Carlos Hugo of Bourbon, Duke of Parma
Encyclopedia
Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (8 April 1930, Paris
– 18 August 2010, Barcelona
) was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma
(a branch of the House of Bourbon
) from 1977 until his death. Carlos Hugo was pretender to the defunct throne of Parma
, and a Carlist pretender
to the throne of Spain
under the name Carlos Hugo I.
He was baptized Hugues Marie Sixte Robert Louis Jean Georges Benoît Michel. On 28 June 1963 he was officially renamed Charles Hugues, by judgment of the court of appeal of la Seine, France. He was a French citizen, and since 1980 a naturalized Spanish citizen.
His marriage to Princess Irene of the Netherlands
in 1964 caused a constitutional crisis in the Netherlands.
Carlos Hugo was the son of Xavier, Duke of Parma, and Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset
. In 1977, his father died, and Carlos Hugo succeeded him claiming the thrones of Parma
, Etruria
and Spain
.
He claimed the headship of the Constantinian Order of Saint George
, although it was not tied to the ducal throne of Parma, but is adjudicated by the church of Rome to follow the male primogeniture.
is a Spanish political movement seeking to install Carlos Hugo's branch of the House of Bourbon
on the Spanish throne.
In 1952, Carlos Hugo's father publicly laid claim to the Spanish throne as Javier I, but he was ignored by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco
, who later chose Juan Carlos
to be his successor instead. On 5 May 1957 Javier proclaimed Carlos Hugo Prince of the Asturias and Duke of San Jaime. In February 1964 Carlos Hugo assumed the title Duke of Madrid.
After alienating many Carlists with his attempts to approach Franco (1965–1967), Carlos Hugo switched to a leftist Titoist
socialist movement. His mother, Madeleine of Bourbon, and his brother, Sixtus Henry of Bourbon, stood for traditional Carlism.
Carlos Hugo assumed Carlist leadership in August 1975. During the Franco regime, the organization of Carlism has been known as the Traditionalist Communion. After Franco's death, also the Carlist movement was badly split, and unable to get wide public attention again. In May 1976, a year after Franco's death, two Carlist sympathizers were shot down by far-right terrorists, among whom were Stefano Delle Chiaie
and members of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A), with logistic support of Francoist elements inside Spanish intelligence agencies and the Civil Guard
. This incident became known as the Montejurra massacre.
In the first democratic elections on 15 June 1977
, only one Carlist senator was elected, journalist and writer Fidel Carazo from Soria
, who ran as an independent candidate. In the parliamentary elections of 1979
, Carlists integrated in the coalition Unión Nacional
, that won a seat in Congress for Madrid; but the elected candidate was Blas Piñar
, Francoist leader of Fuerza Nueva
. Since then, Carlists have remained extra-parliamentary, obtaining only town council seats.
Carlos Hugo abandoned his Carlist claims in 1979 and became a naturalised Spanish citizen as Carlos-Hugo de Borbón-Parma y Borbón, by royal decree of King Juan Carlos. In 1980, he left the political arena, abandoning the new "Partido Carlista" which he had created. The party would later become a founding member of the United Left
coalition.
In 2002 Carlos Hugo donated his House's archives to Spain's national historical archives. This decision was opposed by his brother Sixtus
.
On 28 September 2003 at Arbonne
in France, Carlos Hugo re-asserted his Carlist claim. He announced that he would use the title Count of Montemolin (conde de Montemolín) for himself, and that three of his children would have Carlist titles: Duke of Madrid (duque de Madrid) for his son Carlos, Duke of San Jaime (duque de San Jaime) for his son Jaime, and Duchess of Guernica (duquesa de Gernika) for his daughter Carolina.
for several reasons. Irene lost her rights of succession to the Dutch throne because the government refused to enact a law permitting the marriage. Her mother could not go to Rome to talk Irene out of the marriage and of her conversion to Catholicism
because the government advised her against it. The issue that prevented the government from making a law permitting the marriage was Carlos's claim of the Spanish throne. The Dutch government saw international political difficulties arising from a possible heir to the Dutch throne holding a controversial claim to the throne of a foreign state.
