Bufo
Encyclopedia
Bufo is a large genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...

 of about 150 species of true toad
Toad
A toad is any of a number of species of amphibians in the order Anura characterized by dry, leathery skin , short legs, and snoat-like parotoid glands...

s in the amphibian family Bufonidae. Bufo is a Latin word for toad.

Description

True toads have in common a stocky figure and short legs, which make them relatively poor jumpers. As with all members of the family Bufonidae, they lack a tail and teeth, and they have horizontal pupil
Pupil
The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. It appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside the eye. In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have slit pupils. In...

s. Their dry skin is thick and warty.
Behind their eye
Eye
Eyes are organs that detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. The simplest photoreceptors in conscious vision connect light to movement...

s, Bufo species have wart
Wart
A wart is generally a small, rough growth, typically on a human’s hands or feet but often other locations, that can resemble a cauliflower or a solid blister. They are caused by a viral infection, specifically by human papillomavirus 2 and 7. There are as many as 10 varieties of warts, the most...

like structures, the parotoid gland
Parotoid gland
The parotoid gland is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It secretes a milky alkaloid substance to deter predators...

s. These glands distinguish the true toads from all other tailless amphibians. They secrete a fatty, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Ordinary handling of toads is not dangerous, and does not cause warts in contradiction to folk beliefs. The poison of most if not all toads contains bufotoxin
Bufotoxin
Bufotoxins are a family of toxic substances found in the parotoid glands, skin and venom of many toads ; other amphibians; and some plants and mushrooms. The exact composition varies greatly with the specific source of the toxin. It can contain: 5-MeO-DMT, bufagins, bufotalin, bufotenine,...

; the poison of the Sonoran Desert Toad, Bufo alvarius
Colorado River Toad
The Colorado River toad, Bufo alvarius, also known as the Sonoran Desert toad, is a psychoactive toad found in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States...

, is a potent hallucinogen
Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants
This general group of pharmacological agents can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. These classes of psychoactive drugs have in common that they can cause subjective changes in perception, thought, emotion and consciousness...

 containing 5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT is a powerful psychedelic tryptamine. It is found in a wide variety of plant and psychoactive toad species and, like its close relatives DMT and bufotenin , it has been used as an entheogen by South American shamans for thousands of years.-Chemistry:5-MeO-DMT was first synthesized in...

 and bufotenin
Bufotenin
Bufotenin , or 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine , is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin...

. The poison's psychoactive effects are said to have been known to Precolumbian Native Americans.

Toads can also inflate their bodies when threatened. Males are usually smaller than females and possess the organ of Bidder, an incomplete ovary
Ovary
The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in anatomically female individuals are analogous to testes in anatomically male individuals, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands.-Human anatomy:Ovaries...

. The adult males of many species show a dark throat. Breeding males have dark nuptial pads on their thumbs. When stressed, toads can let a poison seep through their skin that when swallowed could kill a large dog.

Distribution

This is a truly cosmopolitan genus, able to live under adverse conditions, and occurring around the world except in the Arctic
Arctic
The Arctic is a region located at the northern-most part of the Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. The Arctic region consists of a vast, ice-covered ocean, surrounded by treeless permafrost...

 and Antarctic
Antarctic
The Antarctic is the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica and the ice shelves, waters and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence...

, Madagascar
Madagascar
The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...

, Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

 (with the exception of the introduced Cane Toad
Cane Toad
The Cane Toad , also known as the Giant Neotropical Toad or Marine Toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad which is native to Central and South America, but has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean...

), and New Guinea
New Guinea
New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago...

 and Oceania
Oceania
Oceania is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Conceptions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of the South Pacific to the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago...

.

Bufo species in the British Isles

Two species are found in the British Isles: the Common Toad
Common Toad
The common toad or European toad is an amphibian widespread throughout Europe, with the exception of Iceland, Ireland and some Mediterranean islands...

 (Bufo bufo), and the Natterjack Toad
Natterjack Toad
The Natterjack Toad is a toad native to sandy and heathland areas of Europe. Adults are 60–70 mm in length and are distinguished from Common Toads by a yellow line down the middle of the back...

, (Bufo calamita). The former is found almost everywhere. The Natterjack, which differs in its shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short that the toad never hops but proceeds in a running gait) and in usually possessing orange or red warts, green eyes and a pale yellow line along the middle of the back, is local in England, the south-west of Scotland, and the west of Ireland. It is further remarkable for the very loud croak of the males, produced by a large vocal bladder on the throat which, when inflated, is larger than the head.

