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Carinthia (state)
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Carinthia () is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. Situated within the Eastern alps it is chiefly noted for its mountains and lakes.
The people are predominantly German-speaking with a unique (and easily recognizable) Southern Austro-Bavarian dialect typical of which is that all short German vowels before double consonants have been lengthened ("Carinthian Vowel Stretching"). A Slovene-speaking minority of about 13,000 people (2-3%) according to the national census of 2001 is concentrated in the southeast of the country.
Carinthia's main industries are tourism, electronics, engineering, forestry and agriculture.
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Encyclopedia
Carinthia () is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. Situated within the Eastern alps it is chiefly noted for its mountains and lakes.
The people are predominantly German-speaking with a unique (and easily recognizable) Southern Austro-Bavarian dialect typical of which is that all short German vowels before double consonants have been lengthened ("Carinthian Vowel Stretching"). A Slovene-speaking minority of about 13,000 people (2-3%) according to the national census of 2001 is concentrated in the southeast of the country.
Carinthia's main industries are tourism, electronics, engineering, forestry and agriculture. The multinational corporations Philips and Siemens have large operations there.
Name
The name is thought to be Celtic in origin, though two roots have been proposed:
1. carant, meaning "friend" or "relation" - giving the meaning "land of friends", which may refer to an Illyrian tribe of the Bronze Age.
2. karanto(pre-Indo-European root), meaning "stone, rock". If this is the case, the name shares its root with such others as Karnburg, the Karawanken and similar.
Carantania is also related to the old Slovenian Korotan, from which the modern name Koroška arose, and it derives from pre-Slavic "carantia".
Geography
Carinthia consists mostly of the Klagenfurt basin and the mountain ranges of Upper Carinthia. The Carnic Alps and the Karawanken/ Karavanke make up the border to the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Slovenia. The Hohe Tauern mountain range with mount Grossglockner (3 798 m / 12 461 ft) divides it from the northern state of Salzburg. To the east beyond the Packsattel mountain pass is the state of Styria (German: Steiermark, Slovenian: Štajerska). The main river is the Drau (Drava), it makes up a continuous valley with East Tyrol to the west. Tributaries to the Drau are the Gurk, the Lavant and the Gail. Carinthia's lakes including Wörther See, Millstätter See, Ossiacher See and Faaker See are a major tourist attraction.
The capital city is Klagenfurt, which in Slovenian language is called Celovec. The next important town is Villach (Beljak), both strongly linked economically. Other towns are Althofen, Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal, Bleiburg (Pliberk), Feldkirchen (Trg), Ferlach (Borovlje), Friesach (Breže), Gmünd, Hermagor (Šmohor), Radenthein, Sankt Andrä, Sankt Veit an der Glan (Šentvid na Glini), Spittal an der Drau, Straßburg, Völkermarkt (Velikovec), Wolfsberg (Volšperk). Some of these Slovene place names are official designations, the majority are Slovene colloquial usage.
Carinthia has a continental climate, with hot and moderately wet summers and long harsh winters. In recent decades winters have been exceptionally arid. The average amount of sunshine hours is the highest in Austria. In autumn and winter temperature inversion often dominates the climate, characterized by air stillness, a dense fog covering the frosty valleys and trapping pollution to form smog, while mild sunny weather is recorded higher up in the foothills and mountains.
History
In A.D. 745 the former Slavic principality of Carantania became a margraviate of the Bavarian stem duchy under Duke Odilo, whose son Duke Tassilo III was finally deposed by Charlemagne and his territories were incorporated into the Frankish Empire. By the 843 Treaty of Verdun, the former Carantanian lands fell to the kingdom of East Francia ruled by Charlemagne's grandson Louis the German. The ritual of installation of the Carantanian dukes at the Prince's Stone near Karnburg in Slovenian language was preserved until 1414, when Ernest the Iron was enthroned as Duke of Carinthia.
The March of Carinthia arose in 889 from the territory bequested by Louis' son Carloman, king of Bavaria from 865 to 880, to his illegitimate son Arnulf of Carinthia. Arnulf had already assumed the title of a Carinthian duke in 880 and followed his uncle Charles the Fat as King of Bavaria and East Francia in 887. The Duchy of Carinthia was finally split from the vast Bavarian duchy in 976 by Emperor Otto II, having come out victorious from his quarrels with Duke Henry II the Wrangler. Carinthia therefore was the first newly created principality of the Holy Roman Empire and for a short while comprised lands stretching from the Adriatic Sea almost to the Danube. In 1040 the March of Carniola was separated from it. After the death of Duke Henry VI of Gorizia-Tyrol in 1335 Carinthia passed to Otto IV, a member of the House of Habsburg, and was ruled by his dynasty until 1918. When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, the duchy became a constituent land of the Austrian Empire and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary in 1867.
