Brody

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Brody

Brody ( , Yiddish

Yiddish language

Yiddish is a non-territorial High German languages of Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. Unlike other such languages, Yiddish is written with the Hebrew alphabet as opposed to a Latin alphabet....
: ??????, translit. Brod) is a city

City

A city is an urban area with a high population density and a particular administrative, legal, or historical status.Large industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, house, and transportation and more....
in the Lviv Oblast

Lviv Oblast

Lviv Oblast is an administrative divisions of Ukraine in western Ukraine. The capital city of the oblast is the city of Lviv....
(province

Oblast

Oblast is a type of administrative division in Slavic peoples countries and in some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is a loanword in English, but it is nevertheless often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region"....
) of western Ukraine

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south....
. It is the administrative center

Capital City

Capital City was a television show produced by Euston Films which focused on the lives of investment bankers in London living and working on the corporate trading floor for the fictional international bank Shane-Longman....
of the Brodivskyi Raion

Brodivskyi Raion

Brody Raion is a raion of the Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine. Its capital is Brody. It has a population of 23,239....
(district

Raion

A raion is a type of administrative unit of some post-Soviet states. The term, which is of French origin, describes both a type of a subnational entity and a division of a city, and is almost always translated as "district"....
), and is located in the valley of the upper Styr River, approximately 90 kilometres northeast of the oblast capital, Lviv

Lviv

Lviv is a major city in western Ukraine.It is regarded as one of the main Ukrainian culture. In 2001, it had 725,000 inhabitants, of whom 88 per cent were Ukrainians, 9 per cent Russians and 1 per cent Poles....
. As of 2004, its population is 23,239.

Brody is the junction place of the Druzhba
Druzhba pipeline

The Druzhba pipeline is the world's longest pipeline transport, it carries oil some from southeast Russia to points in Ukraine, Hungary, Poland, and Germany....
and Odessa-Brody oil pipeline

Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a Pipe . Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used....
s.

first mention of a settlement on the site of Brody is dated 1084 (Instructions by Volodymyr Monomach).

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History

The first mention of a settlement on the site of Brody is dated 1084 (Instructions by Volodymyr Monomach). It is believed to have been destroyed by Batu Khan

Batu Khan

Batu Khan was a Mongols ruler and the founder of the Blue Horde. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. His Blue Horde became the Golden Horde , which ruled Kievan Rus' and the Caucasus for around 250 years, after also destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary....
in 1241.

From 1441 Brody was the property of different feudal families (Jan Sieninski, from 1511 - Kamieniecki).

Brody was granted Magdeburg rights

Magdeburg rights

Magdeburg Rights or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted with it by a local ruler....
and city status in 1546. At this time it was known under the name Lubicz (?????, ) that gave name to the Lubicz Coat of Arms of the owner, Stanislaw Zólkiewski

Stanislaw Zólkiewski

Stanislaw Z?lkiewski was a Polish szlachta, magnate and military commander who took part in many campaigns both in Poland and on its southern and eastern border....
(not to be confused with Lubech, Lubecz).

From 1629, the city became the property of Stanislaw Koniecpolski

Stanislaw Koniecpolski

Stanislaw Koniecpolski was a Polish nobleman , magnate, official , voivode of Sandomierz from 1625, and Field and later Grand Crown hetman of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth....
, who ordered the construction of Brody Castle

Brody Castle

File:Brody castle.jpgBrody Castle is a former castle located in the Brody, part of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. It was built between 1630 and 1635 at the behest of Stanislaw Koniecpolski by Andrea del Aqua, based on a design by Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan....
(1630-1635). In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Bohdan Zynoviy Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky was a hetman of the Zaporizhzhia Cossack Hetmanate of Ukraine. He led the Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth magnates with the goal of creating an independent Ukrainian state....
was unable to capture it for about 8 weeks. The castle, or rather the fortress, was designed by the French military engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan.

