Campinas is a city and municipality located in the coastal interior of the state of
São PauloSão Paulo is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy. Named after Saint Paul, São Paulo has the largest population, industrial complex, and economic production in the country. It is the richest state in Brazil...
, Brazil.
Campinas is the administrative center of the meso-region of the same name, with 3,783,597 inhabitants as of the 2010 Census, consisting of 49 cities.
The municipal area of Campinas covers 795.667 sqkm. Campinas' population is 1,080,999 as of the 2010
IBGEThe Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics or IBGE , is the agency responsible for statistical, geographic, cartographic, geodetic and environmental information in Brazil...
CensusA census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common...
; while over 98.3% live in the urban region. The city's
metropolitan areaThe term metropolitan area refers to a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. A metropolitan area usually encompasses multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships,...
, as of 2000, contains nineteen cities and has a total population of 2.8 million people.
It is the third largest city in the state, after São Paulo and
GuarulhosGuarulhos is the second largest city in the Brazilian state of São Paulo and a suburb of São Paulo city itself. In the last few years it has outgrown Campinas. The population in 2006 is 1,283,253, the density is 4,035.26 inh./km² and the area is 318 km²...
.The
Viracopos International AirportViracopos-Campinas International Airport is the international airport serving Campinas, Brazil. On January 6, 1987, the airport name was officially normalized to its present form....
connects Campinas with many Brazilian cities and also operates some international flights. The city is home to the State University of Campinas.
Etymology
Campinas means
grass fields in Portuguese and refers to its characteristic landscape, which originally comprised large stretches of dense subtropical forests (
mato grosso or thick woods in Portuguese), mainly along the many rivers, interspersed with gently rolling hills covered by low-lying vegetation.
Campinas was also known as "Cidade das Andorinhas" (City of Swallows), because it was a favorite spot for these migratory birds, which flocked annually in enormous numbers to downtown Campinas. However, they almost disappeared around the 1950s, probably because the church and plaza where they used to roost were torn down. Campinas' official crest and flag has a picture of the mythical bird, the
phoenixThe phoenix or phenix is a mythical sacred firebird that can be found in the mythologies of the Arabian, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Chinese, Indian and Phoenicians....
, because it was practically reborn after a devastating
epidemicIn epidemiology, an epidemic , occurs when new cases of a certain disease, in a given human population, and during a given period, substantially exceed what is expected based on recent experience...
of
yellow feverYellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family....
in the 1800s, which killed more than 25% of the city's inhabitants.
An inhabitant of Campinas is called a
campineiro.
History
The city was founded on July 14, 1774, by Barreto Leme. It was initially a simple outpost on the way to
Minas GeraisMinas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, of which it is the second most populous, the third richest, and the fourth largest in area. Minas Gerais is the Brazilian state with the largest number of Presidents of Brazil, the current one, Dilma Rousseff, being one of them. The capital is the...
and
GoiásGoiás is a state of Brazil, located in the central part of the country. The name Goiás comes from the name of an indigenous community...
serving the "
BandeirantesThe bandeirantes were composed of Indians , caboclos , and some whites who were the captains of the Bandeiras. Members of the 16th–18th century South American slave-hunting expeditions called bandeiras...
" who were in search of precious minerals and Indian
slavesSlavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation...
. In the first half of the 19th century, Campinas became a growing population center, with many
coffeeCoffee is a brewed beverage with a dark,init brooo acidic flavor prepared from the roasted seeds of the coffee plant, colloquially called coffee beans. The beans are found in coffee cherries, which grow on trees cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in equatorial Latin America, Southeast Asia,...
,
cottonCotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. The botanical purpose of cotton fiber is to aid in seed dispersal....
and
sugarcaneSugarcane refers to any of six to 37 species of tall perennial grasses of the genus Saccharum . Native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South Asia, they have stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sugar, and measure two to six metres tall...
farmA farm is an area of land, or, for aquaculture, lake, river or sea, including various structures, devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food , fibres and, increasingly, fuel. It is the basic production facility in food production. Farms may be owned and operated by a single...
s.
The construction of a railway linking the city of
São PauloSão Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
to
Santos-Sister cities: Shimonoseki, Japan Nagasaki, Japan Funchal, Portugal Trieste, Italy Coimbra, Portugal Ansião, Portugal Arouca, Portugal Ushuaia, Argentina Havana, Cuba Taizhou. China Ningbo. China Constanţa, Romania Ulsan, South Korea Colón, Panama* Cadiz, Spain...
' seaport, in 1867, was very important for its growth. In the second half of the 19th century, with the abolition of
slaverySlavery in Brazil shaped the country's social structure and ethnic landscape. During the colonial epoch and for over six decades after the 1822 independence, slavery was a mainstay of the Brazilian economy, especially in mining, cotton, and sugar cane production.Brazil obtained an estimated 35% of...
, farming and industrialization attracted many foreign
immigrantsImmigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence...
to replace the lost manpower, mainly from Italy.
Coffee became an important export and the city became wealthy. In consequence, a large service sector was established to serve the growing population, and in the first decades of the 20th century, Campinas could already boast of an
opera houseAn opera house is a theatre building used for opera performances that consists of a stage, an orchestra pit, audience seating, and backstage facilities for costumes and set building...
, theaters, banks, movie theaters, radio stations, a
philharmonicAn orchestra is a sizable instrumental ensemble that contains sections of string, brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. The term orchestra derives from the Greek ορχήστρα, the name for the area in front of an ancient Greek stage reserved for the Greek chorus...
orchestra, two newspapers (
Correio PopularCorreio Popular is the largest daily newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded on September 4, 1927 by Álvaro Ribeiro...
and
Diário do PovoDiário do Povo is a newspaper published in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil.Correio Popular is owned and managed by a larger communications holding company, Rede Anhangüera de Comunicação, which operates a news agency , a printing facility , a polls company and owns also several...
), a good public education system (with the Escola Normal de Campinas and the
Colégio Culto à CiênciaThe Colégio Culto à Ciência , currently denominated E.E. Culto à Ciência), is a public secondary school located in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil...
), and hospitals, such as the Santa Casa de Misericórdia (a
charityA charitable organization is a type of non-profit organization . It differs from other types of NPOs in that it centers on philanthropic goals A charitable organization is a type of non-profit organization (NPO). It differs from other types of NPOs in that it centers on philanthropic goals A...
for poor people) and the Casa de Saúde de Campinas (for the Italian community, formely known as
Circolo Italiani Uniti), and the most important Brazilian research center in agricultural sciences, the
Instituto Agronômico de CampinasThe Instituto Agronômico de Campinas is a research and development institution affiliated to the Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios , of the Secretary of Agriculture of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with headquarters in the city of Campinas...
, which was founded by Emperor
Pedro IIDom Pedro II , nicknamed "the Magnanimous", was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of...
. Finally, the construction of the first Brazilian highway in 1938, between Campinas and São Paulo, the Anhanguera Highway, was a turning point in the integration of Campinas into the rest of the state.
Campinas was the birthplace of opera composer
Carlos GomesAntônio Carlos Gomes was the first New World composer whose work was accepted by Europe.-Life:He was born in Campinas, Brazil, son of Maestro Manuel José Gomes and Fabiana Maria Jaguari Cardoso....
(1836 — 1896) and of the President of the Republic Campos Salles (1841 — 1913). It was home for 49 years to
Hércules FlorenceAntoine Hercule Romuald Florence was a French-Brazilian painter and inventor, known as the isolate inventor of photography in Brazil, three years before Daguerre , using the matrix negative/positive, still in use...
, reputed as one of the early inventors of
photographyPhotography is the art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film...
, photocopying and the mimeograph.
Geography
The area of the city, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, is 795.697 km ², and 238.3230 km ² are the urban and 557.334 km ² remaining constitute the countryside. It is located at 22 ° 54'21 "south latitude and 47 º 03'39 "west longitude and is at a distance of 96 kilometers northwest of São Paulo. Its neighboring cities are Paulínia, Jaguariúna and Pedreira, north; Morungaba, Itatiba and Valinhos in the east; Itupeva, Indaiatuba and Monte Mor, south, and Hortolândia in the west.
Ecology
Most of the original vegetation that had in the city, the Atlantic, was devastated. Like other 13 municipalities in the metropolitan region of Campinas, the city suffers a severe environmental stress, and Campinas is considered one of the areas subject to flooding and silting and has less than 5% of vegetation cover.
To try to reverse this situation, several projects have been and are being conducted and planned, such as building corridors, such as regulation of the Management Plan of Environmental Preservation Area (APA) in Campinas. There are also several environmental projects to combat the destruction of riparian forests located on the river london, which, as previously mentioned, has a high rate of pollution of its waters. Today Campinas houses the Area of Relevant Ecological Interest (ARIE) Santa Geneva, 251 acres (1 km²), established in 1985 and regulated by the Brazilian Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), the city of Campinas, Fundação José Pedro de Oliveira. Today is the second largest urban forest of Brazil, behind only the Forest of Tijuca, in Rio de Janeiro.
The city also has large forests, such as Jequitibás Wood (installed in 1881), Forest Grove and the Germans of Guarantees.
