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Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era
Common Era

Common Era, abbreviated as CE, is a designation for the calendar system most commonly used in the Western world, and also internationally, for numbering the year part of the calendar date....
 to the 4th century in the southern Korean peninsula
Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan on the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water....
. Byeonhan was one of the Samhan
Samhan

Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan confederacy, Jinhan confederacy, and Byeonhan confederacy in central and southern Korean peninsula, which were eventually absorbed into two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea....
 (or "Three Hans"), along with Mahan
Mahan confederacy

Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong Province....
 and Jinhan
Jinhan confederacy

Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province....
.

early part of the Three Kingdoms
Three Kingdoms of Korea

The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean empire of Goguryeo, and kingdom of Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE....
 period is sometimes called the Proto-Three Kingdoms period
Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea

Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the period after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into full-fledged kingdoms....
.

Byeonhan, like the other Samhan confederacies, appear descended from Jin state
Jin (Korean history)

Jin state was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean kingdom Gojoseon to the north....
 of southern Korea.






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Byeonhan, also known as Byeonjin, was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era
Common Era

Common Era, abbreviated as CE, is a designation for the calendar system most commonly used in the Western world, and also internationally, for numbering the year part of the calendar date....
 to the 4th century in the southern Korean peninsula
Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan on the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water....
. Byeonhan was one of the Samhan
Samhan

Samhan refers to the ancient confederacies of Mahan confederacy, Jinhan confederacy, and Byeonhan confederacy in central and southern Korean peninsula, which were eventually absorbed into two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea....
 (or "Three Hans"), along with Mahan
Mahan confederacy

Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 100BCE-300CE in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong Province....
 and Jinhan
Jinhan confederacy

Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province....
.

History

This early part of the Three Kingdoms
Three Kingdoms of Korea

The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean empire of Goguryeo, and kingdom of Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE....
 period is sometimes called the Proto-Three Kingdoms period
Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea

Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea refers to the period after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into full-fledged kingdoms....
.

Byeonhan, like the other Samhan confederacies, appear descended from Jin state
Jin (Korean history)

Jin state was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean kingdom Gojoseon to the north....
 of southern Korea. Following the fall of Gojoseon
Gojoseon

Gojoseon was an ancient Korean kingdom, considered the first proper nation of the Korean people. According to the Samguk Yusa and other Korean medieval-era records, Gojoseon is said to have been founded in 2333 BC by the legendary Dangun, who is said to be the grandson of Heaven ....
 and establishment of the Chinese commanderies
Commandery

The commandery was a History of the political divisions of China of China. During the Zhou Dynasty , it was one level below a district . Qin Shi Huang , who unified the Warring States into Qin Dynasty, inverted the hierarchy and made commanderies higher than districts....
 in the northern part of the Korean peninsula
Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan on the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water....
 in 108 BC, refugee migration and cultural transmission continued to transform the region.

Archaeological evidence indicates an increase in military activity and weapons production among the Byeonhan in the 3rd century, especially an increase in iron arrowheads and cuirass
Cuirass

Cuirass , the plate armour, is formed of a single piece of metal or other rigid material or composed of two or more pieces, which covers the front of the wearer's person....
es (Barnes 2000). This may be associated with the decline of Byeonhan and the rise of the more centralized Gaya Confederacy
Gaya confederacy

Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period....
, which most Byeonhan states joined. Gaya was subsequently annexed by Silla
Silla

Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and the longest sustaining dynasty in Asian history. Although it was founded by King Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla, who is also known to be the originator of the Korean family name Park , the dynasty was to see the Kyungju Kim clan hold rule for most of its 992-year history....
, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea

The Three Kingdoms of Korea refer to the ancient Korean empire of Goguryeo, and kingdom of Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE....
.

Culture and trade

The Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms
Records of Three Kingdoms

The Records of Three Kingdoms , is the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, that was written by Chen Shou in the 3rd century....
 state that the language and culture of Byeonhan was essentially the same as Jinhan
Jinhan confederacy

Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century CE in the southern Korean peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province....
, and archaeological artifacts show little difference. Byeonhan may have simply referred to the chiefdoms in the south and west of the Nakdong River
Nakdong River

The Nakdong River is the longest river in South Korea, and passes through major cities such as Daegu and Busan....
 valley which were not formal members of the Jinhan confederacy.

According to the 3rd century Chinese chronicle Wei Zhi, Byeonhan was known for the production of iron
Iron

Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. Iron is a Group 8 element and period 4 element. Iron is lustrous and silvery in color....
; it exported iron to the Chinese commanderies to the north, Yamato
Yamato period

The is the period of history of Japan when the Japanese Imperial court ruled from modern-day Nara Prefecture, then known as Yamato Province.While conventionally assigned to the period 250?710 , the actual start of Yamato rule is disputed....
 Japan and the rest of the Korean peninsula
Korean Peninsula

The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan on the east, the East China Sea to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water....
. It was also a center of stoneware manufacture.

Member statelets

According to the Records of Three Kingdoms, Byeonhan consisted of 12 statelets:

  • Mirimidong
  • Jeopdo
  • Gojamidong , in modern-day Goseong County
  • Gosunsi
  • Ballo
  • Nangno
  • Gunmi
  • Mioyama , Goryeong County
    Goryeong County

    Goryeong County is a Administrative divisions of South Korea in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea.Goryeong is a historical center of the ancient kingdom of Daegaya....
  • Gamno
  • Guya , Gimhae
    Gimhae

    Gimhae, also commonly spelled Kimhae, is a Administrative divisions of South Korea in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It is the seat of the large Gimhae Kim clan, one of the largest Kim clans in Korea....
  • Jujoma
  • Anya , Haman County
    Haman County

    Haman County is a Administrative divisions of South Korea in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. The local government is seated in Gaya-eup....
  • Dongno , Dongnae Ward of Busan
    Busan

    Busan Metropolitan City, also known as Pusan is the largest seaport city in South Korea. Busan has a population of 3.65 million and is South Korea's second largest metropolis, after Seoul....


See also

  • List of Korea-related topics
    List of Korea-related topics

    This is a list of articles on Korea-related people, places, things, and concepts. For help on how to use this list, see the #Introduction below....