After the end of the First World War southern Carinthia was occupied by troops of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) under colonel Rudolf Maister which led to armed clashes and violent fighting. Parts of Carinthia were incorporated into the SHS-State (later Yugoslavia), which today are part of Slovenia's statistical region of Koroška (i.e. "Carinthia"). The Carinthian Plebiscite on October 10, 1920 determined the future of another, mixed-language, part and drew the final lines of division between what is today the Austrian state of Carinthia and the statistical region of Carinthia (Koroška) within Slovenia. The Canal Valley with the bordertown of Tarvisio (German: Tarvis, Slovenian: Trbiž) and its holy pilgrimage of Maria Luschari was attached to the Italian province of Udine.
Originally an agrarian country, Carinthia in the 1920s made efforts to establish a touristic infrastructure such as the Grossglockner High Alpine Road and Klagenfurt Airport as well as the opening up of the Alps through the Austrian Alpine Club. It was, however, hard hit by the Great Depression around 1930, which pushed the political system in Austria more and more towards extremism. This phenomenon culminated at first in the years of Austrofascism and then in 1938 in the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany (Anschluss). At the same time the Nazi party took power everywhere in Carinthia, which became, together with East Tyrol, a Reichsgau and Nazi leaders like Franz Kutschera, Hubert Klausner and Friedrich Rainer held the office of a Gauleiter.
In World War II the cities of Klagenfurt and Villach suffered from air raids, but the Allied forces did not reach Carinthia before May 8, 1945. Toward the end of the war, Gauleiter Rainer tried to implement a Nazi plan for Carinthia to become part of the projected Nazi National Redoubt (Alpenfestung); these efforts failed and the forces under Rainer's control surrendered to the forces of the British Army. Once again like at the end of World War I, Yugoslav troops occupied parts of Carinthia including the capital city of Klagenfurt but were soon forced to withdraw by the British forces with the consent of the Soviet Union.
Carinthia, East Tyrol and Styria then formed the UK occupation zone of Allied-administered Austria. The Allied occupation ended in 1955 by the Austrian State Treaty, which restored Austria's sovereignty. The relation between the German- and the Slovene-speaking Carinthians remained slightly problematic.
Administrative divisions
The state is divided into eight rural and two urban districts (Bezirke), the latter being the statutory cities (Statutarstädte) of Klagenfurt and Villach. There are 132 municipalities, of which 17 are incorporated as towns and 40 are of the lesser market towns (Marktgemeinden) status.
Statutory cities
Rural districts
Politics
The state assembly Kärntner Landtag, ("Carinthian State Diet"), is a unicameral legislature, which also elects the state governor, whose ancient title is Landeshauptmann ("State Captain"). The other members of the cabinet are elected under a system of proportional representation based on the number of representatives of the political parties elected to the Landtag. The preliminary results of the 2009 elections were 44.9%/17 seats for the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ), 28.8%/11 seats for the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), 16.8%/6 seats for the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) and 5.1%/2 seats for the Greens. The plurality of the national-liberal BZÖ is unique among all Austrian states, while the results of the conservative-clerical ÖVP are remarkably weak. In April 2005 the BZÖ had emerged from the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and all but one FPÖ-MPs had turned to the new party.
One of the BZÖ founders was former Landeshauptmann and long-time FPÖ-leader Jörg Haider. Haider, a rather controversial figure, had been elected Carinthian governor in 1989 but was forced to resign two years later after remarks about a "proper employment policy" of the Third Reich during a debate in the state assembly. Nevertheless he was elected again Landeshauptmann in 1999 and in 2004, this time even with the consent of the representatives of both SPÖ and ÖVP. Haider was also reproached for repeated contempt for the Carinthian Slovenes minority rights guaranteed by the Constitution of Austria. He died in a car crash in 2008 and his party fellow Gerhard Dörfler came into office. In the last election the BZÖ, strongly referring to its deceased constitutor, managed to retain and even enlarge its share of votes, while the FPÖ failed to enter the Landtag.
Tourist attractions
Major tourist attractions are the cities of Klagenfurt and Villach, Romanesque St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal and Gurk Cathedral, fairy-tale Hochosterwitz castle, the picturesque lakes Wörthersee, Ossiacher See, Faaker See and Millstätter See, fine ski resorts such as Nassfeld/Hermagor, Gerlitzen, Bad Kleinkirchheim and Heiligenblut, and Austria's highest mountain, the Grossglockner as well as the national park of the Nock Mountains region, a country for all kind of alpine sports and mountaineering.
Notable people
Born in Carinthia
- Arnulf of Carinthia, Holy Roman Emperor, born about 850, grew up in Moosburg, died December 8, 899 in Regensburg.
- Pope Gregory V, né Brun or Bruno of Carinthia, born about 972, place unknown, died February 18, 999, in Rome.