Carlos Hugo and Irene were married on 29 April 1964, in the Borghese Chapel at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
in Rome
, by Cardinal Paolo Giobbe
, the former Apostolic Nuncio
to the Netherlands. No other members of the Dutch Royal Family were present; Irene's parents watched the ceremony on television. After the ceremony, Carlos Hugo and Irene had a private audience with Pope Paul VI
. They spent their honeymoon in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
, after which they settled in Madrid.
Carlos Hugo and Irene divorced on May 27, 1981.
Carlos Hugo and Princess Irene had four children:
. On 2 August 2010, he announced, via his official website, that his health was further deteriorating. He died on 18 August 2010 in Barcelona
(Spain
) at the age of 80. Carlos Hugo's remains are brought from Barcelona to The Hague
(Netherlands
) and laid in state for family members and close relatives in the Fagel Dome on the estate of the Noordeinde Palace
(one of the four official palaces of the Dutch royal family). On 28 August the late duke was transported to Parma
(Italy
) and interred in the crypt of the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata
.
Carlos Hugo was also member of the following orders:
As a claimant to the throne of Spain, Carlos Hugo also claimed to be the Grand Master of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece
. He wore the Golden Fleece in a sumptuous Austrian version of the jewel on a red ribbon around his neck when he married. The collar of a Spanish Knight of the Golden Fleece lay on his coffin after his death.
|-
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
– 18 August 2010, Barcelona
Barcelona
Barcelona is the second largest city in Spain after Madrid, and the capital of Catalonia, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of...
) was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma
House of Bourbon-Parma
The House of Bourbon-Parma is an Italian cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. It is thus descended from the Capetian dynasty in male line. The name of Bourbon-Parma comes from the main name and the other from the title of Duke of Parma....
(a branch of the House of Bourbon
House of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is a European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty . Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma...
) from 1977 until his death. Carlos Hugo was pretender to the defunct throne of Parma
Duchy of Parma
The Duchy of Parma was created in 1545 from that part of the Duchy of Milan south of the Po River, as a fief for Pope Paul III's illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese, centered on the city of Parma....
, and a Carlist pretender
Pretender
A pretender is one who claims entitlement to an unavailable position of honour or rank. Most often it refers to a former monarch, or descendant thereof, whose throne is occupied or claimed by a rival, or has been abolished....
to the throne of Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
under the name Carlos Hugo I.
He was baptized Hugues Marie Sixte Robert Louis Jean Georges Benoît Michel. On 28 June 1963 he was officially renamed Charles Hugues, by judgment of the court of appeal of la Seine, France. He was a French citizen, and since 1980 a naturalized Spanish citizen.
His marriage to Princess Irene of the Netherlands
Princess Irene of the Netherlands
Princess Irene of the Netherlands is the second child of the late Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands.-Childhood and ancestry:thumb|left|215px|Princesses Margriet, Irene, and Beatrix in 1944...
in 1964 caused a constitutional crisis in the Netherlands.
Carlos Hugo was the son of Xavier, Duke of Parma, and Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset
Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset
Madeleine de Bourbon was the Duchess of Parma and was also Carlist queen of Spain by virtue of marriage to Xavier of Parma, the Carlist pretender to the Spanish throne,....
. In 1977, his father died, and Carlos Hugo succeeded him claiming the thrones of Parma
Parma
Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its ham, its cheese, its architecture and the fine countryside around it. This is the home of the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world....
, Etruria
Etruria
Etruria—usually referred to in Greek and Latin source texts as Tyrrhenia—was a region of Central Italy, an area that covered part of what now are Tuscany, Latium, Emilia-Romagna, and Umbria. A particularly noteworthy work dealing with Etruscan locations is D. H...
and Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
.
He claimed the headship of the Constantinian Order of Saint George
Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
The Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry. It was fictively established by Constantine the Great, though in reality it was founded between 1520 and 1545 by two brothers of the Angeli Comneni family. Members of the Angeli Comneni family remained...
, although it was not tied to the ducal throne of Parma, but is adjudicated by the church of Rome to follow the male primogeniture.
Carlism
CarlismCarlism
Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on the Spanish throne. This line descended from Infante Carlos, Count of Molina , and was founded due to dispute over the succession laws and widespread...
is a Spanish political movement seeking to install Carlos Hugo's branch of the House of Bourbon
House of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is a European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty . Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma...
on the Spanish throne.
