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Carbonization or Carbonisation is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
 or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis
Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of a condensed substance by heating. The word is coined from the Greek language-derived morphemes pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition"....
 or destructive distillation
Destructive distillation

Destructive distillation is the process of pyrolysis conducted in a distillation apparatus to allow the volatile products to be collected. The process led to the discovery of many chemical compounds before such compounds could be prepared synthetically....
. It is often used in organic chemistry
Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a discipline within chemistry which involves the science study of the structure, properties, composition, chemical reaction, and preparation of chemical compounds that contain carbon....
 with reference to the generation of coal gas
Coal gas

Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. Town gas is a more general term referring to manufactured gaseous fuels produced for sale to consumers and municipalities....
 and coal tar
Coal tar

Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of high viscosity, which smells of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar is among the by-products when coal is...
 from raw coal
Coal

Coal is a readily combustion black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. The harder forms, such as anthracite, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure....
. Fossil fuels in general are the products of the carbonization of vegetable matter.

Carbonization is often exothermic
Exothermic

File:Explosion1.JPG In thermodynamics, the term exothermic describes a process or reaction that releases energy usually in the form of heat, but also in form of light , electricity , or sound....
, which means that it could in principle be made self-sustaining and be used as a source of energy which does not produce carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
.






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Carbonization or Carbonisation is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
 or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis
Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of a condensed substance by heating. The word is coined from the Greek language-derived morphemes pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition"....
 or destructive distillation
Destructive distillation

Destructive distillation is the process of pyrolysis conducted in a distillation apparatus to allow the volatile products to be collected. The process led to the discovery of many chemical compounds before such compounds could be prepared synthetically....
. It is often used in organic chemistry
Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a discipline within chemistry which involves the science study of the structure, properties, composition, chemical reaction, and preparation of chemical compounds that contain carbon....
 with reference to the generation of coal gas
Coal gas

Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. Town gas is a more general term referring to manufactured gaseous fuels produced for sale to consumers and municipalities....
 and coal tar
Coal tar

Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of high viscosity, which smells of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar is among the by-products when coal is...
 from raw coal
Coal

Coal is a readily combustion black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. The harder forms, such as anthracite, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure....
. Fossil fuels in general are the products of the carbonization of vegetable matter.

Carbonization is often exothermic
Exothermic

File:Explosion1.JPG In thermodynamics, the term exothermic describes a process or reaction that releases energy usually in the form of heat, but also in form of light , electricity , or sound....
, which means that it could in principle be made self-sustaining and be used as a source of energy which does not produce carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
. (See .) In the case of glucose
Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
, the reaction releases about 237 calories per gram.

When biomaterial
Biomaterial

The development of biomaterials is not a new area of science, having existed for around half a century. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterial science....
 is exposed to sudden searing heat (as in the case of an atomic bomb explosion or pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic flow

A pyroclastic flow is a common and devastating result of some volcano. The flows are fast-moving currents of hot gas and rock , which travel away from the volcano at speeds generally as great as 450 mi/h ....
 from a volcano
Volcano

A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or Crust , which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface....
, for instance), it can be carbonized extremely quickly, turning it into solid carbon. In the destruction of Herculaneum
Herculaneum

Herculaneum is an ancient Roman Empire town, located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano. Its ruins can be found at the co-ordinates , in the Italy region of Campania....
 by a volcano, many organic objects such as furniture were carbonized by the intense heat.

In one study carbonization was used to create a new catalyst for the generation of biodiesel
Biodiesel

Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of long chain alkyl esters, made by transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat , which can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles....
 from ethanol
Ethanol

Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatility , flammable, colorless liquid....
 and fatty acid
Fatty acid

In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail , which is either saturation or Unsaturated compound....
s. The catalyst was created by carbonization of simple sugar
Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline substances, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose. Human taste buds interpret its flavor as sweet. Sugar as a basic food carbohydrate primarily comes from sugar cane and from sugar beet, but also appears in fruit, honey, sorghum, sugar maple , and in many other sources....
s such as glucose
Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
 and sucrose
Sucrose

Sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, with the molecular formula C12H22O11. Its systematic name is a-D-glucopyranosyl- -?-D-fructofuranoside ....
. The sugars were processed for 15 hours at 400 °C under a nitrogen flow to a black carbon residue consisting of a complex mixture of polycyclic
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are chemical compounds that consist of fused aromatic simple aromatic ring and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents....
 aromatic carbon sheets. This material was then treated with sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid, hydrogen2sulfuroxygen4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry....
 which functionalized the sheets with sulfonite, carboxyl and hydroxyl
Hydroxyl

Hydroxyl in chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom connected by a covalent bond. The neutral form is a hydroxyl Radical and the hydroxyl anion is called a hydroxide....
 catalytic sites.

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