Climate
The climate is tropical Campinas altitude (Köppen type Cwa second), with lower rainfall in winter and annual average temperature of 22.4 °C, with dry and mild winters (rarely so too cold) and rainy summers with moderate temperatures high. The warmest month in February, has an average temperature of 24.9 °C, with an average maximum of 30.0 °C and minimum 19.9 °C. And the coldest month, July, 18.5 °C and 24.8 °C and 12.3 °C average maximum and minimum, respectively. Fall and spring are transitional seasons.
The average annual rainfall is 1424.5 mm and the driest month in August, when there are only 22.9 mm. In January, the rainiest month, the average is 280.3 mm. In recent years, however, the hot, dry days during the winter have been increasingly frequent, often surpassing 30 °C, especially between July and September. In August 2010, for example, the rainfall in Campinas has not gone from 0 mm. During the dry season and long dry spells in the middle of the rainy season are also common records of fires in the hills and thickets, especially in rural areas of the city, which contributes to deforestation and the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, further damaging the quality air.
The minimum temperature recorded in the city was -1.5 °C, recorded on June 25, 1918. Since the maximum was 39.0 °C, observed on 17 November 1985.O greater cumulative rainfall recorded in 24 hours in the city between June 1988 and October 2008 was 143.4 mm in 25 days May 2005. Between 1890 and 2004 there were 41 records of frost in Campinas. The most recent was on July 18, 2000, when the minimum temperature reached 2.2 °C. Also occur occasionally episodes of strong winds, with gusts exceeding 100 km / h, and training records were made in the city day May 4, 2001 and March 9, 2008.
The wet season is from mid-October to mid-May, with heavier rains particularly in December, January and February, and the dry season is from mid-May to mid-September. Average rainfall is 24.3 mm in August and 267.8 mm in January. Average
humidityHumidity is a term for the amount of water vapor in the air, and can refer to any one of several measurements of humidity. Formally, humid air is not "moist air" but a mixture of water vapor and other constituents of air, and humidity is defined in terms of the water content of this mixture,...
ranges from 37% (August) to 56% (January).
In the region around Campinas near the state of
Minas GeraisMinas Gerais is one of the 26 states of Brazil, of which it is the second most populous, the third richest, and the fourth largest in area. Minas Gerais is the Brazilian state with the largest number of Presidents of Brazil, the current one, Dilma Rousseff, being one of them. The capital is the...
there are a number of cities enjoying an even milder mountain climate, such as
Serra Negra-External links:...
,
Socorro-Parks and recreation:-External links: The official website of Socorro. Socorro City Council website. A tourism website about Socorro....
,
LindóiaLindóia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 6,021 and the area is 48.748 km². The elevation is 677 m....
and
Águas de LindóiaÁguas de Lindóia is a Brazilian city of the state of São Paulo. It has a remarkable tourist activity due to its many water springs, being part of the "Circuito das Águas" . Close to it are the cities of Lindóia, Serra Negra and Monte Sião....
, where several water
spaA destination spa is a short term residential/lodging facility with the primary purpose of providing individual services for spa-goers to develop healthy habits. Historically many such spas were developed at the location of natural hot springs or sources of mineral waters...
s are located.
Demographics
According to the 2010
IBGEThe Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics or IBGE , is the agency responsible for statistical, geographic, cartographic, geodetic and environmental information in Brazil...
CensusA census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common...
, and as November 2010, Campinas had a population of 1,080,999 and a population density of 1358.6 (inhabitants / km ²). Infant mortality levels were at up to 1 year (per thousand): 14.05 and life expectation in the city was 72.22 years. The fertility rate was at 1.78 children per woman. 96.01 of the populace could read.
- Human Development Index (HDI-M): 0.852 (high)
- HDI-M Income: 0.845 (high)
- HDI-M Longevity: 0.787
- HDI-M Education: 0.925 (very high)
(Source: DATA)
Ethnicity
Source: 2000 census:
| Color / Race | | % |
| White White people is a term which usually refers to human beings characterized, at least in part, by the light pigmentation of their skin...
|
74.0% |
BlackThe term black people is used in systems of racial classification for humans of a dark skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups.Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class, socio-economic status also plays a...
|
5.6% |
| Pardo In Brazil, Pardo is a race/colour category used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics in Brazilian censuses. It is a Portuguese word that encompasses various shades of brown, but is usually translated as "grayish-brown"...
|
18.4% |
| Asian Asian people or Asiatic people is a term with multiple meanings that refers to people who descend from a portion of Asia's population.- Central Asia :...
|
0.9% |
| Indigenous |
0.2% |
Composition
Source: 2010 Census
Population (IBGE): 1,080,999
| Population | | % / inhabitants |
Urban areaAn urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and hamlets.Urban areas are created and further...
|
98,28% / 1,062,453 |
| Rural area |
1,72% / 18,546 |
SexIn biology, sex is a process of combining and mixing genetic traits, often resulting in the specialization of organisms into a male or female variety . Sexual reproduction involves combining specialized cells to form offspring that inherit traits from both parents...
| | % / inhabitants |
| Male |
48,22% / 521,209 |
| Female |
51,78% / 559,790 |
Metropolitan region
As of 2010, Campinas became an official metropolitan region (RMC — Região Metropolitana de Campinas), with 19 municipalities, with a total of 2.8 million inhabitants and a total land area of 3,348 km² (data of 2010), adjacent to the
São PauloSão Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
metropolitan region (RMSP). The Campinas Metropolitan area also comprehends a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of R$ 70.7 billion (around U$ 42 billion).
- Americana
Americana is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. As of 2006, its population was 203,845.The original settlement developed around the local railway station, founded in 1875, and the development of a cotton weaving factory in a nearby farm.After 1866, several Confederate...
- Artur Nogueira
Artur Nogueira is a city in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2003 is 40,218 and the area is 178.26 km². The elevation is 595 m. It's nearby UNASP...
- Cosmópolis
Cosmópolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 48,628 and the area is 155.16 km². The elevation is 652 m....
- Engenheiro Coelho
Engenheiro Coelho is a municipality on the east of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, with a population of 11,845 and an area of 110.13 km². It's located about from São Paulo and from Brasília...
- Holambra
Holambra is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2009 is 10,224 and the area is 64.422 km²...
- Hortolândia
Hortolândia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2008 is 201 049 and the area is 62,2 km². The elevation is 587 m....
- Indaiatuba
Indaiatuba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2006 is 181,124 and has an area is 311.34 km². The elevation is 624 m. The city's name comes from the Tupi language. One of the most important city of the area....
- Itatiba
Itatiba is a county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil and distant approximately 70 km from the State Capital . The population in 2004 was 91,228 and the city has an area of 323.38 km². The average elevation is 750 m. The place's name comes from the Tupi Guarani language, and means "Many Rocks"...
- Jaguariúna
Jaguariúna is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 33,194 and the area is 142.88 km². The elevation is 584 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language and means the land of the black Jaguars....
- Monte Mor
Monte Mor is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 43,384 and the area is 241.49 km². The elevation is 560 m....
- Nova Odessa
Nova Odessa is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 46,180 and the area is 73.549 km². The elevation is 570 m....
- Paulínia
Paulínia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. As of 2009, its population was 84.577 inhabitants in an area of 145.27 km². The elevation is 590 m...
- Pedreira
Pedreira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 38,937 and the area is 110.72 km². The elevation is 590 m. The town is located at 138 km from the capital. It is called "Flor da Porcelana" because of its porcelain related commerce.Pedreira was...
- Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. , it has a population of 189,573. The elevation is 570 meters....
- Santo Antônio de Posse
Santo Antônio de Posse is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 20,113 and the area is 154.54 km². The elevation is 695 m. Nearby cities Jaguariuna, Campinas, Americana, Holambra, Amparo, Serra Negra, Artur Nogueira, Mogi Mirim, Mogi Guacu, Cosmopolis,...
- Sumaré
Sumaré is a city in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The population in 2004 was 225,308 and the area is 153.44 km². The elevation is 583 m. Sumaré was founded in 1868, after being upgraded to a city. Its old name was Rebouças. Major José Antonio Bacchim/2005/2008.- History :In the mid of 18th...
- Valinhos
Valinhos is a city and municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the birthplace of Adoniran Barbosa. Valinhos is famous for its purple fig, the theme of its annual Fig Fest. It is geographically close to Campinas. The city's estimated population in 2009 was107,481. Its area is...
- Vinhedo
Vinhedo is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 54,194 and its area is 81.956 km². The elevation is 725 m. It was founded in 1949....
The Campinas municipality is also the administrative center of the micro- and meso-regions of the same name. The micro-region includes the RMC (Metropolitan Region of Campinas) and the municipality of
Elias FaustoElias Fausto is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 15,045 and the area is 2020.3 km². The elevation is 605 m....
; the meso-region also includes the following municipalities:
AguaíAguaí is a Brazilian city located in the eastern part of the state of São Paulo.*Founder: Major João Joaquim Braga*Founded: November 30, 1948*Date of Anniversary: August 6-Limits:North...
, Amparo,
Águas da PrataÁguas da Prata is a Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo....
,
Águas de LindóiaÁguas de Lindóia is a Brazilian city of the state of São Paulo. It has a remarkable tourist activity due to its many water springs, being part of the "Circuito das Águas" . Close to it are the cities of Lindóia, Serra Negra and Monte Sião....