In 1952, Carlos Hugo's father publicly laid claim to the Spanish throne as Javier I, but he was ignored by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
, who later chose Juan Carlos
Juan Carlos I of Spain
Juan Carlos I |Italy]]) is the reigning King of Spain.On 22 November 1975, two days after the death of General Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos was designated king according to the law of succession promulgated by Franco. Spain had no monarch for 38 years in 1969 when Franco named Juan Carlos as the...
to be his successor instead. On 5 May 1957 Javier proclaimed Carlos Hugo Prince of the Asturias and Duke of San Jaime. In February 1964 Carlos Hugo assumed the title Duke of Madrid.
After alienating many Carlists with his attempts to approach Franco (1965–1967), Carlos Hugo switched to a leftist Titoist
Titoism
Titoism is a variant of Marxism–Leninism named after Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, primarily used to describe the specific socialist system built in Yugoslavia after its refusal of the 1948 Resolution of the Cominform, when the Communist Party of...
socialist movement. His mother, Madeleine of Bourbon, and his brother, Sixtus Henry of Bourbon, stood for traditional Carlism.
Carlos Hugo assumed Carlist leadership in August 1975. During the Franco regime, the organization of Carlism has been known as the Traditionalist Communion. After Franco's death, also the Carlist movement was badly split, and unable to get wide public attention again. In May 1976, a year after Franco's death, two Carlist sympathizers were shot down by far-right terrorists, among whom were Stefano Delle Chiaie
Stefano Delle Chiaie
Stefano Delle Chiaie is a neofascist Italian activist . He went on to become a wanted man worldwide, suspect to be involved in Italy's strategy of tension, but was acquitted. He was a friend of Licio Gelli, grandmaster of P2 masonic lodge...
and members of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A), with logistic support of Francoist elements inside Spanish intelligence agencies and the Civil Guard
Civil Guard
The Civil Guard , often abbreviated in Hebrew to Mash'az is a volunteer organization of Israeli citizens which assists in daily police work. It is a subdivision of the Israel Police.-Organization:...
. This incident became known as the Montejurra massacre.
In the first democratic elections on 15 June 1977
Spanish general election, 1977
The Spanish general election of 1977 took place on 15 June 1977. It was the first election since the death of Francisco Franco.Voting was on the basis of universal suffrage in a secret ballot. The elections were held using closed list proportional representation in 52 electoral districts...
, only one Carlist senator was elected, journalist and writer Fidel Carazo from Soria
Soria
Soria is a city in north-central Spain, the capital of the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile and León. , the municipality has a population of c. 39,500 inhabitants, nearly 40% of the population of the province...
, who ran as an independent candidate. In the parliamentary elections of 1979
Spanish general election, 1979
General elections were held in Spain on 1 March 1979.-References:* *...
, Carlists integrated in the coalition Unión Nacional
National Union (Spain)
The National Union was a right-wing electoral coalition which contested the 1979 election. It linked Blas Piñar's Fuerza Nueva francoist party with the Carlists....
, that won a seat in Congress for Madrid; but the elected candidate was Blas Piñar
Blas Piñar
Blas Piñar is a Spanish politician. He has had connections with Catholic organizations; directed the Institute of Spanish Culture and served as deputy in the Cortes and a councillor of the Movimiento Nacional.In the 1960s, Blas Piñar was in charge of the Institute of Spanish Culture that was...
, Francoist leader of Fuerza Nueva
Fuerza Nueva
New Force was the name of a succession of far-right political parties in Spain founded by Blas Piñar, the son of one of the defenders of the Alcázar of Toledo and director of the Institute of Hispanic Culture during the Francoist period...
. Since then, Carlists have remained extra-parliamentary, obtaining only town council seats.
Carlos Hugo abandoned his Carlist claims in 1979 and became a naturalised Spanish citizen as Carlos-Hugo de Borbón-Parma y Borbón, by royal decree of King Juan Carlos. In 1980, he left the political arena, abandoning the new "Partido Carlista" which he had created. The party would later become a founding member of the United Left
United Left (Spain)
The United Left is a political coalition that was organized in 1986 bringing together several political organisations opposed to Spain joining NATO. It was formed by a number of groups of leftists, greens, left-wing socialists and republicans, but was dominated by the Communist Party of Spain...
coalition.