Psychoactive properties

There are several species of Bufo toads which produce poison that has psychoactive properties. The poison of one species (Bufo alvarius) contains both 5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT
5-MeO-DMT is a powerful psychedelic tryptamine. It is found in a wide variety of plant and psychoactive toad species and, like its close relatives DMT and bufotenin , it has been used as an entheogen by South American shamans for thousands of years.-Chemistry:5-MeO-DMT was first synthesized in...

 and bufotenin
Bufotenin
Bufotenin , or 5-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine , is a tryptamine related to the neurotransmitter serotonin...

, while some others contain only bufotenin. Author Lee B. Croft, in his satiric novel, Toadies: The Explanation of Toxicomania in American Society, has coined the word "bufoglossation" to describe the deliberate licking of Bufo toads for hallucinogenic purposes, but psychoactive substance information site Erowid
Erowid
Erowid, also called The Vaults of Erowid, is an online library of information about psychoactive plants and chemicals and other topics on altered states of consciousness such as meditation and lucid dreaming. It provides information about legal and illegal substances, including their desired and...

 warns against such use because of the cardiotoxins included in the toads' venom.

Groups

Species in this genus can be quite different, which has led to a recent recommendation in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
American Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History , located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, United States, is one of the largest and most celebrated museums in the world...

 to split the genus, a recommendation that has been rejected (in part) by many taxonomists (see Pauly et al., 2004, Evolution 58: 2517–2535; Pauly et al., 2009, Herpetologica 65:115-128). Instead, the relationships between the different species are formalized by categorizing them into subgenera, such as Anaxyrus and Rhinella.

Species

Bufo is a large group, and it is usually divided into several subgenera. Frost et al. (2006) removed most of the species of former Bufo to other genera and restricted the name Bufo to members of the Bufo bufo group of earlier authors. However, other authors continue to recognize these subgroups of Bufo as subgenera.

Rhinella
Rhinella
Rhinella is a subgenus of Bufo containing 71 species of true toads native to Neotropical Central and South America. Originally, all Rhinella species were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into Chaunus and Rhamphophryne...

 is composed of a combination of Rhamphophryne and Chaunus (two subgroups of Bufo in the broad sense). Rhinella
Rhinella
Rhinella is a subgenus of Bufo containing 71 species of true toads native to Neotropical Central and South America. Originally, all Rhinella species were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into Chaunus and Rhamphophryne...

 is recognized as a distinct genus by some, although other herpetologists disagree and maintain these species as a subgenus within Bufo. Here the species of Rhinella
Rhinella
Rhinella is a subgenus of Bufo containing 71 species of true toads native to Neotropical Central and South America. Originally, all Rhinella species were included in the genus Bufo, then they were split into Chaunus and Rhamphophryne...

 are treated in a separate page (where they may be considered a separate genus or as a subgenus of Bufo).

Subgenus Anaxyrus
Anaxyrus
Anaxyrus is a subgenus of true toads, genus Bufo, native to North and Central America. Some authors have recognized Anaxyrus as a separate genus, but this makes the rest of Bufo paraphyletic .-Species:-References: The history of a Nearctic...

 

Contains 22 species found in North and Central America including the common American Toad, Bufo americanus
American toad
The American Toad is a common species of toad found throughout the eastern United States and Canada. It is divided into three subspecies—the Eastern American Toad , the Dwarf American Toad , and the rare Hudson Bay Toad...

. See separate article
Anaxyrus
Anaxyrus is a subgenus of true toads, genus Bufo, native to North and Central America. Some authors have recognized Anaxyrus as a separate genus, but this makes the rest of Bufo paraphyletic .-Species:-References: The history of a Nearctic...

.

Subgenus Bufo

Composed of 12 species. Found in Temperate Eurasia and Japan south to North Africa, the Middle East, northeastern Myanmar and northern Vietnam.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo aspinius
Bufo aspinius
Bufo aspinius is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, rivers, swamps, and arable land.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

 
Bufo bankorensis
Bufo bankorensis
Bufo bankorensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Taiwan.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, plantations , rural gardens, ponds, and...

 
Central Formosa Toad, Bankor Toad
Bufo bufo  Common Toad, Common European Toad
Bufo gargarizans  Chusan Island Toad, Asiatic Toad
Bufo japonicus  Japanese Toad
Bufo kabischi
Bufo kabischi
Bufo kabischi is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes.-Source:* Liang, F. & Matsui, M. 2004. . Downloaded on 21 July 2007....

 
Bufo minshanicus
Bufo minshanicus
Bufo minshanicus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to China. It is known by the common names of Gansu Toad or Minshan Toad....