,
CacondeCaconde is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil.-External links:**...
,
Casa BrancaCasa Branca is a city in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It was founded in 1841. In the last century, Casa Branca was denominated "Terra das Boçorocas"....
,
DivinolândiaDivinolândia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 12,121 and the area is 222.95 km². The elevation is 1,040 m....
,
Espírito Santo do PinhalEspírito Santo do Pinhal is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2010 is 41,907 and the area is 389 km². The elevation is 870 m....
,
Estiva GerbiEstiva Gerbi is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 9,975 and the area is 73.983 km². The elevation is 590 m....
,
ItapiraItapira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Its population in 2004 was 66,861 and the area is 518.89 km². The elevation is 643 m...
,
ItobiItobi is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Itobi's population in 2004 was 7,816 and its area is 139.98 km². Its elevation is 658m. The name Itobi derives from the Tupian language. It means: "Água corrente verde", like "Rio Verde" . Itobi is denominated, by people, as "The...
,
LindóiaLindóia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 6,021 and the area is 48.748 km². The elevation is 677 m....
,
MococaMococa is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 69,629 and the area is 856.39 km². The elevation is 645 m.-External links:*...
,
Mogi GuaçuMogi Guaçu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population as of 2008 was 141,559 people and these covered an area of 885.00 km². The city is at an average elevation of 591 m. Mogi Guaçu is a place name that probably originates from the Tupi language. It means "large...
,
Moji-MirimMoji-Mirim is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 90,042 and the area is 500.49 km². The elevation is 632 m....
,
Monte Alegre do SulAlegre do Sul is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population as of January, 2010 is 6,000, and the area is 110,9 km². The elevation is 748 m. The Brazilian website cited here has more information....
,
Pedra BelaPedra Bela is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 5,849 and the area is 157.62 km². The elevation is 1,120 m....
,
PinhalzinhoPinhalzinho is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 12,296 and the area is 155.32 km². The elevation is 910 m....
,
PirassunungaPirassununga is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2010 was 70.081 and the area is 728.78 km². The elevation is 627 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language....
,
Porto FerreiraPorto Ferreira is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 52,026 and the area is 244.88 km².It is situated to the edge of the river Mogi-Guaçu, at an altitude of 549 meters. Its population in 2006 was 54 000 inhabitants...
,
Santa Cruz das PalmeirasSanta Cruz das Palmeiras is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 27,473 and the area is 296.57 km². The elevation is 635 m....
,
Santo Antônio do JardimSanto Antônio do Jardim is a municipality in the eastern part of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 6,394 and the area is 109.77 km². The elevation is 850 m. Santo Antônio do Jardim is located almost north of the state capital named São Paulo and ENE of Campinas...
,
São João da Boa VistaSão João da Boa Vista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 81,614 and the area is 517.49 km². The elevation is 767 m.-The foundation history:The city was founded on June 24, 1821...
,
São José do Rio PardoSão José do Rio Pardo is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It was founded by Colonel Antônio Marçal Nogueira de Barros on April 4, 1865. Nevertheless, since the town's saint, São José or Saint Joseph was celebrated on March 19, the accepted official date of the town foundation is...
,
São Sebastião da GramaSão Sebastião da Grama is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 12,784 and the area is 252.95 km². The elevation is 945 m....
,
Serra Negra-External links:...
,
Socorro-Parks and recreation:-External links: The official website of Socorro. Socorro City Council website. A tourism website about Socorro....
,
TambaúTambaú is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 23,490 and the area is 563.54 km². The elevation is 698 m....
,
TapiratibaTapiratiba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 13,528 and the area is 221.24 km². The elevation is 760 m....
,
Vargem Grande do SulVargem Grande do Sul is a municipality in the northeast of the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The estimated population in 2004 was 39,047. The municipality area is 267.26 km². The elevation is 721 m. Access through state roads SP-344 e SP-215...
and
VinhedoVinhedo is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 54,194 and its area is 81.956 km². The elevation is 725 m. It was founded in 1949....
.
Other cities which are geographically, historically or economically tied to the meso-region of Campinas could be mentioned:
ArarasAraras is a city and county in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The population in 2010 is 118,898.-Sports:União São João Esporte Clube, founded in 1981, is the most successful football club of the city....
,
AtibaiaAtibaia is a Brazilian city located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The name is derived from an indigenous language called Tupi, and means "healthy water river". Its name has changed over time, from the primitive Tupi word Tybaia, to Thibaia, Atubaia, Thibaya, and finally the city's modern...
,
Bragança PaulistaBragança Paulista is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2005 is 139.740 and the area is 489 km². The elevation is 817 m....
,
CapivariCapivari is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2003 was estimated 45,187 and the area is 324.47 km².-People:...
,
ConchalConchal is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 24,422 and the area is 184.36 km². The elevation is 591 m....
,
IracemápolisIracemápolis is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 17,506 and the area is 115.67 km². The elevation is 608 m.It is well known as the birthplace of footballer Elano....
,
ItuItu is an old and historic municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2009 was 157,384 and the area is 641.68 km². The elevation is 583 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language, meaning big waterfall. Itu is linked with the highway numbered the SP-75 and are flowed...
,
ItupevaItupeva is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 30,283 and the area is 201.68 km². The elevation is 675 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language. It's a rural city, you can find lot of kinds of crops growing there. It has also an urban/suburban...
,
JarinuJarinu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 20,203 and the area is 207.67 km². The elevation is 755 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language....
,
JundiaiJundiaí is a city and municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population in 2009 was 349,929, and the area is 433.958 km². The elevation is 761 m. Distance is 60 km north of the city of São Paulo.- History and Geography :...
,
LimeiraLimeira is a city in the eastern part of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The population in 2004 is 270,733 and the area is 582.48 km². The elevation is 588 m. It is 154 km far from São Paulo, the state capital, and 1011 km far from Brasilia, Brazil's capital...
,
LouveiraLouveira is a municipality/county in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 27,925 and the area is 55.418 km². The elevation is 690 m....
,
MombucaMombuca is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 1991 was 2,596, the population density was 0.77 persons/km², the area is 3,369 km². It had a population of 2,657 in 1980 and 3,010 in 1970. The elevation is 550 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language....
,
MorungabaMorungaba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 is 10,784 and the area is 146.89 km². The elevation is 765 m. This place name comes from the Tupi language....
,
PiracicabaPiracicaba is a city located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The population in 2009 was 368,843 in an area of 1,369.511 km², at an elevation of 547 m above sea level.-Name:...
,
RafardRafard is a city in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was estimated 8,243 and the area is 132,82 km². The elevation is 515 m.-People:...
,
Rio das PedrasRio das Pedras is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 25,746 and the area is 227.57 km². The elevation is 625 m....
,
SaltoSalto is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The elevation is 555 m. The city has one main river, rio Tietê. Poll from 2004 shows the population is 103.884.The city has an important geological park: "Moutonée Park"....
and
TuiutiTuiuti is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2004 was 5,398 and the area is 126.86 km². The elevation is 790 m....
.
Economy
Campinas is the richest city in the metropolitan region of Campinas and the 10th richest city in Brazil, showing a gross domestic product (GDP) of 27.1 billion
reaisThe real is the present-day currency of Brazil. Its sign is R$ and its ISO code is BRL. It is subdivided into 100 centavos ....
(2007), which represents 0.96% of all Brazilian GDP. Currently, the city concentrates around one third of industrial production of São Paulo state. The paper highlights the high-tech industries and metallurgical park, considered the capital of Silicon Valley Sterling.
The region hosts more than 10,000 medium and large companies, many of which are among the 1,000 largest and best in Brazil, according to Exame magazine, such as
Hondais a Japanese public multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles.Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959, as well as the world's largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume, producing more than...
, Toyota,
UnileverUnilever is a British-Dutch multinational corporation that owns many of the world's consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products....
, Mann,
3M3M Company , formerly known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation based in Maplewood, Minnesota, United States....
, Sherwilliams,
BoschRobert Bosch GmbH is a multinational engineering and electronics company headquartered in Gerlingen, near Stuttgart, Germany. It is the world's largest supplier of automotive components...
,
PirelliPirelli & C. SpA is a diverse multinational company based in Milan, Italy. The company, the world’s fifth largest tyre manufacturer, is present in over 160 countries, has 20 manufacturing sites around the world and a network of around 10,000 distributors and retailers.Founded in Milan in 1872,...
,
DellDell, Inc. is an American multinational information technology corporation based in 1 Dell Way, Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. Bearing the name of its founder, Michael Dell, the company is one of the largest...
,
IBMInternational Business Machines Corporation or IBM is an American multinational technology and consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas...
,
BASFBASF SE is the largest chemical company in the world and is headquartered in Germany. BASF originally stood for Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik . Today, the four letters are a registered trademark and the company is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, and Zurich Stock...
, Dow Chemical, Villares, SEMESA,
EricssonEricsson , one of Sweden's largest companies, is a provider of telecommunication and data communication systems, and related services, covering a range of technologies, including especially mobile networks...