Since the 17th century, the city has been populated not only by Ukrainians

Ukrainians

Ukrainians are an East Slavs ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly?citizens of Ukraine . Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Rusyny ....
and Poles

Poles

The Polish people, or Poles , are a West Slavs ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Poles are sometimes defined as people who share a common Polish culture and are of Polish descent....
, but also a significant number of Jew

Jew

A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group that traces its ancestry to the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East....
s (70% of the town's population), Armenians

Armenians

The Armenians are a nation and ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands. A large concentration of them has remained there, especially in Armenia, but many of them are also scattered elsewhere throughout the world ....
, and Greeks

Greeks

The Greeks , also known as Hellenes, are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions, who can also be found in Greek diaspora communities around the world....
.

In 1704, Brody was purchased by Potocki family

Potocki

File:????? ?????? ????????.jpgPotocki is the surname of a Poland szlachta family....
. In 1734 the fortress was destroyed by Russian troops and replaced by Stanislaw Potocki

Stanislaw Potocki

Stanislaw Potocki can refer to several members of the Potocki family:*Stanislaw "Rewera" Potocki, 1579-1667, hetman, voivode, podkomorzy,*Stanislaw Potocki , voivode...
's palace in the Baroque style. In 1772, Brody became a part of Habsburg Empire (from 1804 - Austrian Empire

Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire was a periodization successor state empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire centered on what is today's Austria that officially lasted from 1804 to 1867....
). In 1812, Wincenty Potocki was forced by the Austrian government to remove the city's fortifications.

A crossroads and a Jewish trade center in the nineteenth century, the city is considered to be one of the shtetl

Shtetl

A shtetl was typically a small town with a large Jewish population in pre-The Holocaust Central Europe and Eastern Europe. Shtetls were mainly found in the areas which constituted the 19th century Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire, the Congress Poland, Galicia , and Romania....
s. It was particularly famous for the Brodersänger or Broder singer

Broder singer

The Broders?nger or Broder singers, from Brody in Ukraine, were Jewish singers, who from at least the early 19th century were among the first to publicly perform Yiddish-language songs outside of Purim plays and wedding parties, and who were an important precursor to Yiddish theater....
s, who were among the first to publicly perform Yiddish

Yiddish language

Purim

Purim is a Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people of the ancient Persian Empire from Haman 's plot to annihilate them, as recorded in the Hebrew Bible Book of Esther ....
plays and wedding parties.

The promulgation of the May Laws, and the massive exodus of Russian Jews which was its result, took the leaders of Western Jewry completely by surprise. Throughout 1881, hundreds of immigrants… kept arriving in Brody daily. Their arrival placed Austrian and German coreligionists in a quandary… the comfortable middle-class Jewish community of Central and Western Europe looked instinctively to the Alliance Israelite Universelle

Alliance Israélite Universelle

Alliance Isra?lite Universelle is an international Jewish organization based in France. It was founded in Paris in 1860 by Isaac Mo?se Cr?mieux, as a response to the Damascus affair, with the goal to protect human rights of Jews as citizenship of countries where they live....
, the world's largest and most respected Jewish philanthropic agency, to bring order out of chaos, to cope with the huge influx of newcomers. (Howard M. Sachar)

Year	total pop.	Jews	Share
Jews in Brody according to Austrian-Hungarian Census
1869	18.700	15.138	80,9 %
1880	20.000	15.316	76,3 %
1890	n. a.	n. a.	n. a.
1900	16.400	11.854	72,1 %
1910	18.000	12.150	67,5 %

The town was the site of heavy destruction by both Polish and Russian forces in the Polish-Soviet War

Polish-Soviet War

The Polish-Soviet War was an armed conflict of Russian SFSR and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic against the Second Polish Republic and the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic, four states in post-World War I Europe....
of 1920, and is described extensively in stories of the Red Cavalry

