Leonard Hacker (August 31, 1924 – June 30, 2003) was an
AmericanThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
comedianA comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain members of an audience, primarily by making them laugh. This might be through jokes or amusing situations, or acting a fool, as in slapstick, or employing prop comedy...
and
actorAn actor or actress is a person who acts in a dramatic production and who works in film, television, theatre, or radio in that capacity...
. In his later life, he and his wife set up the Singita Animal Sanctuary in the
San Fernando ValleyThe San Fernando Valley is an urbanized valley located in Southern California, United States. More than half of the city of Los Angeles' land area lies within the San Fernando Valley...
, California.
Early life
Buddy Hackett was born in Brooklyn, New York, of Jewish heritage, the son of an upholsterer. The family lived in the Williamsburg area of Brooklyn at 504 Kosciuszko Street. He grew up on 54th and 14th Ave in Borough Park, Brooklyn across from PS 103 (now a Yeshiva). He attended Public School 103 and then went on to
New Utrecht High SchoolNew Utrecht High School is a coeducational public high school in Brooklyn, New York City, serving 2,383 pupils. It is part of New York City Region 7....
. After school, he held jobs with the local grocer, and answered the phone at a doctor's office. While still in high school, he began appearing in nightclubs, beginning with the "
Borscht BeltBorscht Belt is a colloquial term for the mostly defunct summer resorts of the Catskill Mountains in parts of Sullivan, Orange, and Ulster Counties in upstate New York that were a popular vacation spot for New York City Jews from the 1920s through the 1960s....
" resorts in the Catskills. His first performance was at the Golden Hotel in
HurleyvilleHurleyville, New York is a hamlet in the Town of Fallsburg, New York in Sullivan County, New York. The town lies along County Road 104 and was originally developed because it was on the main route between the Villages of Liberty and Monticello...
, and he claims not to have gotten one laugh.
He served three years with an anti-aircraft unit during
World War IIWorld War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
. He married, and had a son and two daughters.
Early career
Hackett's first job after the war was at the Pink Elephant, a Brooklyn club. It was here that he changed his name from Leonard Hacker to Buddy Hackett. He made appearances in
Los AngelesLos Angeles is the largest city in the state of California and the second largest in the United States. Often abbreviated as L.A. and nicknamed The City of Angels, Los Angeles has an estimated population of 3.8 million and spans over in Southern California...
and
Las VegasLas Vegas is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally renowned major resort city for gambling, shopping, fine dining, and entertainment. Las Vegas, which bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, is famous for the number of...
, and continued to perform in the Catskills. He acted on
BroadwayBroadway Theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, is the theatre associated with the 40 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located in the Theatre District, New York in Manhattan, New York City...
, in
Lunatics and Lovers, where Max Liebman saw him and put him in two television specials. A television series,
Stanley, was developed for him and produced by Liebman, which helped start co-star
Carol BurnettCarol Creighton Burnett is an American actress, comedian, singer, dancer and writer. Burnett started her career in New York. After becoming a hit on Broadway, she debuted on television...
's career. In the late 1940s,
Jules WhiteJules White born Jules Weiss was a movie director and producer. He is best known for his short-subject comedies starring the Three Stooges.-Early years:...
a friend of Hackett's asked him if he would like to replace
Curly HowardJerome Lester Horwitz better known by his stage name Curly Howard was an American comedian and vaudevillian, best known as a member of the American slapstick comedy team the Three Stooges, along with his older brothers Moe Howard and Shemp Howard, and actor Larry Fine...
in The Three Stooges, after Curly suffered a stroke, but he turned down the role, according to Hackett, as stated in the
The Love BugThe Love Bug was the first in a series of movies made by Walt Disney Productions that starred a white Volkswagen racing Beetle named Herbie. It was based on the 1961 book Car, Boy, Girl by Gordon Buford. The movie follows the adventures of Herbie, his driver Jim Douglas , and Jim's love interest,...
Audio Commentary.
