Boston City Hall
Encyclopedia
Brutalist architecture
Brutalist architecture is a style of architecture which flourished from the 1950s to the mid 1970s, spawned from the modernist architectural movement.-The term "brutalism":...
style. It was designed by Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles. Together with the surrounding plaza
City Hall Plaza (Boston)
City Hall Plaza in Boston, Massachusetts, is a large, open, unadorned public space in the Government Center area of the city. The architectural firm Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles designed the plaza in 1962 to accompany Boston's new City Hall. The multi-level, irregularly-shaped plaza consists of red...
, City Hall is part of the Government Center
Government Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Government Center is an area in downtown Boston, bounded by Cambridge, Court, Congress, and Sudbury Streets. Formerly the site of Scollay Square, it is now the location of Boston City Hall, two Suffolk County courthouses, two state office buildings, and two federal office buildings, a major MBTA...
complex, a major urban redesign effort in the 1960s.
Mayor
Mayors who have served in the City Hall building include: Kevin H. White (1968–1984); Raymond L. FlynnRaymond Flynn
Raymond Leo Flynn , also known as Ray Flynn, served as Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from 1984 until 1993. He was later appointed United States Ambassador to the Holy See by President Bill Clinton.-Early life:...
(1984–1993); and Thomas M. Menino
Thomas Menino
Thomas Michael "Tom" Menino is the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, United States and the city's first Italian-American mayor...
(1993 – present).
Boston City Council
The Boston City CouncilBoston City Council
The Boston City Council is the legislative branch of government for the city of Boston. It is made up of 13 members: 9 district representatives and 4 at-large members. Councilors are elected to two-year terms and there is no limit on the number of terms an individual can serve...
works from City Hall. Councillors for 2011 are:
- Felix G. ArroyoFelix G. ArroyoFelix G. Arroyo is a member of the Boston City Council in Boston, Massachusetts. He is the son of former Boston councilman Felix D. Arroyo.-External links:* , official Boston City Councillors website* . Articles about Arroyo* . Blog posts about Arroyo...
(at-large) - Mark CiommoMark CiommoMark Ciommo is a city councilman for the Allston-Brighton district of Boston, Massachusetts. In December 2002 he stood for election in the special election held after councilman Brian Honan died, coming second in the polls and losing to Jerry McDermott in the final ballot on 2002-12-10. He has...
, representing AllstonAllston, Boston, MassachusettsAllston is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located in the western part of the city. It was named after the American painter and poet Washington Allston. It comprises the land covered by the zip code 02134. For the most part, Allston is administered collectively with the adjacent...
and BrightonBrighton, Boston, MassachusettsBrighton is a dissolved municipality and current neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and is located in the northwest corner of the city. It is named after the town of Brighton in the English city of Brighton and Hove... - John R. ConnollyJohn R. ConnollyJohn R. Connolly is an At-Large Boston City Councilor representing the City of Boston, Massachusetts. He was elected in November 2007. There are four At-Large seats on the Boston City Council. John is the Chair of the Education Committee, the Environment and Health Committee and the Special...
(at-large) - Robert ConsalvoRobert ConsalvoRobert Consalvo is a member of the Boston City Council of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. He represents Hyde Park, Roslindale, Readville, and Mattapan.-Biography:...
, representing Hyde ParkHyde Park, MassachusettsHyde Park is a dissolved municipality and currently the southernmost neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Hyde Park is home to a diverse range of people, housing types and social groups. It is an urban location with suburban characteristics...
and Roslindale - Maureen FeeneyMaureen FeeneyMaureen Feeney is a member of the Boston City Council in Boston, Massachusetts. Since 1993 she has represented Dorchester. She served as City Council president, 2007-2008.-Further reading:...
, representing DorchesterDorchester, MassachusettsDorchester is a dissolved municipality and current neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is named after the town of Dorchester in the English county of Dorset, from which Puritans emigrated and is today endearingly nicknamed "Dot" by its residents. Dorchester, including a large... - Tito JacksonTito Jackson (politician)Tito Jackson is an American politician who currently serves as a member of the Boston City Council. He represents council District 7, which consists of the Roxbury neighborhood and parts of Dorchester and the South End....