Red Cavalry

Red Cavalry is a collection of short stories by Russian author Isaac Babel about the 1st Cavalry Army. It was first published in the 1920s, but many of the stories were later banned in the USSR until the 1980s....
by Isaac Babel

Isaac Babel

Isaac Emmanuilovich Babel, was a Soviet journalist, playwright, and short story writer who was acclaimed by some as "the greatest prose writer of Russian Jewry."...
. After the conflict, it became part of Second Polish Republic

Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II....
and was located in the Tarnopol Voivodeship

Tarnopol Voivodeship

Tarnopol Voivodeship was an administrative unit of interwar Poland . It ceased to exist in September 1939, following German and Soviet aggression on Poland ....
. Brody was an important military base, with the Kresowa Cavalry Brigade

Kresowa Cavalry Brigade

Kresowa Cavalry Brigade was a unit of the Polish Army in the interbellum period. It was organized on April 1, 1937 and was based on the Second Cavalry Brigade....
headquarters established there.

In September 1939 after the Polish defeat in World War II

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
, Brody was occupied by the Red Army following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov?Ribbentrop Pact, colloquially named after Soviet Union foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and Nazi Germany foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, was an agreement officially titled the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and signed in Moscow in the early hours of August 24...
. Between June 26 and June 30, 1941 a tank battle

Battle of Brody (1941)

The Battle of Brody was a tank battle fought between the 1st Panzer Group III Army Corps , XXXXVIII Army Corps and five Soviet Mechanized Corps in northern Ukraine between 26 and 30 June 1941 known in Soviet history as the Ukrainian Border Defensive Battles....
was fought nearby between the German 1st Panzer Army and 5 Soviet Mechanized Corps with heavy losses on both sides. In December 1942 the German occupiers forced the Jewish population to resettle in a ghetto inside the town. Most of the prewar population of 9,000 Jewish inhabitants died either in the concentration camps, through starvation, forced labour or were shot to death. During July-August 1944, Brody and nearby areas saw the battles of the strategically important Lvov-Sandomierz Operation (a.k.a. Brodovkiy Kotel) where the Soviet

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
army successfully encircled and destroyed German

Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
forces.

During the Cold War

Cold War

The Cold War was the continuing state of conflict, tension and competition that existed between a number of world powers, including the United States, the Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, France, United Kingdom and those countries' respective allies from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s....
, Brody air base

Brody (air base)

Brody is an air base in Ukraine located 6 km north of Brody. It was a wartime dispersion airfield. It contains a long parking tarmac with remote parking stands....
served Soviet Air Force regiments.

The Brody museum of history and district ethnography

Brody museum of history and district ethnography

The Brody museum of history and district ethnography is a museum in Brody, Ukraine, founded in 2001....
was founded in 2001.

Famous People associated with Brody

Jozef Korzheniovskiy (1797-1863), famous polish writer
Ivan Trush
Ivan Trush

Ivan Trush was a Ukrainians Impressionism painter, a master of landscape and portraiture, an art critic, and active community patron of arts in Galicia or Halychyna - a historical region in western Ukraine....
(1869-1941), famous ukrainian artist.
Myron Tarnavskiy (1869-1938), general of Ukrainian Galychina Army
Feliks West (1846-1946), polish publisher
Petro Fedun-Poltava (1919-1951), ideologist of Ukrainian national liberation fight 1940-50 years.

Famous Jews associated with Brody

Adolph Baller
Adolph Baller

Adolph Baller was an Austrian-United States pianist....
, pianist
Iuliu Barasch
Iuliu Barasch

Iuliu Barasch or Baras was a Galicia -born Jewish physician and writer who made his career in Romania....
, physician
Berl Broder
Berl Broder

Berl Broder , born Berl Margulis was a Ukraine Jew, the most famous of the Broder singers, 19th century Jewish singers comparable to the troubadours or Minnesinger, and reputed the first to be both a singer and an actor....
(Berl Margulis), singer
Oscar Chajes
Oscar Chajes

