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Buwayhid
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Buyid dynasty or the Buyids ( Al-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün), also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shiah Persian dynasty that originated from Daylaman. They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries.
founders of the Buyid confederation were Ali ibn Buyah and his two younger brothers, al-Hassan and A?mad.
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Encyclopedia
Buyid dynasty or the Buyids ( Al-e Buye, Caspian: Bowyiyün), also known as Buwaihids or Buyyids, were a Shiah Persian dynasty that originated from Daylaman. They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries.
History
The founders of the Buyid confederation were Ali ibn Buyah and his two younger brothers, al-Hassan and A?mad. Originally a soldier in the service of the Ziyarids of Tabaristan, Ali was able to recruit an army to defeat a Turkish general from Baghdad named Yaqut in 934. Over the next nine years the three brothers gained control of the remainder of the Abbasid Caliphate. While accepting the titular authority of the caliph in Baghdad, the Buyid rulers assumed effective control of the state.
The first several decades of the Buyid confederation were characterized by large territorial gains. In addition to Fars and Jibal, which were conquered in the 930s, and central Iraq, which submitted in 945, the Buyids took Kerman (967), Oman (967), the Jazira (979), Tabaristan (980), and Gurgan (981). After this, however, the Buyids went into a slow decline, with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming de facto independent.
The approximate century of Buyid rule, coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, represents a period in Iranian history sometimes called the "Iranian Intermezzo" since it was an interlude between the rule of the Abbasid Arabs and the Saljuq Turks. Indeed, as Dailamite Iranians the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of Persia's Sassanid dynasty. In fact, beginning with 'Adud al-Daula they used the ancient Sassanid title Shâhanshâh , literally king of kings.
The Buyid confederation was split between and governed by multiple members of the dynasty. They nominally recognized the suzerainty of caliphs of Baghdad, who in reality had no temporal power within the state. The title used by the Buyid rulers was amir, meaning governor or prince. Generally one of the amirs would be recognized as having seniority over the others; this individual would use the title of amir al-umara, or senior amir. Although the senior amir was the formal head of the Buyids, he did not usually have any significant control outside of his own personal amirate; each amir enjoyed a high degree of autonomy within his own territories. As mentioned above, some of the stronger amirs used the Sassanid title of Shahanshah. Succession of power was hereditary, with fathers dividing their land among their sons.
The Buyid army consisted of their fellow Dailamite Iranians, who served as foot soldiers, and of the Turkish cavalry that had played a prominent role in the Abbasid military. The Dailamites and Turks often quarreled with each other in an attempt to be the dominant force within the army. To compensate their soldiers the Buyid amirs often distributed iqtas, or the rights to a percentage of tax revenues from a province, although the practice of payment in kind was also frequently used.
Like most Daylamites at the time, the Buyids were originally Zaydi or Fiver Shi'as. After taking power in Iran and Iraq, however, they began to lean closer to Twelver Shi'ism, possibly due to political considerations. In fact, the Buyids rarely attempted to enforce a particular religious view upon their subjects except when in matters where it would be politically expedient. The Sunni Abbasids retained the caliphate, although they were deprived of all secular power. In addition, in order to prevent tensions between the Shi'a and Sunni from spreading to government agencies, the Buyid amirs occasionally appointed Christians to high offices instead of Muslims from either sect.
The Fall
During the mid-1000s, the Buyid amirates gradually fell to the Ghaznavid and Saljuq Turks. In 1055, Tughrul conquered Baghdad, the seat of the caliphate, and ousted the last of the Buyid rulers. Like the Buyids, the Seljuks kept the Abbasid caliphate as the titular ruler.
Buyid Rulers
Major Rulers
Generally, the three most powerful Buyid amirs at any given time were those in control of Fars, Jibal and Iraq. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buyid rulers ever exercised direct control of all three regions.
Daylamids of Fars
Power in Fars seized by the Shabankara Kurdish Chief Fadluya
Daylamids of Rey
To the Ghaznavids.
Daylamids of Iraq
To the Seljuks.
Minor Rulers
It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buyid members to take control of a province and begin ruling there. Note: the following list is incomplete.
Buyids of Basra
To the Buyids of Fars.
Buyids of Hamadan
To the Kakuyids.
Buyids of Kerman
To the Buyids of Fars.
Buyids of Khuzistan
To the Buyids of Fars.
See also
[6] The Buyid Domination as the Historical Background for the Flourishing of Muslim Scholarship During the 4th/10th Century by Dr. M. Ismail Marcinkowski*
Links
- The Buyid Domination as the Historical Background for the Flourishing of Muslim Scholarship During the 4th/10th Century by Dr. M. Ismail Marcinkowski]
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