, representing RoxburyRoxbury, MassachusettsRoxbury is a dissolved municipality and current neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It was one of the first towns founded in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, and became a city in 1846 until annexed to Boston on January 5, 1868... - Bill LinehanBill LinehanBill Linehan is a member of the Boston City Council in Boston, Massachusetts. He represents the South End and South Boston.-Further reading:* Matt Viser. . Boston Globe, May 12, 2007-External links:* [* , official Boston City Councillors website...
, representing the South EndSouth End, Boston, MassachusettsThe South End is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.-Geography:The South End lies south of the Back Bay, northwest of South Boston, northeast of Roxbury, north of Dorchester, and southwest of Bay Village...
and South Boston - Salvatore LaMattinaSalvatore LaMattinaSalvatore LaMattina, also known as Sal LaMattina, is a member of the Boston City Council in Boston, Massachusetts. He represents the North End, East Boston, and Charlestown.-External links:* , official Boston City Councillors website...
, representing CharlestownCharlestown, MassachusettsCharlestown is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and is located on a peninsula north of downtown Boston. Charlestown was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; it became a city in 1847 and was annexed by Boston on January 5, 1874...
, East BostonEast Boston, MassachusettsEast Boston is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, with approximately 40,000 residents. The community was created by connecting several islands using landfill and was annexed by Boston in 1836. East Boston is separated from the rest of the city by Boston Harbor and bordered by Winthrop,...
, and the North EndNorth End, Boston, MassachusettsThe North End is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It has the distinction of being the city's oldest residential community, where people have lived continuously since it was settled in the 1630s. Though small , the neighborhood has approximately 100 eating establishments, and a variety of... - Stephen J. MurphyStephen J. MurphyStephen John Murphy is a member of the Boston City Council in Boston, Massachusetts. He has served on the City Council since 1997.-External links:* * . Articles about Murphy* . Blog posts about Murphy*...
(at-large) - Matt O'MalleyMatt O'Malley (Boston City Councilor)Matt O’Malley is an American politician who currently serves as a member of the Boston City Council. He was elected as the District 6 representative in a special election on November 16, 2010. His district includes the neighborhoods of West Roxbury and Jamaica Plain and parts of Roslindale and...
, representing Jamaica Plain and West RoxburyWest Roxbury, MassachusettsWest Roxbury is a neighborhood in Boston bordered by Roslindale to the north, the Town of Dedham to the east and south, the Town of Brookline and the City of Newton to the west. Many people mistakenly confuse West Roxbury with Roxbury, but the two are not connected. West Roxbury is separated from... - Ayanna PressleyAyanna PressleyAyanna Pressley is a member of the Boston City Council in Boston, Massachusetts. She is the first woman of color to be elected to the council in its -year history.-Career:...
(at-large) - Michael P. RossMichael P. RossMichael P. Ross, also known as Mike Ross, is president of the Boston City Council in Boston, Massachusetts. Since 1999 he has represented Beacon Hill, Back Bay and the Fenway.-External links:* , official Boston City Councillors website...
, representing Beacon HillBeacon Hill, Boston, MassachusettsBeacon Hill is a historic neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, that along with the neighboring Back Bay is home to about 26,000 people. It is a neighborhood of Federal-style rowhouses and is known for its narrow, gas-lit streets and brick sidewalks...
, FenwayFenway-KenmoreFenway–Kenmore is an official neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. While it is considered one neighborhood for administrative purposes, it is composed of numerous distinct sections and in casual conversation are almost always referred to as "Fenway," "Kenmore Square," or "Kenmore."...
and the Back BayBack Bay, Boston, MassachusettsBack Bay is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts famous for its rows of Victorian brownstone homes, which are considered one of the best-preserved examples of 19th-century urban design in the United States, as well as numerous architecturally significant individual... - Charles YanceyCharles YanceyCharles Calvin Yancey is a member of the Boston City Council in Boston, Massachusetts. He represents Mattapan and parts of Dorchester. He served as City Council president in 2001.-Further reading:* Patrick Rosso. . Boston Globe, October 5, 201...