Hackett's movie career began in 1950 with a 10-minute "World of Sports" reel for
Columbia PicturesColumbia Pictures Industries, Inc. is an American film production and distribution company. Columbia Pictures now forms part of the Columbia TriStar Motion Picture Group, owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Japanese conglomerate Sony. It is one of the leading film companies...
called
King of the Pins. The film demonstrated championship bowling techniques, with expert Joe Wilman demonstrating the right way and Hackett (in pantomime) exemplifying the wrong way. Hackett would not return to movies until 1953, after one of his nightclub routines attracted attention. With a rubber band around his head to slant his eyes, Hackett's "The Chinese Waiter" lampooned the heavy dialect, frustration, and communication problems encountered by a busy waiter in a Chinese restaurant: "No, we no
have sprit-pea soup ... We gotta wonton, we got eh-roll ... No orda for her, juss orda for you!" The routine was such a hit that Hackett made a recording of it, and was hired to reprise it in the 1953
TechnicolorTechnicolor is the trademark for a series of color film processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation , now a division of Thomson SA. Technicolor was the second major color film process, after Britain's Kinemacolor, and the most widely used color motion picture process in Hollywood...
musical
Walking My Baby Back Home, produced by Universal-International.
Hackett was an emergency replacement for
Lou CostelloLouis Francis "Lou" Costello was an American actor and comedian best known as half of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, with Bud Abbott...
in 1954.
Abbott and CostelloWilliam Abbott and Lou Costello performed together as Abbott and Costello, an American comedy duo whose work in radio, film and television made them the most popular comedy team during the 1940s and 50s...
were set to make a feature-length comedy
Fireman, Save My Child, with a guest appearance by
Spike JonesLindley Armstrong "Spike" Jones was a popular musician and bandleader specializing in performing satirical arrangements of popular songs. Ballads and classical works receiving the Jones treatment would be punctuated with gunshots, whistles, cowbells and ridiculous vocals...
and His City Slickers. Several scenes had been shot with stunt doubles when
Lou CostelloLouis Francis "Lou" Costello was an American actor and comedian best known as half of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, with Bud Abbott...
was forced to withdraw due to illness. Universal-International salvaged the project by hiring
Hugh O'BrianHugh O'Brian is an American actor best known for his starring role as Wyatt Earp in the ABC television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp .-Early years and career:...
and Hackett to take over the Abbott and Costello roles; Jones and his band became the main attraction.
Hackett became known to a wider audience when he appeared on television in the 1950s and 1960s as a frequent guest on such talk shows as those of
Jack PaarJack Harold Paar was an American radio and television comedian and talk show host, best noted for his stint as host of The Tonight Show.-Radio and films:...
and
Arthur GodfreyArthur Morton Leo Godfrey was an American radio and television broadcaster and entertainer who was sometimes introduced by his nickname, The Old Redhead...
, telling brash, often off-color jokes, and mugging at the camera. During this time, he also appeared as a panelist on
What's My Line?What's My Line? is a weekly panel game show, which ran from 1950 to 1967, whose objective was to guess the unusual occupations of contestants. It is the longest-running game show in the history of prime time network television...
. In 1960, he appeared as himself in an episode of
NBCThe National Broadcasting Company is an American television network and former radio network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Rockefeller Center with additional major offices in Burbank,California...
's short-lived crime drama
Dan RavenDan Raven is a crime drama starring Skip Homeier , a former child actor in films, which aired on NBC between January 23, 1960, and January 6, 1961. The setting of the series is the famous Sunset Strip of West Hollywood, California...
, starring
Skip HomeierSkip Homeier is an actor.-Biography:Homeier was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States, North America. He began acting as Skippy Homeier at the age of six, on the radio show Portia Faces Life. From 1943 until 1944 he played the role of Emil in the Broadway play, Tomorrow the World...