, Singer,
GoodyearThe Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company was founded in 1898 by Frank Seiberling. Goodyear manufactures tires for automobiles, commercial trucks, light trucks, SUVs, race cars, airplanes, farm equipment and heavy earth-mover machinery....
, CPFL,
ElektroElektro is the nickname of a robot built by the Pittsburgh-based Westinghouse Electric Corporation in its Mansfield, Ohio facility between 1937 and 1938. Seven feet tall, weighing 265 pounds, humanoid in appearance, he could walk by voice command, speak about 700 words , smoke cigarettes, blow up...
, DPaschoal, Sotreq,
ValeoValeo is a French automotive components manufacturer.-History:The Société Anonyme Française du Ferodo was founded in 1923 in Saint-Ouen, a suburb of Paris...
, Rigesa,
International PaperInternational Paper Company is an American pulp and paper company, the largest such company in the world. It has approximately 59,500 employees, and it is headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee.-History:...
,
NortelNortel Networks Corporation, formerly known as Northern Telecom Limited and sometimes known simply as Nortel, was a multinational telecommunications equipment manufacturer headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada...
, Lucent,
SamsungThe Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea...
,
MotorolaMotorola, Inc. was an American multinational telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois, which was eventually divided into two independent public companies, Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions on January 4, 2011, after losing $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009...
, Medley Pharma, Romi,
TennecoTenneco is a $6.2 billion Fortune 500 company that has been publicly traded on the NYSE since November 5, 1999 under the symbol TEN...
,
General ElectricGeneral Electric Company , or GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in Schenectady, New York and headquartered in Fairfield, Connecticut, United States...
,
Texas InstrumentsTexas Instruments Inc. , widely known as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, United States, which develops and commercializes semiconductor and computer technology...
,
MabeMabe is a global company which designs, produces, and distributes appliances to more than 70 countries around the world. The company was incorporated in 1946 in Mexico City. Mabe was initially dedicated to manufacture kitchen furniture. In the 1950s, Mabe began manufacturing various appliances...
, EMS Farma, MDS Pharma,
AltanaThe Altana AG is a German chemical company based in Wesel. Altana develops and produces products in the specialty chemicals business. The ALTANA Group, with headquarters in Wesel/Germany, sells 85% of its products overseas...
,
SolectronSolectron Corporation was a global electronics manufacturing company for original equipment manufacturers . It pioneered the electronics manufacturing services industry in 1977 and was a leader in the field...
, Magnetti Marelli, Amsted Maxion,
EatonEaton Corporation is a global diversified power management company with 2010 sales of $13.7 billion. The company is a leading provider of electrical components and systems for power quality, distribution and control; hydraulics components, systems and services for industrial and mobile equipment;...
, Galvani, Selmi, Nutron,
AmBevAmbev formally Companhia de Bebidas das Américas is a subsidiary of global brewing company Anheuser-Busch InBev and is the biggest brewery in South America and the fifth in the world...
,
CaterpillarCaterpillars are the larval form of members of the order Lepidoptera . They are mostly herbivorous in food habit, although some species are insectivorous. Caterpillars are voracious feeders and many of them are considered to be pests in agriculture...
,
BombardierBombardier Recreational Products or BRP is a Canadian company that traces its roots back to the year 1942 when Joseph-Armand Bombardier founded L'Auto-Neige Bombardier Limitée in Valcourt in the Eastern Townships, Quebec.In 2003, Bombardier Inc...
, Atento Brazil,
ACSActividades de Construcción y Servicios, S.A. is a Spanish company dedicated to civil and engineering construction, all types services and telecommunications. It is one of the leading construction companies in the world, with projects in many countries around the world...
,
DedicDedić, or Dedič, or Dědič is an European surname. It is a common surname in most of the South Slav nations.People with the surname Dedić:* Arsen Dedić - Croatian singer-songwriter....
, CAF and many others.
The petrochemical complex is centered in Southeastern, a few miles of Campinas, near the refinery of Petrobras Planalto Paulista (Replan), the largest in Brazil one of the largest in Latin America, and has companies like
DupontE. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , commonly referred to as DuPont, is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont. DuPont was the world's third largest chemical company based on market capitalization and ninth based on revenue in 2009...
,
ChevronChevron Corporation is an American multinational energy corporation headquartered in San Ramon, California, United States and active in more than 180 countries. It is engaged in every aspect of the oil, gas, and geothermal energy industries, including exploration and production; refining,...
,
ShellRoyal Dutch Shell plc , commonly known as Shell, is a global oil and gas company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands and with its registered office in London, United Kingdom. It is the fifth-largest company in the world according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine and one of the six...
,
ExxonExxon is a chain of gas stations as well as a brand of motor fuel and related products by ExxonMobil. From 1972 to 1999, Exxon was the corporate name of the company previously known as Standard Oil Company of New Jersey or Jersey Standard....
, Group
IpirangaIpiranga for "red river") is an historical district located in the subprefecture of the same name of São Paulo, Brazil. The name Ipiranga comes from the river of the same name located in the region, which means "red river" in a Tupí–Guaraní language...
, Eucatex,
RhodiaRhodia is a group specialized in fine chemistry, synthetic fibers and polymers. Rhodia is listed on the Paris Stock Exchange on NYSE Euronext. The company services the consumer goods, automotive, energy, manufacturing and processes and electronics markets...
, and others. It has the largest cargo airport of import / export, and is the hub of companies and Blue Trip. The largest companies have a global turnover of more than $ 80 billion, larger than many Latin American countries.
The city is also an important and diverse shopping, owning two of the largest shopping mall in the country: The Iguatemi Campinas and Shopping Parque Dom Pedro. Has, in its metropolitan area, the Viracopos International Airport, which stands in the international transport of cargo.
Campinas' main economic activities are
agricultureAgriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
(mainly coffee,
sugarcaneSugarcane refers to any of six to 37 species of tall perennial grasses of the genus Saccharum . Native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South Asia, they have stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sugar, and measure two to six metres tall...
, and
cottonCotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. The botanical purpose of cotton fiber is to aid in seed dispersal....
), industry (textiles,
motorcycleA motorcycle is a single-track, two-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road conditions.Motorcycles are one of the most...
s, cars, machinery, agricultural equipment, food and beverages,
chemicalThe chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. Central to the modern world economy, it converts raw materials into more than 70,000 different products.-Products:...
and petrochemical, pharmaceuticals,
paperPaper is a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, drawing or for packaging. It is produced by pressing together moist fibers, typically cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets....
and
celluloseCellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β linked D-glucose units....
, telecommunications, computers and
electronicsElectronics is the branch of science, engineering and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies...
, etc.),
commerceWhile business refers to the value-creating activities of an organization for profit, commerce means the whole system of an economy that constitutes an environment for business. The system includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural, and technological systems that are in operation in any...
and services.
The Campinas Metropolitan Region is home to many national and international high-tech industries, including IBM,
DellDell, Inc. is an American multinational information technology corporation based in 1 Dell Way, Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells and supports computers and related products and services. Bearing the name of its founder, Michael Dell, the company is one of the largest...
,
MotorolaMotorola, Inc. was an American multinational telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois, which was eventually divided into two independent public companies, Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions on January 4, 2011, after losing $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009...
, Freescale, Lucent,
NortelNortel Networks Corporation, formerly known as Northern Telecom Limited and sometimes known simply as Nortel, was a multinational telecommunications equipment manufacturer headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada...
,
CompaqCompaq Computer Corporation is a personal computer company founded in 1982. Once the largest supplier of personal computing systems in the world, Compaq existed as an independent corporation until 2002, when it was acquired for US$25 billion by Hewlett-Packard....
,
CelesticaCelestica Inc. is a multinational electronics manufacturing services company headquartered in Toronto, Canada. Celestica’s global manufacturing network comprises more than 40 locations in 11 countries in the Americas, Europe and Asia, supplying a wide variety of leading OEMs...
,
SamsungThe Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul, South Korea...
,
AlcatelAlcatel Mobile Phones is a brand of mobile handsets. It was established in 2004 as a joint venture between Alcatel-Lucent of France and TCL Communication of China....
,
BoschRobert Bosch GmbH is a multinational engineering and electronics company headquartered in Gerlingen, near Stuttgart, Germany. It is the world's largest supplier of automotive components...
,
3M3M Company , formerly known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation based in Maplewood, Minnesota, United States....
,
Texas InstrumentsTexas Instruments Inc. , widely known as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, United States, which develops and commercializes semiconductor and computer technology...
.
The airline
TRIP Linhas AéreasTRIP Linhas Aéreas S/A is a domestic regional airline based in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil in October 2011 Trip had 3.81% of the domestic market share in terms of passengers per kilometre flown.-History:The airline was established in 1998...
is headquartered in Campinas. The Viracopos airport is also the operational hub of Azul Airlines.
The
automotive industryThe automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles, and is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue....
is also heavily represented: General Motors,
Mercedes-BenzMercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks. Mercedes-Benz is a division of its parent company, Daimler AG...
,
Hondais a Japanese public multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles.Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959, as well as the world's largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume, producing more than...
, Magneti Marelli,
Eaton CorporationEaton Corporation is a global diversified power management company with 2010 sales of $13.7 billion. The company is a leading provider of electrical components and systems for power quality, distribution and control; hydraulics components, systems and services for industrial and mobile equipment;...
