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Buckinghamshire
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Buckinghamshire ( or ; abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. The county town is Aylesbury and the largest town in ceremonial Buckinghamshire is Milton Keynes.
The area under the control of Buckinghamshire County Council, or shire county, is divided into four districts - Aylesbury Vale, Chiltern, South Bucks and Wycombe. The Borough of Milton Keynes is a unitary authority and forms part of the county for various functions such as Lord Lieutenant but does not come under county council control.
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Encyclopedia
Buckinghamshire ( or ; abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. The county town is Aylesbury and the largest town in ceremonial Buckinghamshire is Milton Keynes.
The area under the control of Buckinghamshire County Council, or shire county, is divided into four districts - Aylesbury Vale, Chiltern, South Bucks and Wycombe. The Borough of Milton Keynes is a unitary authority and forms part of the county for various functions such as Lord Lieutenant but does not come under county council control. The ceremonial county, the area including Milton Keynes borough, borders Greater London, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire.
History
The name Buckinghamshire is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means The district (scire) of Bucca's home. Bucca's home refers to Buckingham in the north of the county, and is named after an Anglo-Saxon landowner. The county has been so named since about the 12th century; however, the county itself has existed since it was a subdivision of the kingdom of Mercia (585–919).
The history of the area, though, predates the Anglo-Saxon period and the county has a rich history starting from the Celtic and Roman periods, though the Anglo-Saxons perhaps had the greatest impact on Buckinghamshire: the geography of the rural county is largely as it was in the Anglo-Saxon period. Later, Buckinghamshire became an important political arena, with King Henry VIII intervening in local politics in the 16th century and just a century later the English Civil War was reputedly started by John Hampden in mid-Bucks.
Historically, the biggest change to the county came in the 19th century, when a combination of cholera and famine hit the rural county, forcing many to migrate to larger towns to find work. Not only did this alter the local economical picture, it meant a lot of land was going cheap at a time when the rich were more mobile and leafy Bucks became a popular rural idyll: an image it still has today. Buckinghamshire is a popular home for London commuters, leading to greater local affluence; however some pockets of relative deprivation remain.
Geography
The county can be split into two sections geographically. The south leads from the River Thames up the gentle slopes of the Chiltern Hills to the more abrupt slopes on the northern side leading to the Vale of Aylesbury, a large flat expanse of land, which includes the path of the River Great Ouse.
Waterways
Rivers
The county includes two of the three longest rivers in England. The River Thames forms the southern boundary with Berkshire, which has crept over the border at Eton and Slough meaning the river is no longer the sole boundary between the two counties. The River Great Ouse begins just outside the county in Northamptonshire and flows east through Buckingham, Milton Keynes and Olney.
Canals
The main branch of the grand Union Canal flows through the county as do its arms to Slough, Aylesbury, Wendover (disused) and Buckingham (disused). The canal has been incorporated into Milton Keynes.
Landscape
At above sea level, the two highest points are Coombe Hill near Wendover, and Haddington Hill in Wendover Woods, Buckinghamshire, near Wendover where a stone marks the summit.
Ceremonial county
The ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire consists of the area administered by Milton Keynes Borough Council as well as that administered by Buckinhamshire County Council. The ceremonial county has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff. Currently the Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire is Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher and the High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire is Amanda Nicholson. The Custos rotulorum has been combined with the duties of Lord Lieutenant since 1702.
Buckinghamshire Districts| District | Main Towns | Population (2006 estimate) | Population (2007 estimate) | Area | Population Density (2007) | Population Estimate 2026 | | Aylesbury Vale | Aylesbury, Buckingham | 172,000 | 174,100 | 902.75 kmē | 193/kmē | 213,000 | | Wycombe | High Wycombe, Marlow | 161,300 | 161,400 | 324.57 kmē
| 497/kmē | 165,000 | | Chiltern | Amersham, Chesham | 90,300 | 90,800 | 196.35 kmē | 462/kmē | 89,000 | | South Bucks | Beaconsfield, Burnham | 63,700 | 64,300 | 141.28 kmē | 455/kmē | 63,800 | | TOTAL Non-Metropolitan | N/A | 487,300 | 490,600 | 1565 kmē | 313/kmē | 530,800 | | Milton Keynes (borough) | Milton Keynes, Newport Pagnell | 224,800 | 228,400 | 308.63 kmē | 740/kmē | 323,146 | | TOTAL Ceremonial | N/A | 712,100 | 719,000 | 1874 kmē | 384/kmē | 853,946 |
Population figures for 2006 from the Office for National Statistics as are figures for 2007 estimates
See List of English districts by population for a full list of every English district.