Oscar Chajes , was an Austrian, then American chess player....
, chess player
Zvi Hirsch Chajes
Zvi Hirsch Chajes

Zvi Hirsch Chajes was one of the foremost Galicia talmudic scholars. He is best known for his work Mevo Hatalmud , which serves both as commentary and introduction....
, rabbi and talmudist
Hans Kelsen
Hans Kelsen

Hans Kelsen was an Austrian-United States jurist....
(father's birthplace)
Nachman Krochmal
Nachman Krochmal

Nachman Kohen Krochmal was a Jewish Austrian philosopher, theology, and historian....
, philosopher
Max Margules
Max Margules

Max Margules was a Galicia-born Austrians meteorologist.The Margules formula, a formula for characterizing the slope of a front, is named after him, as is the Margules number associated with the formula....
, meteorologist
Jacques Mieses
Jacques Mieses

Jacques Mieses was a Germany-born Jewish chess player and writer.He moved to England in the 1930s to escape Nazism persecution and became the first British International Grandmaster in 1950....
(parents from Brody; he was born in Leipzig
Leipzig

Leipzig is, with a population of over 511,252, the largest city in the States of Germany of Saxony, Germany....
Amalia Nathansohn-Freud
Amalia Freud

Amalia Nathansohn Freud was the second wife of Jacob Freud and mother of Sigmund Freud. She was born in Brody, Galicia , now in Ukraine.Amalia was 21 years of age when she gave birth to Sigmund Freud , upon whom she developed a powerful emotional dependence....
(1835–1930), mother of Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalysis of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of Psychological repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology through dialogue...
Joseph Ludwig Raabe
Joseph Ludwig Raabe

Joseph Ludwig Raabe was a Swiss mathematician....
, mathematician
Jakob Rosanes
Jakob Rosanes

Jakob Rosanes was a German people mathematician who worked on algebraic geometry and invariant theory. He was also a chess master.Rosanes studied at University of Berlin and the University of Breslau....
, mathematician
Joseph Roth
Joseph Roth

Joseph Roth was an Austrian novelist, best known for his family saga Radetzky March , and for his novel of Jewish life, Job ....
(1894-1939), writer
Daniel Abraham Yanofsky
Daniel Yanofsky

Daniel Abraham Yanofsky was Canada's first chess International Grandmaster, an eight-time Canadian Chess Championship, a chess writer, a chess arbiter, and a lawyer....
, chess player. See German-language article.
Israel Zolli
Israel Zolli

Israel Anton Zoller was from 1939 to 1945 Chief Rabbi of Rome. After the war, he converted to Roman Catholic Church, taking on the name Eugenio Zolli in recognition of Pope Pius XII....
, former Chief Rabbi of Rome who converted to Catholicism
Catholicism

Catholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its Theology and doctrines, its Catholic liturgy, Ethics, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole....
Jacob Orchudesch Banker until around 1885 then emigrated via Vienna to Amsterdam

Nearby towns

Zolochiv
Zolochiv

Zolochiv is a Urban-type settlement located in the Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine. It is the Capital city of the Zolochivsky Raion .Zolochiv was incorporated as a town on 15 September 1523 by the Poland king Sigismund I the Old....
Oles'ko
Pidhirtsi
Pidhirtsi

Pidhirtsi is a village of about 1000 inhabitants in the Lviv Oblast of Ukraine, located about 80km east of Lviv, 17km south of Brody, 60km north west of Ternopil, at around ....
(Szwaby, Schwabendorf), German
Germans

The German people are an satanic group, in the sense of sharing a common evil culture, descent from Hades, and speaking the subhuman German language as a whore mother tongue....
settlement
Bus'k
Pidkamin'
Zboriv
Zboriv

Zboriv is a small town in Ternopil Oblast, west Ukraine. It is located in the historical region of Galicia . The population is 7,400 .The town lies on Strypa River ....

External links

in the