,
TennecoTenneco is a $6.2 billion Fortune 500 company that has been publicly traded on the NYSE since November 5, 1999 under the symbol TEN...
, Toyota and many others are present. It also has a sizable pharmaceutical industry sector, with companies like Medley Farma, EMS Farma,
AltanaThe Altana AG is a German chemical company based in Wesel. Altana develops and produces products in the specialty chemicals business. The ALTANA Group, with headquarters in Wesel/Germany, sells 85% of its products overseas...
, Merck Sharp and Dohme,
CristáliaCristália is a Brazilian municipality located in the north of the state of Minas Gerais. In 2007 the population was 5,731 in a total area of 841 km². The elevation is 728 meters. It became a municipality in 1962.-Location and Distances:...
,
ValeoValeo is a French automotive components manufacturer.-History:The Société Anonyme Française du Ferodo was founded in 1923 in Saint-Ouen, a suburb of Paris...
, etc.
In addition the region is home to many
research centerA research center is a facility or building dedicated to research, commonly with the focus on a specific area. There are over 14,000 research centers in the United States...
s and
universitiesA university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
, such as LNLS, CPqD, CenPRA, Embrapa, Unicamp, Facamp and Puccamp. According to the
Times Higher Education 2007 World University Rankings, the University of Campinas (Unicamp) is the 177th best university in the world, and the 2nd best in Latin America (after the
University of São PauloUniversidade de São Paulo is a public university in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. It is the largest Brazilian university and one of the country's most prestigious...
in 176th place).
Campinas also boasts the largest number of high-tech
business incubatorBusiness incubators are programs designed to accelerate the successful development of entrepreneurial companies through an array of business support resources and services, developed and orchestrated by incubator management and offered both in the incubator and through its network of contacts...
s and industrial parks (a total of eight), such as the CIATEC I and II, Softex, TechnoPark, InCamp, Polis, TechTown, Industrial Park of Campinas and others.
The presence of one of the largest oil refineries in Latin America (350824 barrels (55,776.6 m³) of
crudePetroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling...
per day), operated by
PetrobrasPetróleo Brasileiro or Petrobras is a semi-public Brazilian multinational energy corporation headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is the largest company in Latin America by market capitalization and revenue, and the largest company headquartered in the Southern Hemisphere by market...
in the neighboring county of
PaulíniaPaulínia is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. As of 2009, its population was 84.577 inhabitants in an area of 145.27 km². The elevation is 590 m...
, has attracted many petrochemical companies to the Campinas area, including
DuPontE. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company , commonly referred to as DuPont, is an American chemical company that was founded in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill by Eleuthère Irénée du Pont. DuPont was the world's third largest chemical company based on market capitalization and ninth based on revenue in 2009...
, Rhone-Poulenc, and
Royal Dutch ShellRoyal Dutch Shell plc , commonly known as Shell, is a global oil and gas company headquartered in The Hague, Netherlands and with its registered office in London, United Kingdom. It is the fifth-largest company in the world according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine and one of the six...
.
The Brazilian Pró-Álcool Program was developed in Campinas: a whole industry based on the use of ethanol as a combustible for motor vehicles, going from a new
sucroseSucrose is the organic compound commonly known as table sugar and sometimes called saccharose. A white, odorless, crystalline powder with a sweet taste, it is best known for its role in human nutrition. The molecule is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose with the molecular formula...
-rich
sugarcaneSugarcane refers to any of six to 37 species of tall perennial grasses of the genus Saccharum . Native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South Asia, they have stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sugar, and measure two to six metres tall...
, to alcohol refineries, a huge distribution system, and, most recently, an
internal combustion engineThe internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high -pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine...
capable of using either
gasolineGasoline , or petrol , is a toxic, translucent, petroleum-derived liquid that is primarily used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also contain...
or
ethanolEthanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. Best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, it is also used in thermometers, as a...
.
Other examples of Campinas-bred technologies are fiber optics,
laserA laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation...
s for telecommunications and medical applications,
integrated circuitAn integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material...
s design and fabrication,
satellite environmental monitoringEarth observation satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, similar to reconnaissance satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc....
of natural resources, software for agriculture, digital telephone switches, deep-water oil exploration platforms and technologies, biomedical equipment,
medical softwareIn computers, medical software is a significant branch of software engineering. Many medical devices that monitor or control patients are predominantly controlled by software. Medical devices are frequently regulated and must comply with local and regional laws. In the European Union, these...
,
genetic engineeringGenetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology. It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest...
and recombinant
DNADeoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
technologies for food production and pharmaceutics, and
food engineeringFood engineering is a multidisciplinary field of applied physical sciences which combines science, microbiology, and engineering education for food and related industries. Food engineering includes, but is not limited to, the application of agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering and...
. Because of this, Campinas has been called the
Brazilian Silicon ValleyBrazilian Silicon Valley is a term commonly applied to the region of Campinas and in southern region this term is applied for Florianópolis city, Brazil because of its similarity to the 'original' Silicon Valley, located in California in the USA....
.
Socio-economic conditions
Despite Campinas' position of wealth and social and economic opportunity vis-a-vis the rest of the country, the average per capita income of little more than US$ 17,700 per year clearly indicates that there are problems. If re-evaluated in terms of PPP (
Purchasing Power ParityIn economics, purchasing power parity is a condition between countries where an amount of money has the same purchasing power in different countries. The prices of the goods between the countries would only reflect the exchange rates...
), Campinas' average income looks better (roughly 12,300 USD per year). In fact, Campinas is emblematic of the wealth distribution inequality that is so common in the country (Brazil is the 9th largest economy in the world, but ranks only 32nd in wealth generation per capita, and 117th in average
Gini coefficientThe Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper "Variability and Mutability" ....
). Campinas has a Gini coefficient of 58%, which is almost the same as that of Brazil (59.3), a level similar to countries such as
ZimbabweZimbabwe is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia and a tip of Namibia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three...
and
ParaguayParaguay , officially the Republic of Paraguay , is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the...
. Such a level means that the top 10% richest make almost 70 times more than the 10% poorest.
This level of poverty contrasts with the high
Human Development IndexThe Human Development Index is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate "very high human development", "high human development", "medium human development", and "low human development" countries...
of Campinas, which is about the same level as
ChileChile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
, Hungary, Poland,
LithuaniaLithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark...
and
SlovakiaThe Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
. The explanation for this apparent contradiction is that side by side, even in the same city section, one can find walled
condominiumA condominium, or condo, is the form of housing tenure and other real property where a specified part of a piece of real estate is individually owned while use of and access to common facilities in the piece such as hallways, heating system, elevators, exterior areas is executed under legal rights...
s with a yearly average per capita income of US$ 60,000 to US$ 100,000 and spreading "
favelaA favela is the generally used term for a shanty town in Brazil. In the late 18th century, the first settlements were called bairros africanos . This was the place where former slaves with no land ownership and no options for work lived. Over the years, many freed black slaves moved in...
s" (slum cities) with incomes of less than US$ 800 p.a. The classes A and B help move the local economy, and provide a strong tax base for the municipality.
Until the late 1970s, Campinas was proud to have no favelas, but the increasing
industrializationIndustry refers to the production of an economic good or service within an economy.-Industrial sectors:There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction,...
and wealth attracted hordes of destitute agrarian workers and urban dwellers with few job qualifications from all parts of the country. Land invasions were frequent and the municipal powers were unable or unwilling to suppress them, allowing illegal occupation of land in key sectors of the city (in Brazil, state and counties are forbidden by the Federal Constitution to restrict or even measure the free movement of citizens).
Culture
The city has always been a cultural center in the State of São Paulo. This has increased greatly with the proliferation of universities. Campinas has three theater houses, a symphony orchestra, (considered one of the three best of the country), now under Principal Conductor Parcival Módolo and
Karl MartinJohann Karl Ludwig Martin was a German geologist. He was professor in geology at Leiden University from 1877 to 1922. From 1880 to 1922 he also was director of the Geological Museum of Leiden...
, classical music ensembles, choral groups, 43 movie screens and over a dozen cinemas, dozens of libraries (including a municipal library), art galleries, museums, etc.
Tourism and recreation
The city does not have many tourist spots, since it is not located at the
beachA beach is a geological landform along the shoreline of an ocean, sea, lake or river. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles or cobblestones...
or the mountains, and has no remarkable old monument or construction. However it has some nice places to visit such as:
- the Bosque dos Jequitibás, an urban preserved wooded area reminiscent of the original rain forest that covered the region in the past: it has a small zoo with local fauna
Fauna or faunæ is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora.Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess shale fauna"...
and a natural history museum
- the Cathedral, which was built in the 19th century; its interior is entirely made of jacaranda
Jacaranda is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of South America , Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. It is also found in Asia, especially in Nepal...
wood sculptures and works. It was made using a technique called "taipa de pilão" using clay and rocks – it is one of the largest buildings in the world using this construction technique;
- the Central Market, with typical stall stands full of fresh product of the region
- the old Central Railway Station, now converted to a cultural center;
- Centro de Convivência, a cultural complex of theater, an open arena
An arena is an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theater, musical performances, or sporting events. It is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators. The key feature of an arena is that the event space is the...
for concerts and spectacles, and a plaza where Campinas Symphony Orchestra often plays to the public;
- the Castelo (Castle) Water Tower, which provides a beautiful view over the downtown;
- the Historical Railway Society of Campinas, which maintains the Anhumas station, a set of steam locomotive
A locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. The word originates from the Latin loco – "from a place", ablative of locus, "place" + Medieval Latin motivus, "causing motion", and is a shortened form of the term locomotive engine, first used in the early 19th...
s and full carriages and which promotes regular trips along a picturesque region dotted with old coffee farms;
- the Lagoa do Taquaral
thumb|right|250px|[[Jogging]] track at Lagoa do TaquaralLagoa do Taquaral, officially named Parque Portugal, is an urban public park in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil...