As can be seen from the table, the Vale of Aylesbury and borough of Milton Keynes have been identified as growth areas, with a population surge of almost 50,000 people in Aylesbury Vale between 2006 and 2026 and 100,000 people in Milton Keynes within twenty years. The population of Milton Keynes is expected to reach almost 350,000 by 2031.
Politics
At present, the county has two top-level administrations: Buckinghamshire County Council, which administers about four fifths of the county (see map above) and the Borough of Milton Keynes, a unitary authority, which administers the remaining fifth. There are four district councils that are subsidiary to the county council: Aylesbury Vale, Chiltern, South Bucks and Wycombe.
Buckinghamshire County Council
The county council was founded in 1889 with its base in new municipal buildings in Walton Street, Aylesbury (which are still there). In Buckinghamshire, local administration is run on a two-tier system where public services are split between the county council and a series of district councils.
In the 1960s the council moved into new premises: a 15-storey tower block in the centre of Aylesbury (pictured) designed by architect Thomas Pooley. Said to be one of the most unpopular and disliked buildings in Buckinghamshire, it is now a Grade II listed building.
In 1997 the northernmost part of Buckinghamshire in Milton Keynes Borough separated to form a unitary authority; however for ceremonial and some other purposes Milton Keynes is still considered to be part of Buckinghamshire.
Buckinghamshire County Council is a large employer within the County and provides a great variety of services, including education (schools, adult education and youth services), social services, highways, libraries, County Archives and Record Office, County Museum and Roald Dahl Children's Gallery in Aylesbury, consumer services and some aspects of waste disposal and planning.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Buckinghamshire County Council features a white swan in chains. This dates back to the Anglo-Saxon period, when swans were bred in Buckinghamshire for the king's pleasure. That the swan is in chains illustrates that the swan is bound to the monarch, an ancient law that still applies to wild swans in the UK today. The arms were first borne at the Battle of Agincourt by the Duke of Buckingham.
Above the swan is a gold band, in the centre of which is Whiteleaf Cross, representing the many ancient landmarks of the county. The shield is surmounted by a beech tree, representing the Chiltern Forest that once covered almost half the county. Either side of the shield are a buck, for Buckingham, and a swan, the county symbol.
The motto of the shield says Vestigia Nulla Retrorsum. This is Latin and means 'no stepping back'.
The flag of Buckinghamshire, which flies outside County Hall in Aylesbury, comprises red and black halves with a white swan. The flag takes the county emblem which is on the county shield.
Demographics
Today Buckinghamshire is ethnically diverse, particularly in the larger towns. At the end of the 19th century some Welsh drover families settled in north Bucks and, in the last quarter of the 20th century, a large number of Londoners in Milton Keynes. Aylesbury has a sizeable Italian population, and Amersham has a large Polish community dating from World War II . Amersham is twinned with Krynica in Poland. High Wycombe is the most ethnically diverse town in the county, with large Asian and Afro-Caribbean populations. There is also a Polish and Eastern European community.
Economy
Buckinghamshire has a modern service-based economy and is part of the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire NUTS-2 region, which was the seventh richest subregion in the European Union in 2002 The southern part of the county is a prosperous section of the London commuter belt. The county has fertile agricultural lands, with many landed estates, especially those of the Rothschild banking family of England in the 19th century (see Rothschild properties in Buckinghamshire). Manufacturing industries include furniture-making (traditionally centred at High Wycombe), pharmaceuticals and agricultural processing.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Buckinghamshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling (except GVA index).
| Year | Regional Gross Value Added | Agriculture | Industry | Services | GVA index per person |
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| 1995 | 6,008 | 60 | 1,746 | 4,201 | 118 | | 2000 | 8,389 | 45 | 1,863 | 6,481 | 125 | | 2003 | 9,171 | 50 | 1,793 | 7,328 | 118 |
In a recent nationwide survey, Buckinghamshire had the highest quality of life in the country, having the highest life expectancy and best education results.
Places of interest
The county is also home to the world famous Pinewood Studios.