, set on the
Sunset StripThe Sunset Strip is the name given to the mile and a half stretch of Sunset Boulevard that passes through West Hollywood, California. It extends from West Hollywood's eastern border with Hollywood at Crescent Heights Boulevard, to its western border with Beverly Hills at Doheny Drive...
of
West HollywoodWest Hollywood, a city in Los Angeles County, California, was incorporated on November 29, 1984. The latest residential population estimate was 34,675. The city is well-known for its nightlife, celebrity culture, and diverse atmosphere. The city has large gay, Jewish and eastern European populations...
. Hackett also appeared many times on the game show
Hollywood SquaresThe Hollywood Squares is an American television comedy and game show in which two contestants play tic-tac-toe to win money and prizes. The "board" for the game is a 3 × 3 vertical stack of open-faced cubes, each occupied by an entertainer seated at a desk and facing the contestants...
, in the late 1960s.
Hackett became widely known from his role in the 1963 box-office success
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad WorldIt's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film directed by Stanley Kramer about the madcap pursuit of $350,000 in stolen cash by a diverse and colorful group of strangers. The ensemble comedy premiered on November 7, 1963.-Plot:...
. After starring on
BroadwayBroadway Theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, is the theatre associated with the 40 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located in the Theatre District, New York in Manhattan, New York City...
in
I Had a BallI Had a Ball is a musical with a book by Jerome Chodorov and music and lyrics by Jack Lawrence and Stan Freeman.Set on the Coney Island boardwalk, it focuses on matchmaking fortune teller Garside, who finds love with floozy Addie, and recent parolee Stan, who becomes involved with Ferris wheel...
, Hackett appeared opposite
Robert PrestonRobert Preston was an American stage and film actor.-Early life:Preston was born Robert Preston Meservey in Newton, Massachusetts, the son of a garment worker. After attending Abraham Lincoln High School in Los Angeles, California, he studied acting at the Pasadena Community Playhouse. He would...
in the 1962 film adaptation of
The Music ManThe Music Man is a musical with book, music, and lyrics by Meredith Willson. The show is based on a story by Willson and Franklin Lacey. The plot concerns con man Harold Hill, who poses as a boys' band organizer and leader and sells band instruments and uniforms to naive townsfolk before skipping...
. Children became familiar with him as lovable hippie auto mechanic Tennessee Steinmetz in
DisneyWalt Disney Pictures refers to several different entities associated with The Walt Disney Company:Walt Disney Pictures, the film banner, was established as a designation in 1983, prior to which Disney films since 1954 were released under the name of the parent company, then named Walt Disney...
's
The Love BugThe Love Bug was the first in a series of movies made by Walt Disney Productions that starred a white Volkswagen racing Beetle named Herbie. It was based on the 1961 book Car, Boy, Girl by Gordon Buford. The movie follows the adventures of Herbie, his driver Jim Douglas , and Jim's love interest,...
(1968). He appeared as
Art CarneyArthur William Matthew “Art” Carney was an American actor in film, stage, television and radio. Carney portrayed the upstairs neighbor and sewer worker Ed Norton, opposite Jackie Gleason's Ralph Kramden in the situation comedy The Honeymooners.-Personal life:Carney, youngest of six sons , was...
's replacement on
The Jackie Gleason ShowThe Jackie Gleason Show was the name of a series of popular television shows that starred Jackie Gleason, which ran from 1952 to 1970.-Cavalcade of Stars:...
, and in the 1958 film
God's Little Acre. His later career was mostly as a guest on variety shows and
prime timePrime time or primetime is the block of programming on television during the middle of the evening.The term prime time is often defined in terms of a fixed time period, for example, from 8:00 pm to 11:00 pm...
sitcoms, such as
Boy Meets WorldBoy Meets World was an American television sitcom that chronicles the events and everyday life lessons of Cory Matthews, played by Ben Savage, who grows up from a young boy to a married man...
, in its 4th season.
As a singer
Recorded:
Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini"Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini" is a novelty song telling the story of a shy girl in a very revealing bathing suit who stays immersed in the ocean water to hide from view. It was written by Paul Vance and Lee Pockriss and first released in June 1960 by Brian Hyland...
