(from 1992-1994) as the
Pitt Professor of American History and InstitutionsThe Pitt Professorship of American History and Institutions was established on 5 February 1944 from a sum of £44,000 received from the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press in 1943 and augmented by a further £5,000 in 1946...
. In 1997, she was the to be appointed to the
Patricia Albjerg Graham Chair in Gender Studies.http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/gilligan.html
Gilligan left Harvard in 2002 to join
New York UniversityNew York University is a private, nonsectarian, research university in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan...
as a full professor with the School of Education and the School of Law.
http://www.nyu.edu/publicaffairs/newsreleases/b_gilligan.shtml She is currently a visiting professor with the University of Cambridge (Centre for Gender Studies).
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?nomy=1&node=5561645&full=1
She is married to James Gilligan, M.D., who directed the Center for the Study of Violence at Harvard Medical School.
http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/09.25/Gilliganapionee.html
Awards
- 1992 Grawemeyer Award
The Grawemeyer Awards, presented each year by the University of Louisville in the state of Kentucky, United States, are among the world's most prestigious prizes presented to individuals in the fields of education, ideas improving world order, music composition, religion, and psychology...
in Education
- 1996 Time Magazine - one of the 25 most influential Americans
- 1998 4th Annual Heinz Award
The Heinz Award is an award administered annually to five honorees by the Heinz Family Foundation. The Heinz Awards recognize outstanding individuals for their contributions in the five areas of: Arts and Humanities, the Environment, the Human Condition, Public Policy, and Technology, the Economy...
in the Human Condition
Books
Best known for her work,
In a Different VoiceIn a Different Voice is a 1982 text on gender studies by American professor Carol Gilligan.Harvard University Press has described this text as “the little book that started a revolution.” In this text, she criticized Kohlberg's stages of moral development of children which argued that girls on...
, Gilligan studied women’s psychology and girls’ development and co-authored or edited a number of texts with her students.
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?node=5561645 She published her first novel,
Kyra in 2008.
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18056129 http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/03/books/review/Thomas-t.html
List
- In a Different Voice
In a Different Voice is a 1982 text on gender studies by American professor Carol Gilligan.Harvard University Press has described this text as “the little book that started a revolution.” In this text, she criticized Kohlberg's stages of moral development of children which argued that girls on...
, Harvard University PressHarvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. It was established on January 13, 1913. In 2005, it published 220 new titles. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses . The current director...
, (1982)
- Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution of Women's Thinking to Psychological Theory and Education, Harvard University Press, (1989)
- Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School, Harvard University Press, (1990)
- Meeting at the Crossroads: Women's Psychology and Girls' Development, Harvard University Press, (1992)
- Between Voice and Silence: Women and Girls, Race and Relationships, Harvard University Press, (1997)
- The Birth of Pleasure, Knopf, (2002)
- Kyra, Random House
Random House, Inc. is the world's largest English-language general trade book publisher. It has been owned since 1998 by the large German private media corporation Bertelsmann and has become the umbrella brand for Bertelsmann book publishing...
, (2008)
- The Deepening Darkness: Patriarchy, Resistance, & Democracy's Future, Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is a printer and publisher granted a Royal Letters Patent by Henry VIII in 1534. It is the world's oldest continually operating book publisher...
, (2009) (with co-author David A.J. Richards)
See also
- Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Kohlberg's stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived of by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget...
- Mental disorders and gender
- Ethics of care
The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory; that is, a theory about what makes actions right or wrong. It is one of a cluster of normative ethical theories that were developed by feminists in the second half of the twentieth century...
External links