, representing Mattapan and parts of Dorchester
Description of the architecture
Intentions of the architects
This controversial building was designed by Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles, a firm of three Columbia UniversityColumbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
professors, who won an international, two-stage competition in 1962. Their design, selected from 256 entries by a jury of prominent architects and businessmen, departed from the more conventional designs of most of the other entries—typified by pure geometrical forms clad with sleek curtain walls—to introduce an articulated structure that expressed the internal functions of the buildings in rugged, cantilevered concrete forms. Hovering over the broad brick plaza, the City Hall was designed to create an open and accessible place for the city's government, with the most heavily used public activities all located on the lower levels directly connected to the plaza. The major civic spaces, including the Council chamber, library and Mayor's office, were one level up, while the administrative offices were housed above these, behind the repetitive brackets of the top floors.
At a time when monumentality was seen as an appropriate attribute for governmental architecture, the architects sought to create a bold statement of modern civic democracy, placed within the historic city of Boston (which was, at that time, in desperate need of reinvention, investment, and vision). While the architects looked to precedents by Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, better known as Le Corbusier , was a Swiss-born French architect, designer, urbanist, writer and painter, famous for being one of the pioneers of what now is called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930...
, especially the monastery of Sainte Marie de La Tourette
Sainte Marie de La Tourette
Sainte Marie de La Tourette is a Dominican Order priory in a valley near Lyon, France designed by architects Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis and constructed between 1956 and 1960. Le Corbusier's design of the building began in May, 1953 with sketches drawn at Arbresle, France outlining the basic...
, with its cantilevered upper floors, exposed concrete structure, and its similar interpretation of public and private spaces, they also drew from the example of Medieval and Renaissance Italian town halls and public spaces, as well as from the bold granite structures of 19th-century Boston (including Alexander Parris' Quincy Market immediately to the east).
Many of the elements in the design have been seen as abstractions of classical design elements, such as the coffers and the architrave above the concrete columns. Kallmann, McKinnell, and Knowles collaborated with two other Boston architectural firms and one engineering firm to form the Architects and Engineers for the Boston City Hall, responsible for construction, which took place from 1963 to 1968.
The designers designed City Hall as divided into three sections, aesthetically and also by use. The lowest portion of the building, the brick-faced base, which is partially built into a hillside, consists of four levels of the departments of city government where the public has wide access. The brick largely transfers over to the exterior of this section, and it is joined by materials such as quarry tile inside. The use of these terra cotta products relates to the building's location on one of the original slopes of Boston—expressed in the open, brick-paved plaza—and also to historic Boston's brick architecture, seen in the adjoining Sears Crescent block and the Blackstone Block buildings across Congress Street.
The intermediate portion of City Hall houses the public officials: the Mayor, the City Council members, and the Council Chamber. The oversize scale and the protrusion of these interior spaces on the outside—instead of burying them deep within the building—reveal these important public functions to the passerby, and create a visual and symbolic connection between the city and its government. The effect is of a small city of concrete-sheltered structures cantilevered above the plaza: large forms that house important civic activities. The cantilevers are supported by exterior columns, spaced alternately at 14 in 4 in (4.37 m) and 28 in 8 in (8.74 m), which are steel-reinforced.
The upper stories contain the city’s office space, used by civil servants not visited frequently by the public, such as the administrative and planning departments. This bureaucratic nature is reflected in the standardized window patterns, separated by pre-cast concrete fins, with an open office plan typical of modern office building style. (The subsequent enclosure of much of this space into isolated offices contributed to the ventilation problems of these floors.)
The top of the brick base was designed as an elevated courtyard melding the fourth floor of the city hall with the plaza. Because of security concerns, city officials in recent years blocked access to the courtyard and to the outdoor stairways to Congress Street
Congress Street (Boston)
Congress Street in Boston, Massachusetts is located in the Financial District and South Boston. It was first named in 1800. It was extended in 1854 as far as Atlantic Avenue, and in 1874 across Fort Point Channel into South Boston...
and the plaza. The courtyard is occasionally opened up for events (such as the celebration of the Boston Celtics championship in 1986). After 9/11 security was further increased. City Hall's north entrance facing the plaza was barricaded with jersey barriers and bicycle racks. All visitors entering the front and back entrances must pass through metal detectors.