- Saint Hemma of Gurk, born about 980, probably in Zeltschach, Friesach, died June 27, 1045 in Gurk.
- Heinrich von dem Tuerlin, minnesinger and epic poet about 1220, probably born at Sankt Veit an der Glan.
- Henry of Carinthia, king of Bohemia (Jindrich Korutanský) and titular king of Poland, born about 1265, died April 2, 1335 at Castle Tyrol.
- Joseph Stefan, physicist, born March 24, 1835, in the vicinity of Klagenfurt, died January 7, 1893, in Vienna.
- Robert Musil, author, born November 6, 1880, in Klagenfurt, died April 15, 1942, in Geneva.
- Anton Wiegele, painter, born February 23, 1887, at Nötsch im Gailtal, died December 17, 1944, at Nötsch im Gailtal.
- Herbert Boeckl, painter, born June 3, 1894, in Klagenfurt, died January 20, 1966, in Vienna.
- Rudolf Kattnigg, composer, born April 9, 1895 in Treffen, died September 2, 1955, in Vienna.
- Josef Klaus, politician, born August 15, 1910, at Kötschach-Mauthen, died July 25, 2001, in Vienna.
- Heinrich Harrer, mountaineer and ethnographer, born July 6, 1912, at Obergossen, Hüttenberg, died January 7, 2006, at Friesach.
- Christine Lavant, poet, born July 4, 1915, in Großedling, Wolfsberg, died June 7, 1973, at Wolfsberg.
- Maria Lassnig, painter, born September 9, 1919, in Kappel am Krappfeld.
- Paul Watzlawick, psychologist, born July 25, 1921, in Villach, died March 31, 2007, in Palo Alto.
- Felix Ermacora, specialist in international law, born October 13, 1923, in Klagenfurt, died February 24, 1995, in Vienna.
- Ingeborg Bachmann, poet and writer, born June 25, 1926, in Klagenfurt, died October 17, 1973, in Rome.
- Gerhard Lampersberg, composer, born July 5, 1928, at Hermagor, died May 29, 2002, in Klagenfurt.
- Günther Domenig, architect, born July 6, 1934, in Klagenfurt.
- Udo Jürgens, singer, born September 30, 1934, in Klagenfurt.
- Kiki Kogelnik, painter, born January 22, 1935, at Bleiburg, died February 1, 1997, in Vienna.
- Bruno Gironcoli, sculptor, born September 27, 1936, at Villach.
- Engelbert Obernosterer, writer, born December 28, 1936, at Sankt Lorenzen, Lesachtal.
- Dagmar Koller, singer, born August 26, 1939, in Klagenfurt.
- Peter Handke, author, born December 6, 1942, at Griffen.
- Arnulf Komposch, mirror artist, born 1942 in Klagenfurt.
- Peter Turrini, playwright, born September 26, 1944, at St. Margarethen im Lavanttal, Wolfsberg.
- Gert Jonke, playwright, born February 8, 1946, in Klagenfurt.
- Werner Kofler, writer, born July 23, 1947, in Villach.
- Wolfgang Petritsch, diplomat, born August 26, 1947, in Klagenfurt.
- Erik Schinegger, intersexed alpine skier, born June 19, 1948, at Agsdorf, Sankt Urban.
- Wolfgang Puck, celebrity chef, born July 8, 1949, in Sankt Veit an der Glan
- Franz Klammer, alpine skier, born December 3, 1953, at Mooswald, Fresach.
- Ursula Plassnik, politician, born May 23, 1956, in Klagenfurt.
- Peter Löscher, manager, born September 17, 1957, in Villach.
- Janko Ferk, author, born December 11, 1958, at Sankt Kanzian am Klopeiner See.
- Martin Kušej, stage director, born May 14, 1961 at Wolfsberg.
- Lydia Mischkulnig, writer, born August 2, 1963, in Klagenfurt.
Died in Carinthia
- Modestus, missionary, born about 720 in Ireland, died about 772 probably at Maria Saal.
- Boleslaw II the Bold, king of Poland, born about 1042, died March 22, 1081 in Ossiach(?).
- Carl Auer von Welsbach, chemicist and inventor, born September 1, 1858, in Vienna, died August 4, 1929, in Mölbling.
- Anton Kolig, painter, born July 1, 1886, at Neutitschein (today Nový Jicín, Czech Republic), died May 17, 1950, in Nötsch im Gailtal.
- Werner Berg, painter, born April 4, 1911, in Elberfeld, now Wuppertal, Germany, died September 7, 1981, in Sankt Veit im Jauntal, Sankt Kanzian am Klopeiner See.
- Jörg Haider, governor of Carinthia, born January 26, 1950, in Bad Goisern, died October 11, 2008, in Lambichl, Köttmannsdorf.
Lived in Carinthia
See also
External links
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- . Available at the Social Science Research Network, New York and the Global Development Network, Sussex University]
Sources
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