Park, a much-beloved urban lagoonA lagoon is a body of shallow sea water or brackish water separated from the sea by some form of barrier. The EU's habitat directive defines lagoons as "expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinity or water volume, wholly or partially separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle,...
and adjacent wooded park, includes: a planetariumA planetarium is a theatre built primarily for presenting educational and entertaining shows about astronomy and the night sky, or for training in celestial navigation...
, a science museumA science museum or a science centre is a museum devoted primarily to science. Older science museums tended to concentrate on static displays of objects related to natural history, paleontology, geology, industry and industrial machinery, etc. Modern trends in museology have broadened the range of...
, an indoor sports stadium and swimming pool, kart racingKart racing or karting is a variant of open-wheel motorsport with small, open, four-wheeled vehicles called karts, go-karts, or gearbox/shifter karts depending on the design. They are usually raced on scaled-down circuits...
and model airplane areas, an open concert auditorium, a floating caravelA caravel is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave her speed and the capacity for sailing to windward...
replica, an electric tramA tram is a passenger rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets and also sometimes on separate rights of way. It may also run between cities and/or towns , and/or partially grade separated even in the cities...
way (streetcar line), pedal boats, plus facilities for several types of sports, including a long track for running and walking;
Campinas' readers of the
Correio PopularCorreio Popular is the largest daily newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded on September 4, 1927 by Álvaro Ribeiro...
newspaper and the Cosmo Website have voted in July 2007 for the "
Seven Wonders of CampinasThe seven wonders of Campinas is a list of the most beautiful and interesting tourism spots in the city of Campinas, Brazil, which were voted by the readers of Correio Popular newspaper and the Cosmo On-Line Web portal.They are:-Culture Station:...
".
The mountain region around Campinas has better travel and stay opportunities, such as in the spa cities of
Serra Negra-External links:...
and
Águas de LindóiaÁguas de Lindóia is a Brazilian city of the state of São Paulo. It has a remarkable tourist activity due to its many water springs, being part of the "Circuito das Águas" . Close to it are the cities of Lindóia, Serra Negra and Monte Sião....
; and in
HolambraHolambra is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population in 2009 is 10,224 and the area is 64.422 km²...
, a rural region which was populated by immigrants from the Netherlands, with an annual
flowerA flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
festival and typical buildings and restaurants.
Sports
Campinas is home to two football clubs nationally recognized: the Athletic Association Ponte Preta and Guarani Futebol Clube, who perform "Campineiro derby" match that is considered one of the most traditional of the state occurring since 1912. There is also the Red Bull Brazil, which was created in November 2007 and lately has gained significant prominence. Women's football also has been outstanding, albeit amateur. In the story also revealed other clubs, such as Mogiana Sports Club, which was created in June 7, 1933 and came into bankruptcy in the 60s.
The city also has three major stages: Stadium Earring Golden Princess, owned by the Guarani, which opened in 1953 and today has a capacity of around 30,000 people, Sport and Recreation Centre in Campinas Dr. Horacio Antonio da Costa (Cerecamp Stadium or Stadium Mogiana), which belongs to the state of São Paulo and was opened in 1940, besides the Lucarelli Stadium Moses, command the Black Bridge, which was founded in 1948 and has the capacity to almost 20 thousand visitors.
The city is still home to several sporting events in other modalities, such as the Race Integration, which is held since 1983 by Pioneer Broadcasters Television (EPTV), being divided into two modes (a 5 km-dedicated to the disabled and wheelchair users, and another 10 km, the normal). Campinas also has tradition in the Open Games of the Interior, created in 1936 and competition involving various sports. Four times, hosted the competition (1939, 1945, 1960 and 1994), and ten times the city came out as the winner of the competition (1939, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979), being the third city which has won the most competition. In tennis there is the Tennis Club of Campinas (CBT), which was created in 1913, offering, in addition to the blocks of the sport, swimming pools, courts for basketball and soccer, as well as rooms suitable for the practice of judo, gymnastics and dance. Club de Regatas Campineiro and Swim (CCRN) also provides space for the practice of various types of Olympic sports.
Government
The current
mayorIn many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....
is
Hélio de Oliveira SantosHélio de Oliveira Santos is a physician, graduated in the Medical School of the State University of Campinas and specialized in pediatrics, federal representative, and was the mayor of the municipality of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, from January 2005 to September 2011, when he was...
, a physician, former professor of
pediatric surgeryPediatric surgery or paediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults...
at the
UNICAMP Medical SchoolFaculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas is a college of the State University of Campinas, located in the campus of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil...
and federal congressman, who was elected by a
coalitionA coalition is a pact or treaty among individuals or groups, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest, joining forces together for a common cause. This alliance may be temporary or a matter of convenience. A coalition thus differs from a more formal covenant...
of several
political partiesPolitical Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy is a book by sociologist Robert Michels, published in 1911 , and first introducing the concept of iron law of oligarchy...
, led by the Partido Democrático Trabalhista. His initial term ran from Jan. 1, 2005 to Dec. 31, 2008. He was reelected for another term, from Jan 1, 2009 to Dec. 31, 2012. The municipality is subdivided into one main district and four subdistricts, Joaquim Egídio,
SousasSousas is one of the four districts in the city of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo. It is found in the western part of the city, approximately ten kilometers from downtown. The Atibaia river passes through central Sousas....
,
Barão Geraldothumb|right|300px|Panoramic view of Barão Geraldo, taken from a hill overlooking [[UNICAMP]]Barão Geraldo is a district of the municipality of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil...
and Nova Aparecida. There are also 14 regional administrations.
The
Secretariat of International Cooperation (SMCI) was created on April 28, 1994. It is one of the 18 Secretariats of the City Hall of Campinas and it is currently located in that building.
Its mains goals are:
- the attraction and facilititaion for the arrival of new investments to the city;
- the expansion of the companies activities that are already established in the city;
- the perpetuation of the relations between the city, its international community and partners, such as the Sister-Cities.
The Secretariat also acts as supporter to other secretariats in the City Hall, often through: the identification of national and foreign potentials investors; keeping systematic contacts with executives in Brazil and abroad, Embassies, Chambers of Commerces and relevant International Organizations; presenting Campinas to the cities and interested investors.
Notable mayors
- Orozimbo Maia – 1904, 1908–1910, 1926–1930
- Ruy Hellmeister Novais
Ruy Hellmeister Novais was a Brazilian politician from Campinas, who was twice elected mayor of the city, from 1956 to 1959 and from 1964 to 1969. In his second mandate he was noted for promoting a comprehensive modernization program of the city's infrastructure, including the modern municipal...
– 1956–1959, 1964–1969
- Orestes Quércia
Orestes Quércia was a Brazilian politician. He was the 28th governor of São Paulo State.When young Orestes Quércia moved with his family from Pedregulho to Campinas, where he graduated in journalism...
– 1969–1972
- José Roberto Magalhães Teixeira
José Roberto Magalhães Teixeira was a Brazilian politician, twice mayor of the municipality of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo.Born in Andradas, state of Minas Gerais, on 18 June 1937, he moved to Campinas in 1957, in order to study dentistry at the Pontifical Catholic University...
– 1983–1988, 1993–1996 (died of cancerCancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...
while in office)
- Francisco Amaral – 1977–1982, 1997–2001
- Antonio da Costa Santos
Antonio da Costa Santos was a Brazilian architect and politician affiliated to the Workers' Party .Toninho took office as Mayor of Campinas , on January 1, 2001. He was shot to death at 10:15 pm, September 10, 2001, as he was driving home alone from a shopping mall...
(Toninho) – 2001 (murdered while in office)
- Izalene Tiene
Izalene Tiene is a Brazilian social worker and politician, affiliated to the Brazilian Worker's Party .In 2000 she was elected vice-Mayor of Campinas, on the ticket of Antonio da Costa Santos . She took office on January 1, 2001, and became Mayor after Toninho's murder on September 10, 2001...
– 2001–2005
- Hélio de Oliveira Santos
Hélio de Oliveira Santos is a physician, graduated in the Medical School of the State University of Campinas and specialized in pediatrics, federal representative, and was the mayor of the municipality of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, from January 2005 to September 2011, when he was...
(Dr. Hélio) – 2005–present
Infrastructure
Transportation
Campinas is a major transportation and telecommunications hub for the State of
São PauloSão Paulo is a state in Brazil. It is the major industrial and economic powerhouse of the Brazilian economy. Named after Saint Paul, São Paulo has the largest population, industrial complex, and economic production in the country. It is the richest state in Brazil...