 
Gansu Toad, Minshan Toad
Bufo tibetanus  Tibetan Toad
Bufo torrenticola  Honshū Toad, Japanese Stream Toad
Bufo tuberculatus
Bufo tuberculatus
Bufo tuberculatus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, and arable land.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...

 
Qinghai Lake Toad, Round-warted Toad
Bufo verrucosissimus  Caucasian Toad
Bufo wolongensis
Bufo wolongensis
Bufo wolongensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is endemic to China.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes.-Source:* Matsui, M. & Guanfu, W. 2004. . Downloaded on 21 July 2007....

 

Group "Bufo"

An assemblage of 25 species which remained outside the main groups. Frost et al. denoted the species in this group as polyphyletic by placing "Bufo" in quotation marks. Presumably, as these taxa are studied they will be allocated to one or another of the existing groups.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo ailaoanus  Ejia Toad, Ailao Toad
Bufo arabicus  Arabian Toad
Bufo atukoralei
Bufo atukoralei
The Yala Toad is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is also known as Atukorale's Dwarf Toad.It is endemic to Sri Lanka....

 
Yala Toad, Atukorale's Dwarf Toad
Bufo beddomii
Bufo beddomii
Beddome's Toad is a species of toad found in the Western Ghats of India.-Description:Bufo beddomii exhibits a crown that lacks bony ridges; its short, projecting snout has an angular canthus rostralis. Its interorbital space is somewhat broader than the upper eyelid. Its tympanum is very small,...

 
Beddome's Toad
Bufo brevirostris  Kempholey Toad, Short-nosed Toad, Rao's Pale Brown Toad
Bufo cryptotympanicus
Bufo cryptotympanicus
Bufo cryptotympanicus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in China and Vietnam.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marches....

 
Earless Toad
Bufo dhufarensis  Oman Toad - very similar to Bufo scorteccii
Bufo dodsoni
Bufo dodsoni
Bufo dodsoni is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, inland karsts, caves, and hot deserts.It...

 
Dodson's Toad
Bufo hololius
Bufo hololius
Bufo hololius is a rare species of toad found in the Western Ghats.-Description:Crown without bony ridges; snout short, prominent; inter-orbital space as broad and the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye and close to it...

 
Malabar Toad, Gûnther's Toad
Bufo kotagamai
Bufo kotagamai
Bufo kotagamai is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Sri Lanka.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss....

 
Kotagama's Dwarf Toad
Bufo koynayensis
Bufo koynayensis
Bufo koynayensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to India.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat...

 
Humbali Village Toad, Koyna Toad, Chrome-yellow Toad
Bufo mauritanicus  Berber Toad, Pantherine Toad, Moroccan Toad
Bufo olivaceus
Bufo olivaceus
The Olive Toad, Bufo olivaceus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Iran, Pakistan, and possibly Afghanistan....

 
Olive Toad, Baluchistan Coastal Toad, Makran Toad
Bufo pageoti  Tonkin Toad
Bufo parietalis
Bufo parietalis
The Ridged Toad, Bufo parietalis is a species of toad found in the Western Ghats of India.-Description:Head with very prominent ridges, namely a canthal, a slight preorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital, a parietal, and an orbitotympanic; parietal ridges obliquely directed inwards; snout short,...

 
Indian Toad, Ridged Toad, Timber Forest Toad
Bufo pentoni
Bufo pentoni
Bufo pentoni is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Djibouti, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, possibly Benin, possibly Central African Republic, possibly Chad, possibly Ivory Coast, possibly Ethiopia,...

 
Shaata Gardens Toad, Penton's Toad
Bufo scaber
Bufo scaber
Ferguson's toad Bufo scaber is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in India and Sri Lanka.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland...

 
Ferguson’s Toad
Bufo scorteccii
Bufo scorteccii
Bufo scorteccii is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Yemen.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and freshwater springs.-References:...

 
Scortecci’s Toad
Bufo silentvalleyensis
Bufo silentvalleyensis
Bufo silentvalleyensis is a species of toad endemic to southern India....

 
Silent Valley Toad, South Indian Hill Toad
Bufo stejnegeri  Stejneger's Toad, Korean Toad, Water Toad
Bufo stomaticus
Bufo stomaticus
Indus Valley toad or marbled toad Bufo stomaticus is a species of toad found in Asia from Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan to Nepal extending into Peninsular India from the plains to about 1800m. It is particularly common in the Indus valley....