City Hall was constructed using mainly cast-in-place and precast Portland cement
Portland cement
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world because it is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco and most non-specialty grout...
and some masonry. About half of the concrete used in the building was precast — roughly 22,000 separate components — and the other half was poured-in-place concrete. All of the concrete used in the structure, excluding that of the columns, is mixed with a light, coarse rock. While the majority of the building is created using concrete, precast and poured-in-place concrete are distinguishable by their different colors and textures. For example, cast-in-place elements are coarse and grainy textured because the concrete was poured into fir wood frames to mold it, while precast elements, such as trusses and supports, were set in steel molds to gain smooth, clean surfaces. This distinction can also be seen in the fact that the exterior poured-in-place pieces are of type I cement, a lightly colored cement, while the exterior precast components use type II cement, a dark colored cement. The base of the building is dark with brick, Welsh quarry tiles, mahogany walls, and darker concrete. As the building ascends, the overall color lightens, as lighter concrete is used.
Reception of the architecture
Public response to Boston City Hall remains sharply controversial. Arguments for and against the structure's continued existence continue to provoke strong counter-arguments, from politicians, local press, design professionals, and the general public.Positive reception
While assessment of the building's architecture has followed the vagaries of architectural style, design professionals in general have admired the design, and, at the time of its completion, the building was featured in popular publications throughout the world, and awarded three stars by the MichelinMichelin
Michelin is a tyre manufacturer based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne région of France. It is one of the two largest tyre manufacturers in the world along with Bridgestone. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal tyre brands...
guide, among others.
Representative of its acclaim was the opinion of New York Times critic Ada Louise Huxtable
Ada Louise Huxtable
Ada Louise Huxtable is an architecture critic and writer on architecture. In 1970 she was awarded the first ever Pulitzer Prize for Criticism for "distinguished criticism during 1969."...
, who wrote, "What has been gained is a notable achievement in the creation and control of urban space, and in the uses of monumentality and humanity in the best pattern of great city building. Old and New Boston are joined through an act of urban design that relates directly to the quality of the city and its life."
Architect, educator and writer Donlyn Lyndon wrote in the Boston Globe that "Boston City Hall carries an authority that results from the clarity, articulation, and intensity of imagination with which it has been formed." Architectural historian Douglass Shand-Tucci, author of Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800—2000, called City Hall "one of America's foremost landmarks" and "arguably the great building of twentieth century Boston."
Stylistically, City Hall is considered one of the leading examples of what has been called Brutalist architecture
Brutalist architecture
Brutalist architecture is a style of architecture which flourished from the 1950s to the mid 1970s, spawned from the modernist architectural movement.-The term "brutalism":...
. It is listed among the "Greatest Buildings" by Great Buildings Online, an affiliate of Architecture Week. Additionally, in a 1976 Bicentennial poll of historians and architects regarding America's greatest buildings, sponsored by the American Institute of Architects
American Institute of Architects
The American Institute of Architects is a professional organization for architects in the United States. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the AIA offers education, government advocacy, community redevelopment, and public outreach to support the architecture profession and improve its public image...
, Boston City Hall received the sixth most mentions.
Negative reception
According to some, the building's popularity declined as the tide turned away from modernism to more traditional and post-modern styles in the 1970s and 1980s, as the newness wore off, as architectural monumentality fell out of vogue, and as the idea of a "new" era and a "new" Boston became old-fashioned.In addition, the experience of the building is also colored by the lack of maintenance and finish that has characterized the structure following the Kevin White administration. Compared to the brightness, cleanliness, and warmth of a building such as the Boston Public Library, for instance, City Hall suffers from a lack of lighting, often-poor maintenance, and inadequate decoration with art, plantings, and furniture. In this context, some users and occupants have found City Hall unpleasant, dysfunctional and dispiriting. It is the butt of jokes in some local magazines. The structure's complex interior spaces and sometimes confusing floor plan are not mitigated through quality way-finding, signage, graphics or lighting.