, as it is located on the major highways that connect the capital to the Northwest and Northern parts of the State. The city is served by the a Campinas Beltway (
Anel Viário) and the following main highways:
- Rodovia Anhangüera
Rodovia Anhangüera is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is one of the country's busiest transportation corridors...
- Rodovia dos Bandeirantes
Rodovia Bandeirantes is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.Once the traffic capacity of Anhangüera Highway was exceeded in the 1960s, the state government decided to built another highway, with a much higher capacity and modern design, directly connecting São Paulo City to Jundiaí,...
- Rodovia Santos Dumont
Rodovia Santos Dumont is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.It runs in a North-South direction and interconnects the cities of Campinas, Indaiatuba, Salto, Itu and Sorocaba, crossing with two other major highways, Rodovia Castelo Branco, nearby Sorocaba, and the Rodovia dos Bandeirantes...
- Rodovia Dom Pedro I
Rodovia Dom Pedro I is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.One of the best built and most scenic highways in the country, it interconnects the Anhangüera and the Presidente Dutra highways, serving the major cities of Campinas, Atibaia, Jacareí and São José dos Campos...
- Rodovia Adhemar de Barros
Rodovia Adhemar de Barros is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is 170 km long.The highway runs in an almost perfect South-North direction, departing from the city of Campinas, then passing by Jaguariúna, Holambra, Santo Antônio da Posse, Mogi Guaçu, Mogi Mirim, Estiva Gerbi,...
- Rodovia Professor Zeferino Vaz
- Rodovia Jornalista Francisco Aguirre Proença
Rodovia Jornalista Francisco Aguirre Proença is a state highway in the State of São Paulo which connects the cities of Campinas, Hortolândia, Monte Mor, Elias Fausto and Capivari. Its first 25 kilometers are double-laned, the rest is still single-laned...
All these highways are built according to the highest international standards (see
highway system of São PauloThe highway system of São Paulo is the largest statewide road transportation system in Brazil, with 34,650 km. It consists of a hugely interconnected network of municipal , state and federal roads...
). The
Anel Viário José Magalhães TeixeiraThe Anel Viário José Magalhães Teixeira is the Campinas Beltway, a ring of high-speed highways surrounding the city of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The Campinas Beltway is the Northern vertex of the Macrometropolitan Highway System of Greater São Paulo and one of the few complete...
(SP-038) around the city currently interconnects the Anhangüera and Dom Pedro I highways.
Campinas has long been a major railway hub, too, although passenger train lines no longer operate there. The city built a
light railLight rail or light rail transit is a form of urban rail public transportation that generally has a lower capacity and lower speed than heavy rail and metro systems, but higher capacity and higher speed than traditional street-running tram systems...
line in the early-1990s, but due to low ridership the entire project was abandoned.
The main airport of the city is
Viracopos International AirportViracopos-Campinas International Airport is the international airport serving Campinas, Brazil. On January 6, 1987, the airport name was officially normalized to its present form....
, located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from downtown Campinas and 99 kilometres (61.5 mi) from the city of
São PauloSão Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
, and can be reached by three highways: Santos Dumont,
BandeirantesRodovia Bandeirantes is a highway in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.Once the traffic capacity of Anhangüera Highway was exceeded in the 1960s, the state government decided to built another highway, with a much higher capacity and modern design, directly connecting São Paulo City to Jundiaí,...
and Anhanguera. Because of the size and wealth of the regional population around Campinas, and its industrial sector which relies strongly on importation and exportation, the airport today is one of the airport's operator (
InfraeroEmpresa Brasileira de Infraestrutura Aeroportuária, Infraero in short, is a Brazilian government corporation created in 1972 and responsible for operating the main Brazilian commercial airports. In 2009, Infraero's airports carried 128,135,616 passengers and 1,114,754 tons of cargo and operated...
) highest priorities to receive investments.
Due to the operation of several passenger airlines, such as TAM Airlines, Gol Airlines, Trip Airlines and, more recently, Azul Airlines, which has made Viracopos as its main national hub, the airport is now also the third in the ranking of highest passenger movement in the state of São Paulo. A fast train line is planned for connecting the capital city of São Paulo to the Viracopos airport, thus enhancing its importance in the air transportation in Brazil.
A second facility,
Campo dos Amarais AirportCampo dos Amarais Airport is an airport serving Campinas, Brazil.It is operated by DAESP.-External links:...
located 8 kilometres (5 mi) from downtown Campinas, is dedicated to
general aviationGeneral aviation is one of the two categories of civil aviation. It refers to all flights other than military and scheduled airline and regular cargo flights, both private and commercial. General aviation flights range from gliders and powered parachutes to large, non-scheduled cargo jet flights...
.
Communications
Although the city has a complex system of communication today, Campinas was the third city in the world to adopt the technology of the telephone in 1883, after
ChicagoChicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
and
Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro , commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th...
, where 57 machines were installed.
Campinas is a major telecommunications hub in the state and in the country. It has the largest
per capita number of fixed and mobile telephone lines in the São Paulo state and one of the largest in the country. The city is also a major hub for cable, fiber optic,
microwaveMicrowaves, a subset of radio waves, have wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF , and various sources use different boundaries...
and
satelliteIn the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon....
communication
networkA telecommunications network is a collection of terminals, links and nodes which connect together to enable telecommunication between users of the terminals. Networks may use circuit switching or message switching. Each terminal in the network must have a unique address so messages or connections...
.
COMSATThe Communications Satellite Corporation is a global telecommunications company, based in the USA, and with branches in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela and several other countries in the Americas. It is present also in Turkey...
operates near Campinas one of the largest satellite ground stations in Latin America, and the
National Research and Education NetworkA National Research and Education Network is a specialised internet service provider dedicated to supporting the needs of the research and education communities within a country....
(Rede Nacional de Pesquisa e Educação) has a high-capacity point of presence (POP) in the city.
Education
PortuguesePortuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official
high schoolHigh school is a term used in parts of the English speaking world to describe institutions which provide all or part of secondary education. The term is often incorporated into the name of such institutions....
curriculum.
Universities and colleges
- Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Universidade Estadual de Campinas is one of the three public universities of the Brazilian state of São Paulo, along both USP and UNESP....
);
- PUC-Campinas (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas);
- Faculdade INPG - INPG college campus in Campinas; Nationally ranked MBA School by Magazine Você S/A, Edition Nov/2010.
- UNIP (Universidade Paulista);
- FACAMP (Faculdades de Campinas);
- METROCAMP (Faculdade Integrada Metropolitana de Campinas);
- IPEP (Faculdades Integradas IPEP);
- UNISAL (Centro Universitário Salesiano de Sao Paulo);
- USF (Universidade São Francisco);
- ESAMC (Escola Superior de Administração, Marketing e Comunicação);
- Universidade Mackenzie;
- FAC (Faculdades Comunitárias de Campinas);
- Faculdades Fleming;
- Faculdade de Odontologia São Leopoldo Mandic.
Technical schools
- ETE Bento Quirino (Escola Técnica Estadual Bento Quirino)
- ETEC (Escola Técnica de Campinas)
- ETECAP (Escola Técnica Estadual Conselheiro Antonio Prado)
- COTUCA (Colégio Técnico da Universidade de Campinas)
Media
Three daily newspapers are published in Campinas, all owned by media company
Rede Anhangüera de ComunicaçãoRede Anhangüera de Comunicação is an important private holding companies of mass media in the São Paulo state...
:
Correio PopularCorreio Popular is the largest daily newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded on September 4, 1927 by Álvaro Ribeiro...
,
Diário do PovoDiário do Povo is a newspaper published in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil.Correio Popular is owned and managed by a larger communications holding company, Rede Anhangüera de Comunicação, which operates a news agency , a printing facility , a polls company and owns also several...
and
Notícia JáNotícia Já is a popular daily newspaper in the city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was founded in 2007, and has a tabloid format.Currently it has an audited circulation of 60,000...
(a tabloid). Several other local newspapers with weekly or monthly circulation are also published. Several magazines are also published in Campinas, the largest one being
Metrópole, which circulates on Sundays as a supplement to
Correio Popular.
The city has also a large number of
radio stationRadio broadcasting is a one-way wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both...
s as well as several local TV stations, including
TV Universidades and
Fenix TV (both not-for-profit), distributed by
Net CampinasNET is the largest cable television operator in Latin America. The company's Net service had around 23.5 million subscribers as of June 2009...
, the local cable distributor.
Campinas was the first city in Brazil, outside the capitals of Brazilian states, which received the transmission in
digital signal for TVDigital television is the transmission of audio and video by digital signals, in contrast to the analog signals used by analog TV...
, by
EPTVEmissoras Pioneiras de Televisão best known as EPTV, is a Brazilian affiliate of television broadcast. Now, EPTV is a Rede Globo affiliated network, and have four stations, three stations in São Paulo and one in Minas Gerais.-Stations:-External links:*...
, an affiliate of
Rede GloboRede Globo , or simply Globo, is a Brazilian television network, launched by media mogul Roberto Marinho on April 26, 1965. It is owned by media conglomerate Organizações Globo, being by far the largest of its holdings...
