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The Cardinal Laws were enacted in Warsaw
Warsaw

Warsaw is the Capital and World's largest cities of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from both the Baltic Sea coast and the Carpathian Mountains....
, Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
, by the Repnin Sejm
Repnin Sejm

The Repnin Sejm was a Sejm that took place from 1767 to 1768 in Warsaw, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This Sejm was a response to the Sejms of Convocation Sejm to 1766, where the newly elected king of Poland, Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski, King of Poland, attempted with some successes to push through reforms to strengthen the g...
 of 1767–68. Ostensibly they were intended to ensure the "Golden Liberty
Golden Liberty

Golden Liberty , sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth refers to a unique Aristocracy political system in the Kingdom of Poland and later, after the Union of Lublin , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth....
" of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility
Szlachta

Szlachta refers to the nobility social class in the Kingdom of Poland , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the increasingly polonized territories under their control ....
. In fact, they made it certain that the political system
Political system

A political system is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the law system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems....
 of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous countries in 16th and 17th-century Europe, formed by a Union of Lublin of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1569....
 would remain ineffectual and easily controlable by its neighbors. The Cardinal Laws were imposed on the Commonwealth by Russia's Empress Catherine the Great with Russian forces commanded by Prince Nicholas Repnin
Nicholas Repnin

Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin was an Imperial Russian statesman and general from the Repnin princely family who played a key role in the partitions of Poland....
 and by 1775 were sanctioned as well by Prussia
Prussia

Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
 and Austria
Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
.

In particular, the liberum veto
Liberum veto

Liberum veto was a parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It allowed any member of the Sejm to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify all legislation already passed at it by shouting Nie pozwalam! ....
, the free election of Poland's king
Free election

Free election was the election of individual monarchs, rather than of dynasties, to the Poland throne between 1572 and 1791, when "free election" was abolished by the Constitution of May 3, 1791....
, Neminem captivabimus
Neminem captivabimus

'Neminem captivabimus' is a legal term in History of Lithuania and History of Poland.Short for , .In Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth it was one of the basic rights, stating that the king can neither punish nor imprison any member of the szlachta without a viable court verdict....
, the rights to form confederation
Confederation (Poland)

A konfederacja was an ad hoc association formed by Polish-Lithuanian szlachta, clergy or cities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the attainment of stated aims....
s and to raise a rokosz
Rokosz

A rokosz [], originally, was a gathering of all the Poland szlachta , not merely of deputies, for a sejm. The term was introduced to the Polish language from Hungary, where analogous gatherings took place at a field called R?kos....
—all the privileges of the nobility that had made the Commonwealth's political system
Political system

A political system is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the law system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems....
 of "Golden Liberty
Golden Liberty

Golden Liberty , sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth refers to a unique Aristocracy political system in the Kingdom of Poland and later, after the Union of Lublin , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth....
" ungovernable—were guaranteed as unalterable in the Cardinal Laws.

The Cardinal Laws were a form of constitution
Constitution

A constitution is a system for government — often codified as a written document — that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity....
.






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The Cardinal Laws were enacted in Warsaw
Warsaw

Warsaw is the Capital and World's largest cities of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River roughly from both the Baltic Sea coast and the Carpathian Mountains....
, Poland
Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
, by the Repnin Sejm
Repnin Sejm

The Repnin Sejm was a Sejm that took place from 1767 to 1768 in Warsaw, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This Sejm was a response to the Sejms of Convocation Sejm to 1766, where the newly elected king of Poland, Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski, King of Poland, attempted with some successes to push through reforms to strengthen the g...
 of 1767–68. Ostensibly they were intended to ensure the "Golden Liberty
Golden Liberty

Golden Liberty , sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth refers to a unique Aristocracy political system in the Kingdom of Poland and later, after the Union of Lublin , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth....
" of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility
Szlachta

Szlachta refers to the nobility social class in the Kingdom of Poland , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the increasingly polonized territories under their control ....
. In fact, they made it certain that the political system
Political system

A political system is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the law system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems....
 of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous countries in 16th and 17th-century Europe, formed by a Union of Lublin of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1569....
 would remain ineffectual and easily controlable by its neighbors. The Cardinal Laws were imposed on the Commonwealth by Russia's Empress Catherine the Great with Russian forces commanded by Prince Nicholas Repnin
Nicholas Repnin

Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin was an Imperial Russian statesman and general from the Repnin princely family who played a key role in the partitions of Poland....
 and by 1775 were sanctioned as well by Prussia
Prussia

Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
 and Austria
Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
.

In particular, the liberum veto
Liberum veto

Liberum veto was a parliamentary device in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It allowed any member of the Sejm to force an immediate end to the current session and nullify all legislation already passed at it by shouting Nie pozwalam! ....
, the free election of Poland's king
Free election

Free election was the election of individual monarchs, rather than of dynasties, to the Poland throne between 1572 and 1791, when "free election" was abolished by the Constitution of May 3, 1791....
, Neminem captivabimus
Neminem captivabimus

'Neminem captivabimus' is a legal term in History of Lithuania and History of Poland.Short for , .In Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth it was one of the basic rights, stating that the king can neither punish nor imprison any member of the szlachta without a viable court verdict....
, the rights to form confederation
Confederation (Poland)

A konfederacja was an ad hoc association formed by Polish-Lithuanian szlachta, clergy or cities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for the attainment of stated aims....
s and to raise a rokosz
Rokosz

A rokosz [], originally, was a gathering of all the Poland szlachta , not merely of deputies, for a sejm. The term was introduced to the Polish language from Hungary, where analogous gatherings took place at a field called R?kos....
—all the privileges of the nobility that had made the Commonwealth's political system
Political system

A political system is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the law system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems....
 of "Golden Liberty
Golden Liberty

Golden Liberty , sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth refers to a unique Aristocracy political system in the Kingdom of Poland and later, after the Union of Lublin , in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth....
" ungovernable—were guaranteed as unalterable in the Cardinal Laws.

The Cardinal Laws were a form of constitution
Constitution

A constitution is a system for government — often codified as a written document — that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity....
. They were annulled by the Great Sejm
Great Sejm

The Great Sejm, also known as the Four-Year Sejm was a Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that was held in Warsaw, beginning in 1788....
 of 1788–92 but reinstituted by the Grodno Sejm
Grodno Sejm

Grodno Sejm was the last Sejm of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Grodno Sejm, held in fall of 1793 in Grodno, Grand Duchy of Lithuania is infamous because its deputies, bribed or coercion by the Russian Empire, passed the act of Second Partition of Poland....
 in the aftermath of the 1792 War in Defense of the Constitution.

See also

  • Constitution of May 3, 1791