 
Assam Toad, Indus Valley Toad, Marbled Toad
Bufo stuarti
Bufo stuarti
Bufo stuarti is a species of toad found in Southeast Asia. Known only from northern Myanmar and northeastern India.. The type locality is the Putao plains....

 
Stuart’s Toad
Bufo sumatranus  Sumatra Toad
Bufo tihamicus
Bufo tihamicus
Bufo tihamicus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rivers, arable land, and irrigated land.-References:...

 
Balletto's Toad
Bufo valhallae
Bufo valhallae
Bufo valhallae is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Indonesia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, and pools.-Source:...

 
Pulo Weh Toad

Subgenus Nannophryne

Four species. Removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Smith and Chiszar, 2006 implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo. Found in South America.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo apolobambica 
Bufo cophotis  Paramo Toad
Bufo corynetes  Abra Malaga Toad
Bufo variegatus  Eden Harbour Toad

Subgenus Incilius

Contains 33 species. Frost et al. moved these members to a separate genus in 2006, first to Cranopsis and then to Ollotis and then to Incilius. Most herpetologists are retaining the use of Bufo at this time (e.g., following Pauly et al., 2004; and Pauly et al., 2009) as the valid name for this group of toads.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo alvarius  Sonoran Desert Toad
Bufo aucoinae 
Bufo bocourti  Bocourt's Toad
Bufo campbelli  Campbell's Forest Toad
Bufo canaliferus  Dwarf Toad
Bufo cavifrons  Mountain Toad
Bufo coccifer  Southern Roundgland Toad
Bufo coniferus  Evergreen Toad
Bufo cristatus  Large-crested Toad
Bufo cycladen  Northern Roundgland Toad
Bufo fastidiosus  Pico Blanco Toad
Bufo gemmifer  Jeweled Toad
Bufo holdridgei  Holdridge's Toad
Bufo ibarrai  Jalapa Toad
Bufo intermedius
Bufo intermedius
Bufo intermedius is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is virtually unknown and its taxonomic validity has been questioned. According to the original description in 1858, the type locality is in the Andes of Ecuador, but it is more likely that it originates from Mexico or Central...

 
Gunther's Tropical Toad
Bufo leucomyos 
Bufo luetkenii  Yellow Toad
Bufo macrocristatus  Large-crested Toad
Bufo marmoreus  Marbled Toad
Bufo mazatlanensis  Sinaloa Toad
Bufo melanochlorus  Dark Green Toad
Bufo nebulifer
Bufo nebulifer
Bufo nebulifer is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Mexico and the United States.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, temperate grassland, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, sandy shores, urban areas, and canals and ditches...

 
Gulf Coast Toad
Bufo occidentalis  Pine Toad
Bufo periglenes  Monte Verde Golden Toad
Bufo peripatetes  Almirante Trail Toad
Bufo perplexus  Confusing Toad
Bufo pisinnus
Bufo pisinnus
Bufo pisinnus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...

 
Bufo porteri 
Bufo signifer
Bufo signifer
Bufo signifer is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Panama.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and intermittent freshwater marshes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...

 
Bufo spiculatus 
Bufo tacanensis  Volcan Tacana Toad
Bufo tutelarius 
Bufo valliceps
Bufo valliceps
The Gulf Coast Toad is a species of toad native to the southern United States , Mexico, and Central America as far south as Costa Rica.- Description :...

 

Subgenus Peltophryne

Contains 11 species. Distributed in the Greater Antilles.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo cataulaciceps  Schwartz's Caribbean Toad
Bufo empusus  Cope's Caribbean Toad, Cuban Toad
Bufo fluviaticus  Dominican Caribbean Toad
Bufo fractus 
Bufo fustiger 
Bufo guentheri
Bufo guentheri
Bufo guentheri is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in the Dominican Republic and Haiti.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and intermittent freshwater marshes....

 
Gunther's Caribbean Toad
Bufo gundlachi  Gundlach's Caribbean Toad
Bufo lemur  Lowland Caribbean Toad
Bufo longinasus  Stejneger's Caribbean Toad
Bufo peltocephalus
Bufo peltocephalus
Bufo peltocephalus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Cuba.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent...

 
Tschudi's Caribbean Toad
Bufo taladai  Cuban Caribbean Toad

Subgenus Phrynoidis

Two species. Redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Others implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo asper
Bufo asper
The Asian Giant Toad , sometimes referred to as the River Toad, is a large toad native to southeast Asia.- Description :Bufo asper is generally a dark grey, green, black or brown in color, and is heavily covered in tubercles...