Transport
Roads
Buckinghamshire (including Milton Keynes) is served by four motorways, although two are on its borders:
- M40 motorway - cuts through the south of the county serving towns such as High Wycombe and Beaconsfield
- M1 motorway - serves Milton Keynes in the north
- M25 motorway - passes into Bucks but has only one junction (J16-interchange for the M40)
- M4 motorway - passes through the very south of the county with only J7 in Bucks
Four important A roads also enter the county (from north to south):
- A5 - serves Milton Keynes
- A41 - cuts through the centre of the county, serving Aylesbury
- A40 - parallels M40 through south Bucks and continues to central London
- A4 - serves Taplow in the very south
Road travel eastwest is good in the county because of the commuter routes leaving London for the rest of the country. There are no major roads that run directly between the south and north of the county (e.g. between High Wycombe and Milton Keynes).
Rail
Buckinghamshire has four main lines running through it:
There are the following additional lines:
The county once had a whole network of Metropolitan Railway services, from the current Amersham terminus right into central Bucks at Verney Junction. That station is now closed but may one day re-open as part of the Varsity Line scheme for trains between Oxford and Bedford.
The main train operating companies are Chiltern Railways, Virgin Trains and London Midland, First Great Western and London Underground. From 2017, Iver will have Crossrail services.
Settlements
Largest Towns in Ceremonial Buckinghamshire (2001 census)| Town | Population | District | Notes | | Milton Keynes | 184,506 | Milton Keynes (borough) | Unitary Authority since 1997. Population includes Newport Pagnell |
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| High Wycombe | 92,300 | Wycombe | Includes suburbs of Downley and Hazlemere. The High Wycombe Urban Area population is 118,229 |
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| Aylesbury | 56,392 | Aylesbury Vale | County Town of Buckinghamshire. Population of Aylesbury Urban Area (including Stoke Mandeville and Bierton) is 69,021 |
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| Amersham | 21,470 | Chiltern |
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| Chesham | 20,357 | Chiltern |
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| Marlow | 17,522 | Wycombe |
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| Buckingham | 12,512 | Aylesbury Vale | Historically the county town of Buckinghamshire |
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| Beaconsfield | 12,292 | South Bucks |
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| Princes Risborough | 8,121 | Wycombe |
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| Wendover | 7,385 | Aylesbury Vale |
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| Olney | 6,032 | Milton Keynes | Governed by Milton Keynes, not Bucks County Council |
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| Winslow | 4,519 | Aylesbury Vale |
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For the full list of towns, villages and hamlets in Buckinghamshire, see List of places in Buckinghamshire.
In the 1960s and 1970s, some towns were taken by other counties:
Education
Buckinghamshire LEA has a completely selective education system with either grammar schools or secondary modern schools. There are 9 independent schools and 34 state schools, not including sixth form colleges. Milton Keynes has its own LEA which does not operate a selective education system.
Notable people
Anciently Buckinghamshire was the birth place and/or final resting place of several notable individuals. Saint Osyth was born in Quarrendon and was buried in Aylesbury in the 7th century while at about the same time Saint Rumwold was buried in Buckingham. From the medieval period Roger of Wendover was, as the name suggests, from Wendover and Anne Boleyn also owned property in the same town. It is said that King Henry VIII made Aylesbury the county town over Buckingham because Boleyn's father owned property there and was a regular visitor himself. Other medieval residents included Edward the Confessor who had a palace at Brill and John Wycliffe who lived in Ludgershall.
From a slightly later period Buckinghamshire became home to some notable literary characters. Edmund Waller was brought up in Beaconsfield and served as Member of Parliament for both Amersham and Wycombe. Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary spent some time living in Marlow, attracted to the town by their friend Thomas Love Peacock who also lived there. John Milton lived in Chalfont St Giles and his cottage can still be visited there and John Wilkes served as Member of Parliament for Aylesbury. Much later literary characters include Jerome K. Jerome who lived at Marlow, T. S. Eliot who also lived at Marlow, Roald Dahl who lived in Great Missenden, Enid Blyton who lived in Beaconsfield and Edgar Wallace who lived in Bourne End and is buried in Little Marlow. Modern-day writers from Bucks include Terry Pratchett who was born in Beaconsfield, Tim Rice who is from Amersham and Andy Riley who is from Aylesbury.