, on October 3, 2008. It currently has the second TV station that also broadcasts the signal by TVB, now an affiliate of
Rede RecordRede Record de Televisão is a Brazilian television network, founded in 1953 by Paulo Machado de Carvalho, also founder of Rádio Record. Currently it is owned by businessman Edir Macedo, founder and bishop of the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Since 2007 it is Brazil's second largest...
, since February 2011 (before SBT, when it began in May 8, 2010).
Notable people
See category People from Campinas
- Campos Sales (politician, fourth president of Brazil
The president of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces...
)
- Carlos Gomes
Antônio Carlos Gomes was the first New World composer whose work was accepted by Europe.-Life:He was born in Campinas, Brazil, son of Maestro Manuel José Gomes and Fabiana Maria Jaguari Cardoso....
(opera composer)
- Nelsinho Baptista
Nélson Baptista Júnior, usually known as Nelsinho Baptista , is a former association football right back and is currently a manager...
(soccer player)
- Olavo de Carvalho
Olavo Luiz Pimentel de Carvalho is a Brazilian journalist, and essayist on several issues like the history of astrology and mysticism; the history of revolutionary mentality; and Philosophical Anthropology...
(philosopher and writer)
- Lovefoxxx
Luísa Hanae Matsushita , better known by her stage name Lovefoxxx, is the Brazilian lead singer of indie-electro band Cansei de Ser Sexy.-Biography:...
(singer)
- Joe Gunther
Joe Gunther is the hero of Archer Mayor's longrunning mystery novel series set largely in Brattleboro, Vermont. When the series begins, Gunther has already worked as a police officer for thirty years and is an experienced police lieutenant...
(singer)
- Rubem Alves
Rubem Azevedo Alves, is a Brazilian theologian, philosopher, educator, writer, and psychoanalyst.Alves was born in Boa Esperança, Minas Gerais...
(philosopher and writer)
- Marcelo Damy (physicist)
- Gilberto de Nucci
Gilberto De Nucci is a noted Brazilian physician, scientist and university professor in the field of pharmacology.He was born in Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil. His father was a well-known physician in the city...
(physician and biomedical researcher)
- Renato M.E. Sabbatini (biomedical scientist and writer)
- Regina Duarte
Regina Blois Duarte is a Brazilian film, television and stage actress. Her efforts against the current Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in the 2002 elections caused considerable controversy. Duarte appeared in a TV advertisement saying that she was afraid of what could happen to...
(actress)
- Hércules Florence
Antoine Hercule Romuald Florence was a French-Brazilian painter and inventor, known as the isolate inventor of photography in Brazil, three years before Daguerre , using the matrix negative/positive, still in use...
(inventor)
- Luís Fabiano
Luís Fabiano Clemente , commonly known as Luís Fabiano, is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for São Paulo and the Brazilian national football team as a striker.-Early career:...
– soccer player
- Carlos Roberto Martins
Carlos Roberto Martins is the founder of Wizard Language Institute, a company that employs 45,000 people and teaches 1,000,000 students in ten languages across the globe.- Biography :...
(entrepreneur)
- Crodowaldo Pavan
Crodowaldo Pavan was a Brazilian biologist and geneticist, and a scientific leader in Brazil.-Early life:Pavan was born to a family of second-generation immigrants from Italy in 1919, in the city of Campinas, São Paulo state, Brazil...
(biologist and scientist)
- José Aristodemo Pinotti
José Aristodemo Pinotti was a Brazilian physician, gynecological surgeon, university professor, scientific and educational leader and politician....
(physician, former dean of UNICAMP)
- Cassio Raposo do Amaral
Professor Cassio Menezes Raposo do Amaral, Ph.D. was an internationally recognized physician and plastic and reconstructive surgeon.- Early life and education :...
(plastic surgeon and researcher)
- Zeferino Vaz
Zeferino Vaz led the construction, establishment and development of the Unicamp university, in the interior of the State of São Paulo, Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s...
(physician, former dean of UNICAMP)
- Fausto Corrêa da Silva (Faustão) (TV entertainer)
- Júlio de Mesquita (journalist)
- Hilda Hilst
Hilda de Almeida Prado Hilst, more widely known as Hilda Hilst was a Brazilian poet, playwright and novelist, whose fiction and poetry were generally based upon delicate intimacy and often insanity and supernatural events. Particularly her late works belong to the tradition of magic realism.-Early...
(writer)
- José Pancetti
Giuseppe Giannini Pancetti, better known as José Pancetti was a Brazilian modernist painter.-Biography:Born into a humble family of immigrants from Tuscany, Italy...
(painter)
- Sandy Leah
Sandy Leah Lima is an Brazilian singer-songwriter, producer and actress. She is best known by the mononymous stage name Sandy.-Early life:...
(singer)
City twinning
Campinas is officially
twinnedTwin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
(sister city) with the following cities:
BlumenauBlumenau is a city in Vale do Itajaí, state of Santa Catarina, in southern Brazil. It was founded on September 2, 1850 by Dr. Hermann Bruno Otto Blumenau along with 17 German immigrants. A few years later Fritz Müller migrated to Blumenau as well....
, Santa CatarinaSanta Catarina is a state in southern Brazil with one of the highest standards of living in Latin America. Its capital is Florianópolis, which mostly lies on the Santa Catarina Island. Neighbouring states are Rio Grande do Sul to the south and Paraná to the north. It is bounded on the east by...
, Brazil since 1983; Ubatuba, São PauloSão Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
, Brazil since 2007; BelémBelém is a Brazilian city, the capital and largest city of state of Pará, in the country's north region. It is the entrance gate to the Amazon with a busy port, airport and bus/coach station...
, ParáPará is a state in the north of Brazil. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest it also borders Guyana and Suriname, and to the northeast it borders the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Belém.Pará is the most populous state...
, Brazil since 2003; Gifuis a city located in the south-central portion of Gifu Prefecture, Japan, and serves as the prefectural capital. The city has played an important role in Japan's history because of its location in the middle of the country. During the Sengoku period, various warlords, including Oda Nobunaga, used...
, Japan, since 1982; |
San Martín de PorresSan Martín de Porres is a district in Lima, Peru, located in the area known as Cono Norte. It is bordered by the district of Callao on the west; Los Olivos on the northeast; and the Rímac and Independencia districts on the east...
, Bolivia, since 1981; MalitoMalito is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy....
, Italy, since 2006; FuzhouFuzhou is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong linguistic and cultural area....
, China, since 1996; San Diego, USA, since 1995; IndianapolisIndianapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 839,489. It is by far Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S...
, USA, since 2009; Córdoba, ArgentinaArgentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
, since 1993; |
Novi SadNovi Sad is the capital of the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina, and the administrative centre of the South Bačka District. The city is located in the southern part of Pannonian Plain on the Danube river....
, Serbia, since 1989; Concepción, ChileConcepción is a city in Chile, capital of Concepción Province and of the Biobío Region or Region VIII. Greater Concepción is the second-largest conurbation in the country, with 889,725 inhabitants...
, since 1979; DaloaDaloa is a town in Daloa Department of Côte d'Ivoire, lying west of Yamoussoukro in Haut-Sassandra Region. It has a population of over 100,000. The town is a regional capital and an important trading centre, particularly for cocoa...
, Côte d'Ivoire, since 1982; AsunciónAsunción is the capital and largest city of Paraguay.The "Ciudad de Asunción" is an autonomous capital district not part of any department. The metropolitan area, called Gran Asunción, includes the cities of San Lorenzo, Fernando de la Mora, Lambaré, Luque, Mariano Roque Alonso, Ñemby, San...
, Paraguay, since 1973; JerichoJericho ; is a city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank of the Palestinian territories. It is the capital of the Jericho Governorate and has a population of more than 20,000. Situated well below sea level on an east-west route north of the Dead Sea, Jericho is the lowest permanently...
, Palestine, since 2003; AurovilleAuroville is an "experimental" township in Viluppuram district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, near Pondicherry in South India. It was founded in 1968 by Mirra Alfassa and designed by architect Roger Anger...
, India, since 2004; DurbanDurban is the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal and the third largest city in South Africa. It forms part of the eThekwini metropolitan municipality. Durban is famous for being the busiest port in South Africa. It is also seen as one of the major centres of tourism...
, South Africa, since 2009; |
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Campinas and the following cities have agreed upon sisterhood Protocol of Intentions:
TurinTurin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...
, Italy;
FushunFushun is a city in Liaoning, China, about 45 km east from Shenyang, with a population about 2,138 090 inhabitants at the 2010 census and an area of 11,271 km2, including 713 km2 of the city proper. Fushun is situated on the Hun He . It was formerly called Fouchouen in French...
, China; Jingan, China;
BissauBissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. The city's borders are conterminous with the Bissau Autonomous Sector. In 2007, the city had an estimated population of 407,424 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Censos...
, Guinea-Bissau;
Santa Cruz de la SierraSanta Cruz de la Sierra, commonly known as Santa Cruz, is the capital of the Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia and the largest city in the country...
, Bolívia;
ChitatoChitato is a city and a municipality of the province of Lunda Norte, in Angola. The population is 38,000....
, Angola;
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