Additionally, its large open spaces, central courtyard and concrete structure make the building expensive to heat (although, it must be pointed out, numerous public, institutional and religious buildings throughout greater Boston have similarly large—or larger—open spaces and are comfortably maintained).
In 2008, the building was voted "World's Ugliest Building" in a online poll which was picked up by a number of news outlets and embraced as a boon to tourism by Mayor Menino.
Reception of the Plaza
The surrounding City Hall PlazaCity Hall Plaza (Boston)
City Hall Plaza in Boston, Massachusetts, is a large, open, unadorned public space in the Government Center area of the city. The architectural firm Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles designed the plaza in 1962 to accompany Boston's new City Hall. The multi-level, irregularly-shaped plaza consists of red...
has experienced a similar change in assessment over time. Although its recessed fountain, trees, and umbrella-shaded tables drew crowds in the early years, more recently the space has been cited as problematic in terms of design and urban planning. To illustrate the range of opinion regarding the Plaza, in 2004 the Project for Public Spaces
Project for Public Spaces
Project for Public Spaces is a nonprofit organization based in New York dedicated to creating and sustaining public places that build communities. Planning and design rooted in the community form the cornerstone of PPS’s work. Building on the techniques of William H...
identified it as the worst single public plaza worldwide, out of hundreds of contenders. On the other hand, in 2009, The Cultural Landscape Foundation included City Hall Plaza as one of thirteen national "Marvels of Modernism" in its exhibition and publication. Several rounds of efforts to liven up City Hall Plaza have yielded only minimal changes, with the challenge being, in part, the numerous approvals required at the city, state and federal level.
Relocation and demolition
On December 12, 2006, Boston Mayor Thomas MeninoThomas Menino
Thomas Michael "Tom" Menino is the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, United States and the city's first Italian-American mayor...
proposed selling the current city hall and adjacent plaza to private developers and moving the city government to a site in South Boston.
On April 24, 2007, the Boston Landmarks Commission reviewed a petition backed by a group of architects and preservationists to grant the building special landmark status (much to the dismay of Mayor Menino). The petition will be studied further before a final vote is taken.
On July 10, 2008, Landmarks Commission official said the petition to grant the building special landmark status had been recommended for study, but probably would not be considered by the panel unless a plan to demolish the structure was imminent. Members of the group Citizens for City Hall also opposed Mayor Menino's plan to build a new City Hall on the South Boston waterfront because it would be a major inconvenience for tens of thousands of city residents.
In December 2008, Menino suspended his plan to move city hall in 2011. In a worsening recession, he stated, "I can't consciously move ahead on a major project like this at this time".
An advocacy group, Friends of Boston City Hall, was established to help develop support for preserving and enhancing City Hall, and improving the Plaza.
As of March 2011, plans are underway to re-think the building and its surrounding plaza.
Events near the building
City Hall is located in Government CenterGovernment Center, Boston, Massachusetts
Government Center is an area in downtown Boston, bounded by Cambridge, Court, Congress, and Sudbury Streets. Formerly the site of Scollay Square, it is now the location of Boston City Hall, two Suffolk County courthouses, two state office buildings, and two federal office buildings, a major MBTA...
in downtown Boston. The adjoining 8 acres (3.2 ha) City Hall Plaza
City Hall Plaza (Boston)
City Hall Plaza in Boston, Massachusetts, is a large, open, unadorned public space in the Government Center area of the city. The architectural firm Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles designed the plaza in 1962 to accompany Boston's new City Hall. The multi-level, irregularly-shaped plaza consists of red...
is sometimes used for parades and rallies; most memorably, the region's championship sports teams, the Boston Celtics
Boston Celtics
The Boston Celtics are a National Basketball Association team based in Boston, Massachusetts. They play in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. Founded in 1946, the team is currently owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden, which...
, Boston Bruins
Boston Bruins
The Boston Bruins are a professional ice hockey team based in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. They are members of the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League . The team has been in existence since 1924, and is the league's third-oldest team and its oldest in the...