During the Second World War a number of politicians and world leaders from Europe came to England to seek exile. Due to its proximity to London various locations in Buckinghamshire were selected to house dignitaries. President Edvard Bene of Czechoslovakia lived at Aston Abbotts with his family while some of his officials were stationed at nearby Addington and Wingrave. Meanwhile Wladyslaw Sikorski, military leader of Poland, lived at Iver and King Zog of Albania lived at Frieth. Bucks is also notable for another exile, although this one much earlier: King Louis XVIII of France lived in exile at Hartwell House from 1809 to 1814.
Also on the local political stage Buckinghamshire has been home to Nancy Astor who lived in Cliveden, Frederick, Prince of Wales who also lived in Cliveden, Baron Carrington who lives in Bledlow, Benjamin Disraeli who lived at Hughenden Manor and was made Earl of Beaconsfield, John Hampden who was from Great Hampden and is revered in Aylesbury to this day and Prime Minister Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery who lived at Mentmore. Also worthy of note are William Penn who believed he was descended from the Penn family of Penn and so is buried nearby and the current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, who has an official residence at Chequers. Finally John Archdale colonial governor of North Carolina and South Carolina, although more notably American, was born in Buckinghamshire
Other natives of Buckinghamshire who have become notable in their own right include:
- Errol Barnett, news reporter, was born in Milton Keynes
- Nick Beggs, musician, is from Winslow
- Lynda Bellingham, actress, is from Aylesbury
- Emily Bergl, actress, born in Buckinghamshire, though her family moved to suburban Chicago a few years after her birth
- Emmerson Boyce, Wigan Athletic footballer, was born in Aylesbury
- Nick Bracegirdle aka Chicane, was born in Chalfont St Giles
- Den Brotheridge, British Army Officer who died taking Pegasus Bridge in France was from Aylesbury
- James Corden, actor, grew up in Hazlemere
- Lucinda Dryzek, actress, born in High Wycombe in South Bucks
- Martin Grech, musician, is from Aylesbury
- Howard Jones, musician, is from High Wycombe
- Arthur Lasenby Liberty, merchant, was from Chesham
- Richard Lee, footballer, attended Aylesbury Grammar School
- Jonathon Lewis, England test cricketer, was born in Aylesbury
- Al Murray, television / radio presenter also known as The Pub Landlord originates from Stewkley
- John Otway, musician, is from Aylesbury
- Steve Redgrave, five-time Olympic gold medallist rower is from Marlow Bottom
- Simon Standage, baroque violinist, is from High Wycombe
- Michael York, actor, born in Fulmer in South Bucks
Today Buckinghamshire is a very picturesque landscape and is home to numerous celebrities and has attracted its fair share in the past. These include:
- Cilla Black, television presenter, lives in Denham
- Fern Britton, television presenter, lives in Holmer Green
- Melanie Brown, musician, lived in Little Marlow
- John Craven, television presenter, lives in Princes Risborough
- Tess Daly has a house in Fulmer
- Iain Duncan Smith, politician, lives in Swanbourne
- Ian Dury, musician, lived in Wingrave
- Noel Edmonds, television presenter, once lived in Weston Turville
- Andrew Fletcher, musician with Depeche Mode, has a home in Marlow
- Noel Gallagher, musician with Oasis, lives in Little Chalfont
- Barry Gibb, musician from Bee Gees, lives in Beaconsfield
- Sir John Gielgud, actor, was living in Wotton Underwood when he died
- Sir David Jason, actor, lives in Ellesborough
- Angelina Jolie, actress, lives in Fulmer
- Peter Jones (entrepreneur), businessman, lives in Marlow
- Jason "Jay" Kay, musician and frontman of Jamiroquai, lives in Horsenden
- Vernon Kay has a house in Fulmer
- John Laurie, Actor, lived in Chalfont St Peter
- Hayley Mills and Roy Boulting lived in Ibstone
- John Mills, actor, lived in Denham
- Mike Oldfield, musician, once lived in Little Chalfont
- Nduka Onwuegbute, playwright, lives in Aylesbury
- Ozzy Osbourne, musician, had a home in Jordans
- Pauline Quirke, actress, lives in Beaconsfield
- Steve Rothery, musician with Marillion, lives in Whitchurch
- Rothschild family, bankers, had houses in Ascott, Aston Clinton, Eythrope, Halton, Mentmore and Waddesdon
- Veruca Salt during the 2005 movie Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
- Tiny Rowland, businessman, lived in Hedsor
- Jackie Stewart, racing driver, lives in Ellesborough
- Terry Wogan, radio and television broadcaster, lives in Taplow
See also
External links
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