, first recorded by:
Brian HylandBrian Hyland is an American pop recording artist who was particularly successful during the early 1960s. He continued recording into the 1970s. Allmusic journalist Jason Ankeny states, "Hyland's puppy-love pop virtually defined the sound and sensibility of bubblegum during the pre-Beatles era...
.
Later career
In 1978, Hackett surprised many with his dramatic performance as
Lou CostelloLouis Francis "Lou" Costello was an American actor and comedian best known as half of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, with Bud Abbott...
in the
television movieA television movie is a feature film that is produced for and originally distributed by a...
Bud and Lou opposite
Harvey KormanHarvey Herschel Korman was an American comedic actor who performed in television and movie productions beginning in 1960...
as
Bud AbbottWilliam Alexander “Bud” Abbott was an American actor, producer and comedian. He is best remembered as the straight man of the comedy team of Abbott and Costello, with Lou Costello.-Early life:...
. The film told the story of
Abbott and CostelloWilliam Abbott and Lou Costello performed together as Abbott and Costello, an American comedy duo whose work in radio, film and television made them the most popular comedy team during the 1940s and 50s...
, and Hackett's portrayal was widely praised. He and Korman did a memorable rendition of the team's famous "
Who's on First?Who's on First? is a vaudeville comedy routine made most famous by Abbott and Costello. In Abbott and Costello's version, the premise of the routine is that Abbott is identifying the players on a baseball team to Costello, but their names and nicknames can be interpreted as non-responsive answers...
" routine.
Hackett starred in the 1980 film
Hey Babe!Hey Babe!, also known as Babe! and also knownas Rise and Shine, was a 1980 movie whichwas a musical drama that starred Yasmine Bleeth andBuddy Hackett. This was Yasmine's first film at the age of12-years-old.-Plot:...
with a 13-year-old
Yasmine BleethYasmine Amanda Bleeth is an American actress, best known for her role as Caroline Holden in the long-running series Baywatch.-Early life and career:...
, in her first screen appearance.
Throughout the 1970s Hackett appeared regularly doing TV ads for Tuscan Dairy popsicles and yogurt.
His last film performance was reprising the voice of Scuttle, the goofy little seagull, in
Disney'sThe Walt Disney Company , often simply known as Disney, is the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world, known for its family-friendly products...
The Little MermaidThe Little Mermaid is a American animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and based on the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale of the same name. Distributed by Walt Disney Pictures, the film was originally released to theaters on November 17, 1989 and is the twenty-eighth film in...
(1989) and the direct-to-video sequel
The Little Mermaid II: Return to the SeaThe Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea is a 2000 Disney animated feature film and direct-to-video sequel to the 1989 animated film The Little Mermaid...
in 2000. Hackett also appeared in the short term comedy series
ActionAction is a comedy series about a Hollywood producer named Peter Dragon, who is trying to recover from his last box-office failure. It aired on FOX during the 1999-2000 season. The series was critically praised for its irreverent, and sometimes hostile look at Hollywood culture. Thirteen episodes...
which starred
Jay MohrJay Mohr is an American actor, impressionist and stand-up comedian.-Personal life:Mohr was born Jon Ferguson Mohr in Verona, New Jersey to Jean, a nurse, and Jon Mohr, a marketing executive. He has two sisters, Julia and Virginia. He also has one son, Jackson, from his six-year marriage with...
as movie producer Peter Dragon. He played Dragon's uncle Lonnie. He appeared again with Mohr as a judge in the reality show
Last Comic StandingLast Comic Standing was an American reality television talent show that aired from 2003 to 2008. The objective of the program was to select a comedian from a group, who will receive a development contract with the NBC television network and a special first to air on the cable-TV network Comedy...
.
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Hackett was given a star on the
Hollywood Walk of FameThe Hollywood Walk of Fame is a sidewalk along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA, that serves as an entertainment museum...
.