 
Malayan Giant Toad
Bufo juxtasper
Bufo juxtasper
Bufo juxtasper is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, rivers, and plantations ....

 
Giant River Toad

Subgenus Poyntonophrynus

Ten species. Frost et al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo beiranus  Beira's Toad
Bufo damaranus
Bufo damaranus
Bufo damaranus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Namibia.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, intermittent rivers, and intermittent freshwater marshes.-Source:* Channing, A. & Tandy,...

 
Bufo dombensis  Dombe Toad
Bufo fenoulheti
Bufo fenoulheti
Bufo fenoulheti is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Angola....

 
Transvaal Dwarf Toad
Bufo grandisonae
Bufo grandisonae
Bufo grandisonae is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Angola.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, intermittent freshwater marshes, and rocky areas.-Source:...

 
Mossamedes Toad, Grandison's Toad
Bufo hoeschi
Bufo hoeschi
Bufo hoeschi is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Namibia.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, intermittent freshwater marshes, and rocky areas.It is threatened by habitat loss....

 
Okahandja Toad, Hoesch's Toad
Bufo kavangensis
Bufo kavangensis
Bufo kavangensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Zambia.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and...

 
Khwai River Toad, Kavanga Toad
Bufo lughensis
Bufo lughensis
Bufo lughensis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and possibly Uganda.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, intermittent freshwater marshes, and canals and ditches.It is threatened by habitat...

 
Lugh Toad
Bufo parkeri
Bufo parkeri
Bufo parkeri is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Kenya and Tanzania.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, temperate grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and intermittent...

 
Parker's Toad
Bufo vertebralis
Bufo vertebralis
Bufo vertebralis is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in South Africa and possibly Botswana.Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland...

 
African Dwarf Toad, Pygmy Toad

Subgenus Epidalea

One species. Frost et al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus. Found in Europe.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo calamita  Natterjack

Subgenus Pseudepidalea

15 species. Frost et al. moved it in 2006 to a separate genus. It is the Bufo viridis group of previous authors.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo balearicus 
Bufo baturae  Batura Toad
Bufo boulengeri 
Bufo brongersmai  Tiznit Toad
Bufo latastii
Bufo latastii
The Baltistan toad, Bufo latastii, is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in India and Pakistan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, arable land, and ponds....

 
Ladakh Toad, Lataste's Toad
Bufo luristanicus
Bufo luristanicus
Bufo luristanicus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Iran.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, urban areas, and .It is...

 
Bufo oblongus
Bufo oblongus
Pseudepidalea oblonga is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and possibly Afghanistan.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, freshwater marshes, and freshwater springs....

 
Danata Toad, Middle Asiatic Toad
Bufo pewzowi 
Bufo pseudoraddei
Bufo pseudoraddei
Bufo pseudoraddei is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Pakistan and possibly Afghanistan.Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations , and rural gardens....

 
Swat Green Toad
Bufo raddei  Tengger Desert Toad, Radde's Toad
Bufo siculus  Sicilian Green Toad,
Bufo surdus  Pakistan Toad, Iranian Toad
Bufo turanensis 
Bufo variabilis 
Bufo viridis  European Green Toad
Bufo zamdaensis 
Bufo zugmayeri 

Subgenus Rhaebo

Eight species. Redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Others implied that this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo anderssoni
Bufo anderssoni
Bufo anderssoni is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Brazil, Colombia, possibly Peru, and possibly Venezuela.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes....

 
Andersson's Toad
Bufo blombergi  Colombian Giant Toad, Blomberg's Toad
Bufo caeruleostictus
Bufo caeruleostictus
Bufo caeruleostictus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is endemic to Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, and rivers.It is threatened by habitat loss....

 
Bufo glaberrimus
Bufo glaberrimus
Bufo glaberrimus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montanes, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marches.It is...

 
Cundinamarca Toad
Bufo guttatus  Spotted Toad, Smooth-sided Toad
Bufo haematiticus
Bufo haematiticus
Bufo haematiticus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela....

 
Truando Toad
Bufo hypomelas
Bufo hypomelas
Bufo hypomelas is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marches....

 
Choco Toad
Bufo nasicus  Werner's Toad

Subgenus Vandijkophrynus

Five species. It is the former Bufo angusticeps group of Tandy and Keith, 1972. This group was placed by Frost et al. in a separate genus.
Binomial Name and Author Bufo amatolicus  Amatola Toad
Bufo angusticeps  Sand Toad, Common Cape Toad
Bufo gariepensis  Karroo Toad, Gariep Toad
Bufo inyangae  Inyanga Toad
Bufo robinsoni Paradise Toad
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