, New England Patriots
New England Patriots
The New England Patriots, commonly called the "Pats", are a professional football team based in the Greater Boston area, playing their home games in the town of Foxborough, Massachusetts at Gillette Stadium. The team is part of the East Division of the American Football Conference in the National...
and the Boston Red Sox
Boston Red Sox
The Boston Red Sox are a professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts, and a member of Major League Baseball’s American League Eastern Division. Founded in as one of the American League's eight charter franchises, the Red Sox's home ballpark has been Fenway Park since . The "Red Sox"...
, have been feted in front of City Hall. A huge crowd in the plaza also greeted Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
during her 1976 Bicentennial visit, as she walked from the Old State House to City Hall to have lunch with the Mayor.
See also
- Boston City CouncilBoston City CouncilThe Boston City Council is the legislative branch of government for the city of Boston. It is made up of 13 members: 9 district representatives and 4 at-large members. Councilors are elected to two-year terms and there is no limit on the number of terms an individual can serve...
, legislative branch of government for the city of Boston, with chambers in City Hall - City Hall Plaza (Boston)City Hall Plaza (Boston)City Hall Plaza in Boston, Massachusetts, is a large, open, unadorned public space in the Government Center area of the city. The architectural firm Kallmann McKinnell & Knowles designed the plaza in 1962 to accompany Boston's new City Hall. The multi-level, irregularly-shaped plaza consists of red...
- Government Center, Boston
- Thomas MeninoThomas MeninoThomas Michael "Tom" Menino is the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, United States and the city's first Italian-American mayor...
, mayor of Boston 1993-current
History of Boston's municipal government:
- Old City Hall (Boston)Old City Hall (Boston)Boston's Old City Hall was home to its city council from 1865 to 1969. It was one of the first buildings in the French Second Empire style to be built in the United States and is now one of few remaining...
- First Town-House, BostonFirst Town-House, BostonThe First Town-House in Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony was located on the site of the Old State House and served as Boston's first purpose-built town hall and colonial government seat....
- List of mayors of Boston
- John F. CollinsJohn F. CollinsJohn Frederick Collins was the mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, United States from 1960 to 1968.-Biography:John Collins was born in Roxbury, Boston on July 20, 1919. In 1941 he graduated from Suffolk University Law School. He served a tour in the Army during World War II and four years later was...
, mayor of Boston 1960–1968
History of the site:
- Brattle Street (Boston, Massachusetts)Brattle Street (Boston, Massachusetts)Brattle Street was a street in Boston, Massachusetts located on the current site of City Hall Plaza, at Government Center.-History:Around 1853 former Virginia slave Anthony Burns worked for "Coffin Pitts, clothing dealer, no.36 Brattle Street."...
- Cornhill, BostonCornhill, BostonCornhill was a street in Boston, Massachusetts, in the 19th-20th centuries, located on the site of the current City Hall Plaza in Government Center. It was named in 1829; previously it was known as Market Street . In its time, it comprised a busy part of the city near Brattle Street, Court Street...
- Edward J. LogueEdward J. LogueEdward J. "Ed" Logue was an urban planner, public administrator, lawyer, politician, and academic who worked in New Haven, Boston, and New York State....
- Scollay SquareScollay SquareScollay Square was a vibrant city square in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It was named for William Scollay, a prominent local developer and militia officer who bought a landmark four-story merchant building at the intersection of Cambridge and Court Streets in 1795...
External links
- Official City of Boston website
- iBoston on Boston City Hall
- Google news archive
- Brutalized in Boston, a critical review of the building
- CityMayors feature on Boston City Hall
- Complaints about Boston City Hall, concerning sick building syndromeSick building syndromeSick building syndrome is a combination of ailments associated with an individual's place of work or residence. A 1984 World Health Organization report into the syndrome suggested up to 30% of new and remodeled buildings worldwide may be linked to symptoms of SBS...
- Flickr. City Hall meeting on 311 in Boston, 2008
- a rendering from Google 3D WarehouseGoogle 3D WarehouseThe Google 3D Warehouse is an accompanying website for Google SketchUp where modelers can upload, download and share three dimensional models. The site was created on April 24, 2006....
- another rendering from Google 3D Warehouse
- Website of advocacy group