In April 1998, Hackett guest starred in an episode of
LateLineLateLine is an American TV sitcom that ran on NBC from March 17, 1998, through March 16, 1999. Due to an abrupt cancellation, there were seven unaired episodes .Created by John Markus and Al Franken , LateLine depicted the...
called "Buddy Hackett." The episode focuses on a news broadcast paying tribute to Hackett following his death, only to discover that the report of his death was a mistake.
Robert ReichRobert Bernard Reich is an American politician, academic, writer, and political commentator. He served as the twenty-second United States Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton, from 1993 to 1997....
and
Dick GephardtRichard Andrew "Dick" Gephardt is a former prominent American politician of the Democratic Party. Gephardt served as a U.S. Representative from Missouri from January 3, 1977, until January 3, 2005, serving as House Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995, and as Minority Leader from 1995 to 2003...
also appeared in the episode, paying tribute to Hackett.
Death
Hackett died on June 30, 2003, at his beach house in
Malibu, CaliforniaMalibu is an incorporated city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2000 census, the city population is 12,575....
, at the age of 78. His son,
Sandy HackettSandy Hackett is the son of the famous actor/comedian Buddy Hackett.* Writer/ Producer 'The Rat Pack is Back' at the Greek Isles Hotel & Casino....
, said his father had been suffering from diabetes for several years which was aggravated by his obesity. Hackett did much for Duke University's bariatric program in which he was a patient and had participated in their famed Rice diet program.
Hackett's body was cremated.
Features
- Walking My Baby Back Home (1953
The year 1953 in film involved some significant events.-Events:*September 16 — The Robe debuts as the first anamorphic, widescreen CinemaScope film.-Top grossing films : After theatrical re-issue
...
)
- Fireman Save My Child (1954
The year 1954 in film involved some significant events.-Events:*May 12 - The Marx Brothers' Zeppo Marx divorces wife Marion Benda. The two were married in 1927.* A reproduction of "America's First Movie Studio", Thomas Edison's Black Maria, is constructed...
)
- God's Little Acre
God's Little Acre is a 1933 novel by Erskine Caldwell, which was made into a film of the same name in 1958.The novel was so controversial that a literary board in New York attempted to censor it, leading to the author's arrest and trial for obscenity...
(1958The year 1958 in film involved some significant events.-Events:* February 16- "In the Money" by William Beaudine is released on this date...
)
- All Hands on Deck (1961
The year 1961 in film involved some significant events.-Top grossing films : After theatrical re-issue
source: http://www.boxofficereport.com/database/1961.shtml- Awards :Academy Awards:*Bridge to the Sun...
)
- Everything's Ducky
Everything's Ducky is a 1961 film directed by Don Taylor and starring Buddy Hackett, Mickey Rooney, and Jackie Cooper.-External links:**...
(1961)
- The Music Man
The Music Man is a 1962 film musical starring Robert Preston as Harold Hill and Shirley Jones as Marian Paroo. The film is based on the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name by Meredith Willson...
(1962The year 1962 in film involved some significant events.-Events:* Dr. No launches the James Bond film series, the second longest-running motion picture franchise of all time , running more than 40 years.-Top grossing films :...
)
- The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm
The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm is a Cinerama film directed by Henry Levin. George Pál was the producer and was also in charge of the stop motion animation. The film was one of the highest grossing movies of 1962. It won one Oscar and was nominated for three additional Academy Awards...
(1962)
- It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film directed by Stanley Kramer about the madcap pursuit of $350,000 in stolen cash by a diverse and colorful group of strangers. The ensemble comedy premiered on November 7, 1963.-Plot:...
(1963The year 1963 in film involved some significant events.-Events:* June 12 - Cleopatra starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rex Harrison and Richard Burton premieres at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City....
)
- Muscle Beach Party
Muscle Beach Party is the second of seven beach party films produced by American International Pictures. It was made in 1964 and was directed by William Asher, who also directed four other films in this series...
(1964The year 1964 in film involved some significant events.-Events:* January 29 - The film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb is released....