In 2002 Carlos Hugo donated his House's archives to Spain's national historical archives. This decision was opposed by his brother Sixtus
Sixto Enrique de Borbón
Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma is considered Regent of Spain by some Carlists who accord him the titles Duke of Aranjuez, Infante of Spain, and Standard-bearer of Tradition.-Early life:...
.
On 28 September 2003 at Arbonne
Arbonne
Arbonne is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.It is located in the province of Labourd.-References:* -External links:*...
in France, Carlos Hugo re-asserted his Carlist claim. He announced that he would use the title Count of Montemolin (conde de Montemolín) for himself, and that three of his children would have Carlist titles: Duke of Madrid (duque de Madrid) for his son Carlos, Duke of San Jaime (duque de San Jaime) for his son Jaime, and Duchess of Guernica (duquesa de Gernika) for his daughter Carolina.
Marriage and family
Carlos Hugo's engagement to Princess Irene of the Netherlands, daughter of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, caused a constitutional crisis in the NetherlandsNetherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
for several reasons. Irene lost her rights of succession to the Dutch throne because the government refused to enact a law permitting the marriage. Her mother could not go to Rome to talk Irene out of the marriage and of her conversion to Catholicism
Catholicism
Catholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole....
because the government advised her against it. The issue that prevented the government from making a law permitting the marriage was Carlos's claim of the Spanish throne. The Dutch government saw international political difficulties arising from a possible heir to the Dutch throne holding a controversial claim to the throne of a foreign state.
Carlos Hugo and Irene were married on 29 April 1964, in the Borghese Chapel at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
The Papal Basilica of Saint Mary Major , known also by other names, is the largest Roman Catholic Marian church in Rome, Italy.There are other churches in Rome dedicated to Mary, such as Santa Maria in Trastevere, Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Santa Maria sopra Minerva, but the greater size of the...
in Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
, by Cardinal Paolo Giobbe
Paolo Giobbe
Paolo Giobbe was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Papal Datary in the Roman Curia from 1959 to 1968, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.-Biography:...
, the former Apostolic Nuncio
Nuncio
Nuncio is an ecclesiastical diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word, Nuntius, meaning "envoy." This article addresses this title as well as derived similar titles, all within the structure of the Roman Catholic Church...
to the Netherlands. No other members of the Dutch Royal Family were present; Irene's parents watched the ceremony on television. After the ceremony, Carlos Hugo and Irene had a private audience with Pope Paul VI
Pope Paul VI
Paul VI , born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini , reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, who had convened the Second Vatican Council, he decided to continue it...
. They spent their honeymoon in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria commonly known as Las Palmas is the political capital, jointly with Santa Cruz, the most populous city in the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands and the ninth largest city in Spain, with a population of 383,308 in 2010. Nearly half of the people of the island...
, after which they settled in Madrid.
Carlos Hugo and Irene divorced on May 27, 1981.
Carlos Hugo and Princess Irene had four children:
- Prince Carlos Javier Bernardo Sixto María of Bourbon Parma, born 27 January 1970 in Nijmegen. He has a natural son, Carlos Hugo Roderik Sybren Klynstra, born on 20 January 1997 by Brigitte (Gitte) Klynstra. Carlos Klynstra is the first great-grand son of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and her husband Prince Bernhard, Prince of the Netherlands, Prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Prince Carlos is married to Annemarie Gualthérie van Weezel. The civil marriage took place on June 12, 2010 at Wijk bij Duurstede, the Netherlands. Their religious marriage, which had been planned for 28 August 2010 in Brussels, was postponed because of the illness and death of his father, Carlos-Hugo. It took place on 20 November 2010.
- Princess Margarita María Beatriz of Bourbon ParmaPrincess Margarita, Countess of Colornoalign=right|Already a Ducal Princess from birth, her father bestowed on 2 September 1996 the substantive title Contessa di Colorno upon her. The same year she was incorporated into the Dutch Nobility by Queen Beatrix, with the highest noble title Prinses de Bourbon de Parme and styled Hare...
, born 13 October 1972 in Nijmegen. She has been married twice. Her first marriage to Edwin de Roy van Zuydewijn took place in 2001 and ended in divorce in 2006. In 2008, she married Tjalling ten Cate. They have one daughter: Julia, who was born in 2008. - Prince Jaime Bernardo of Bourbon ParmaPrince Jaime, Count of BardiPrince Jaime Bernardo of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi, Duke of San Jaime is the second son and third child of Princess Irene of the Netherlands and late Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, and is member of the Royal and Ducal House of Bourbon-Parma, as well of the Dutch Royal Family. The prince is heir...
