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Candaroglu
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Candaroglu Beylik (sometimes referred to as Candar, Candarogullari or Isfendiyarogullari in Turkish) is an Anatolian Turkish Beylik that ruled principally in the regions corresponding to present-day Kastamonu and Sinop provinces of Turkey, also covering parts of Zonguldak, Samsun and Çankiri provinces, between 1292 - 1461, in the Black Sea region of modern day Turkey. The region is also known in western Literature as Paphlagonia, a name used for the same geographic area during the Roman period.
The founder of the beylik is Temür Yaman Candar (also known as Demir Yaman Candar); the beylik collapsed in 1461 when the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, whose mother is supposedly linked to the Candaroglu dynasty, annexed the region.
The flag of Candar may confuse many with what is now known as the Star of David.
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Candaroglu Beylik (sometimes referred to as Candar, Candarogullari or Isfendiyarogullari in Turkish) is an Anatolian Turkish Beylik that ruled principally in the regions corresponding to present-day Kastamonu and Sinop provinces of Turkey, also covering parts of Zonguldak, Samsun and Çankiri provinces, between 1292 - 1461, in the Black Sea region of modern day Turkey. The region is also known in western Literature as Paphlagonia, a name used for the same geographic area during the Roman period.
The founder of the beylik is Temür Yaman Candar (also known as Demir Yaman Candar); the beylik collapsed in 1461 when the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, whose mother is supposedly linked to the Candaroglu dynasty, annexed the region.
The flag of Candar may confuse many with what is now known as the Star of David. In medieval times however, this was not solely a Jewish symbol, but also an Islamic one known as the "Seal of Solomon" and was extremely popular amongst the Turkish Beyliks of Anatolia. Another state known to use the seal on their flag was the Beylik of Karaman.
Following the incorporation of the principality in the Ottoman Empire, the ruling dynasty has been offered various important functions within the Ottoman administration, which they maintained until its collapse in 1922. Ayse Sultan, who was the last identified descendent of the Candaroglu dynasty having benefited from the status offered by the Ottoman Empire to the dynasty, died 1981 in Ankara.
HistoryThe Seljuk Sultan Masud II gave Kastamonu to Temür Yaman Candar, a commander from the sultan's candar corps, in
thanks for rescuing him from Mongol captivity. This province, however, was already under the control of the Çobanogullari. Following Temür's death, his son Süleyman I conquered the province and annexed Safranbolu and Sinop, formerly ruled by the descendants of Muin al-Din Suleyman. Süleyman then appointed his son Ibrahim I as governor to Sinop and a second son Ali to Safranbolu. Süleyman reigned under the authority of the Ilkhanate, the Mongols of Persia, until the death of the ruler Abu Sa'id.
Following the death of Süleyman I, his sons Ibrahim I and Ali fought for the throne. In 1339 Ibrahim was victorious and took over the rule of Kastamonu. Upon his death, his cousin Adil replaced him. When Adil died, his son Kötürüm Bayezid became bey. Bayezid fought twice with Kadi Burhan al-Din, the ruler of the Sivas region, and in 1383 lost Kastamonu to one of his own sons, Süleyman II, who received military support from the Ottoman sultan Murad I. Bayezid left for Sinop, and thus the Candaroglu Beylik was divided. After Bayezid's death in 1385, his son Isfendiyar succeeded him.
Based in Kastamonu, Süleyman II remained faithful to Murad I, his supporter in his revolt against his father, and participated in Ottoman campaigns in Europe in 1386 and 1389. Murad's successor, the aggressive Beyazid I launched an assault in 1391 on Kastamonu as part of an effort to control the Anatolian beyliks. Süleyman II was killed and Candaroglu rule in Kastamonu ended.
Meanwhile, fearing conflict with the powerful Ottomans, Isfendiyar requested immunity from Beyazid in return for being subject to Ottoman reign. Beyazid granted Isfendiyar an autonomy. Following the sultan's defeat by the Mongols in 1402, Isfendiyar recognized the authority of the Mongol khan Timur, who confirmed him in the traditional Candaroglu lands of Kastamonu, Kalecik, Tosya, and Çankiri.
After Timur left Anatolia, during the Ottoman Interregnum, Isfendiyar stood close to all the four sons of Beyazid avoiding any conflict. When one of his sons, Kasim claimed control over Çankiri and Tosya, and declared the annexation of these areas to the Ottoman empire, the Candaroglu dominion was divided once more. But Isfendiyar revolted against the new sultan Murad II, only to be defeated, and retreated to Sinop. Isfendiyar died in 1439, to be succeeded by his son Ibrahim II, who upon his death was replaced by Ismail in 1443.
After his conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II turned to Anatolia to unite the Anatolian beyliks/principalities under his rule. In 1461, joining forces with Ismail's brother Ahmed (the Red), he captured Sinop and ended the official reign of the Candaroglu dynasty, although he appointed Ahmed as the governor of Kastamonu and Sinop, only to revoke Ahmed's appointment the same year. Various other members of the Candaroglu dynasty were offered important functions throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire, until its collapse during the First World War. Descendents of the Candaroglu dynasty live today as Citizens of the Turkish Republic mostly in Istanbul and in Europe, using various family names.
Ayshe Sultan, who was the last identified descendent of the Candaroglu dynasty having benefited from the status offered by the Ottoman Empire to the dynasty, died 1981 in Ankara.
MilitaryCandaroglu beylik had a light cavalry corps of 25,000. This vast military power had often contributed to the Ottoman campaigns in Roumelia as well as in Anatolia, including the siege of Constantinople. Being neighbors with the Byzantines, Candaroglu aided to campaigns and raids here while preventing them to proceed further towards other beyliks.
Candaroglu also possessed a shipyard in Sinop that equipped them with a strong naval force. The size of this force is unknown, however, it is known that this force was used in an attack to the Genoese outpost Kefe.
External links- http://www.dallog.com/beylikler/candaroglu.htm (wayback archive)
- (in Turkish)
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