)
- The Golden Head (1964)
- The Love Bug
The Love Bug was the first in a series of movies made by Walt Disney Productions that starred a white Volkswagen racing Beetle named Herbie. It was based on the 1961 book Car, Boy, Girl by Gordon Buford. The movie follows the adventures of Herbie, his driver Jim Douglas , and Jim's love interest,...
(1968The year 1968 in film involved some significant events.-Events:* October 30 - The film The Lion in Winter, starring Katharine Hepburn, debuts.* November 1 - The MPAA's film rating system is introduced.-Top grossing films :...
)
- The Good Guys and the Bad Guys (1969
The year 1969 in film involved some significant events.-Top grossing films : After theatrical re-issue
source: http://www.boxofficereport.com/database/1969.shtml- Awards :Academy Awards:*Anne of the Thousand Days...
)
- Bud and Lou (1978
The year 1978 in film involved some significant events.-Events:*February 1 - Bob Dylan's film Renaldo and Clara, a documentary of the "Rolling Thunder Revue" tour premieres in Los Angeles, California....
) (TV Movie)
- Hey Babe!
Hey Babe!, also known as Babe! and also knownas Rise and Shine, was a 1980 movie whichwas a musical drama that starred Yasmine Bleeth andBuddy Hackett. This was Yasmine's first film at the age of12-years-old.-Plot:...
(1980The year 1980 in film involved some significant events.-Events:*May 21 - The Empire Strikes Back is released and is the biggest grosser of the year just as its precessdor, Star Wars did three years before....
)
- Loose Shoes
Loose Shoes is a 1980 comedy film directed by Ira Miller and featuring Bill Murray. The film is presented as a series of movie trailers with titles such as The Howard Huge Story, Skate-boarders from Hell and The Invasion of the Penis Snatchers....
(1980)
- Scrooged
Scrooged is a 1988 comedy film, a modernization of Charles Dickens' novella, A Christmas Carol. The film was produced and directed by Richard Donner, and the cinematography was by Michael Chapman. The screenplay was written by Mitch Glazer and Michael O'Donoghue...
(1988-Top grossing films :source: http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1988&p=.htm- Awards :Academy Awards:* Alice * Alien Nation, starring James Caan and Mandy Patinkin* Amsterdamned...
)
- The Little Mermaid
The Little Mermaid is a American animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and based on the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale of the same name. Distributed by Walt Disney Pictures, the film was originally released to theaters on November 17, 1989 and is the twenty-eighth film in...
(1989-Events:* "Batman" is released on June 23, and went on to become the biggest blockbuster of the year; Grossing over $250 million at the box office.* Actress Kim Basinger and her brother Mick purchase Braselton, Georgia, for $20 million...
) Scuttle
- Paulie
Paulie is a 1998 film about a bird named Paulie, starring Tony Shalhoub, Gena Rowlands, Hallie Kate Eisenberg, and Jay Mohr. Jay Mohr performs the voice of Paulie, and as well plays a minor on-screen character. The film was released domestically as early as April 17, 1998 and as late in other...
(1998The year 1998 in film involved some significant events.-Events:* February 14 - Sharon Stone marries Phil Bronstein.* Former child star Gary Coleman is charged with assaulting a young female bus driver at a California shopping mall.-Top grossing films:...
)
- The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea
The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea is a 2000 Disney animated feature film and direct-to-video sequel to the 1989 animated film The Little Mermaid...
(2000The year 2000 in film involved some significant events.-Top-grossing films:Please note that following the tradition of the English-language film industry, these are the top grossing films that were first released in the United States and Canada in 2000...
) (direct-to-video) Scuttle
Short subjects
- King of the Pins (1950
The year 1950 in film involved some significant events.-Events:* February 15 - Walt Disney Studios' animated film Cinderella debuts.-Top grossing films : After theatrical re-issue
...
) (pantomime)
- The Shoes (1961)
- Mouse Soup (1992
The year 1992 in film involved many significant films. -Top grossing films :source: - Awards :Academy Awards:*Article 99B...
) (voice)
External links