, born 13 October 1972 in Nijmegen. - Princess María Carolina Cristina of Bourbon ParmaPrincess Carolina, Marchioness of SalaPrincess Maria Carolina Christina of Bourbon-Parma, Marchioness of Sala , Duchess of Guernica, is the fourth and youngest child of Princess Irene of the Netherlands and Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, and is member of the Royal and Ducal House of Bourbon-Parma, as well of the Dutch Royal Family.-Early...
, born 23 June 1974 in Nijmegen.
Death
In February 2008 it was revealed that Carlos Hugo was being treated for cancerCancer
Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...
. On 2 August 2010, he announced, via his official website, that his health was further deteriorating. He died on 18 August 2010 in Barcelona
Barcelona
Barcelona is the second largest city in Spain after Madrid, and the capital of Catalonia, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of...
(Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
) at the age of 80. Carlos Hugo's remains are brought from Barcelona to The Hague
The Hague
The Hague is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants , it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam...
(Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
) and laid in state for family members and close relatives in the Fagel Dome on the estate of the Noordeinde Palace
Noordeinde Palace
Noordeinde Palace is one of the three official palaces of the Dutch royal family. Located in The Hague in the province of South Holland, it has been used as the "working palace" for Queen Beatrix since 1984.-From farmhouse to palace:...
(one of the four official palaces of the Dutch royal family). On 28 August the late duke was transported to Parma
Parma
Parma is a city in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its ham, its cheese, its architecture and the fine countryside around it. This is the home of the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world....
(Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
) and interred in the crypt of the Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata
Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata
The Shrine of Santa Maria della Steccata is a Greek-cross design Renaissance church in central Parma, Italy.-History:By 1392, the site held a small oratory to shelter a miraculous image of St. John the Baptist and was neighboring a religious confraternity that had an equally miraculous image of the...
.
Honours
Carlos Hugo was Grand Master of four dynastic orders:- Grand Master of the Sacred Angelic Imperial Constantinian Order of St. GeorgeSacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint GeorgeThe Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry. It was fictively established by Constantine the Great, though in reality it was founded between 1520 and 1545 by two brothers of the Angeli Comneni family. Members of the Angeli Comneni family remained...
(Parmesan order, Sacro Angelico Imperiale Ordine Costantiniano di San Giorgio) - Grand Master of the Order of St. Louis for Civil Merit (Real Ordine del Merito sotto il titolo di San Lodovico)
- Grand Master of the Order of the Legitimidad Proscrita (Ordine de la Legitimidad Proscrita)
- Grand Master of the Order of St. George for Military Merit (Ordine al merito militare di San Giorgio di Lucca)
Carlos Hugo was also member of the following orders:
- Bailiff Grand Cross of Honor and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
- Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange
As a claimant to the throne of Spain, Carlos Hugo also claimed to be the Grand Master of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece
Order of the Golden Fleece
The Order of the Golden Fleece is an order of chivalry founded in Bruges by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy in 1430, to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Infanta Isabella of Portugal, daughter of King John I of Portugal. It evolved as one of the most prestigious orders in Europe...
. He wore the Golden Fleece in a sumptuous Austrian version of the jewel on a red ribbon around his neck when he married. The collar of a Spanish Knight of the Golden Fleece lay on his coffin after his death.
Titles (Real and Claimed)
- Hugues de Borbón-Parma y Borbón (1930–1957)
- Hugues, Prince of the Asturias, Duke of San Jaime, (1957–1963)
- Carlos Hugo, Prince of the Asturias, Duke of San Jaime, (1963–1964)
- Carlos Hugo, Duke of Madrid, (1964–1977)
- Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, (1977–1979)
- Mr Carlos Hugo de Borbón-Parma y Borbón, (1979–2003)
- Carlos Hugo, Count of Montemolin, (2003–2010)
External links
- Guardian obituary
- Ducal House of Parma
- Royal House of the Netherlands
- Comunión Tradicionalista
- Official website of the House of Bourbon-Parma
- his claim to Grand Magistery of the Constantinian Order of St.George, in rivalry against both the Duke of Calabria and the Duke of Castro.
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