Carbon monofluoride
Encyclopedia
Carbon monofluoride also called polycarbon monofluoride, polycarbon fluoride, poly(carbon monofluoride), and graphite fluoride, is a material formed by high-temperature reaction of fluorine
gas with graphite
, charcoal
, or pyrolytic carbon
powder. Its CAS number is . In contrast to graphite intercalation compounds it is a covalent graphite compound.
Carbon is stable in fluorine atmosphere up to about 400 °C, but between 420-600 °C reaction takes place to give substoichiometric carbon monofluoride, CF0.68 appearing dark grey. With increasing temperature and fluorine pressure stoichiometries up to CF1.12 are formed. With increasing fluorine content the colour changes from dark grey to cream white indicating the loss of the aromatic character. The fluorine atoms are located in an alternating fashion above and under the former graphene
plane, which is now buckled due to formation of covalent carbon-fluorine bonds. Reaction of carbon with fluorine at even higher temperature successively destroys the graphite compound to yield a mixture of gaseous fluorocarbon
s such as e.g. tetrafluorocarbon, CF4, and tetrafluoroethylene
, C2F4.
In a similar fashion the recently found carbon
allotrope fullerene
, C60 reacts with fluorine gas to give fullerene fluorides with stoichiometries up to C60F48.
A precursor of carbon monofluoride is the fluorine-graphite intercalation compound, also called fluorine-GIC.
Other intercalation fluorides of carbon are
Graphite fluoride is a procursor for preparation of graphene fluoride by a liquid phase exfoliation..
cathode
material in lithium batteries
of the "BR" type. Other uses are a wear
reduction additive for lubricant
s, and weather-resistant additive for paint
s. Graphite fluoride is also used as both oxidizing agent
and combustion modifier in rocket propellant
s and pyrolant
s.
Fluorine
Fluorine is the chemical element with atomic number 9, represented by the symbol F. It is the lightest element of the halogen column of the periodic table and has a single stable isotope, fluorine-19. At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic...
gas with graphite
Graphite
The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes of carbon. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 from the Ancient Greek γράφω , "to draw/write", for its use in pencils, where it is commonly called lead . Unlike diamond , graphite is an electrical conductor, a semimetal...
, charcoal
Charcoal
Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of carbon, and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen...
, or pyrolytic carbon
Pyrolytic carbon
Pyrolytic carbon is a material similar to graphite, but with some covalent bonding between its graphene sheets as a result of imperfections in its production....
powder. Its CAS number is . In contrast to graphite intercalation compounds it is a covalent graphite compound.
Carbon is stable in fluorine atmosphere up to about 400 °C, but between 420-600 °C reaction takes place to give substoichiometric carbon monofluoride, CF0.68 appearing dark grey. With increasing temperature and fluorine pressure stoichiometries up to CF1.12 are formed. With increasing fluorine content the colour changes from dark grey to cream white indicating the loss of the aromatic character. The fluorine atoms are located in an alternating fashion above and under the former graphene
Graphene
Graphene is an allotrope of carbon, whose structure is one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. The term graphene was coined as a combination of graphite and the suffix -ene by Hanns-Peter Boehm, who described single-layer...
plane, which is now buckled due to formation of covalent carbon-fluorine bonds. Reaction of carbon with fluorine at even higher temperature successively destroys the graphite compound to yield a mixture of gaseous fluorocarbon
Fluorocarbon
Fluorocarbons, sometimes referred to as perfluorocarbons or PFCs, are organofluorine compounds that contain only carbon and fluorine bonded together in strong carbon–fluorine bonds. Fluoroalkanes that contain only single bonds are more chemically and thermally stable than alkanes...
s such as e.g. tetrafluorocarbon, CF4, and tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrafluoroethylene is a chemical compound with the formula C2F4. It is the simplest alkene fluorocarbon. This gaseous species is used primarily in the industrial preparation of polymers.-Properties:...
, C2F4.
In a similar fashion the recently found carbon
Carbon
Carbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds...
allotrope fullerene
Fullerene
A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and they resemble the balls used in association football. Cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes...
, C60 reacts with fluorine gas to give fullerene fluorides with stoichiometries up to C60F48.
A precursor of carbon monofluoride is the fluorine-graphite intercalation compound, also called fluorine-GIC.
Other intercalation fluorides of carbon are
- poly(dicarbon fluoride) ((C2F)n);
- tetracarbon monofluoride (TCMF, C4F).
Graphite fluoride is a procursor for preparation of graphene fluoride by a liquid phase exfoliation..
Application
Carbon monofluoride is used as a high energy densityEnergy density
Energy density is a term used for the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume. Often only the useful or extractable energy is quantified, which is to say that chemically inaccessible energy such as rest mass energy is ignored...
cathode
Cathode
A cathode is an electrode through which electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. Mnemonic: CCD .Cathode polarity is not always negative...
material in lithium batteries
Lithium battery
Lithium batteries are disposable batteries that have lithium metal or lithium compounds as an anode. Depending on the design and chemical compounds used, lithium cells can produce voltages from 1.5 V to about 3.7 V, over twice the voltage of an ordinary zinc–carbon battery or alkaline battery...
of the "BR" type. Other uses are a wear
Wear
In materials science, wear is erosion or sideways displacement of material from its "derivative" and original position on a solid surface performed by the action of another surface....
reduction additive for lubricant
Lubricant
A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between moving surfaces. It may also have the function of transporting foreign particles and of distributing heat...
s, and weather-resistant additive for paint
Paint
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film. One may also consider the digital mimicry thereof...
s. Graphite fluoride is also used as both oxidizing agent
Oxidizing agent
An oxidizing agent can be defined as a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox chemical reaction...
and combustion modifier in rocket propellant
Rocket propellant
Rocket propellant is mass that is stored in some form of propellant tank, prior to being used as the propulsive mass that is ejected from a rocket engine in the form of a fluid jet to produce thrust. A fuel propellant is often burned with an oxidizer propellant to produce large volumes of very hot...
s and pyrolant
Pyrolant
Pyrolant, from the Greek word pyros to describe energetic materials that generate hot flames upon combustion. Pyrolants are metal-based pyrotechnic compositions containing virtually any oxidizer....
s.