Bone tumor

Bone Tumor

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Bone tumor

Bone tumor is an inexact term, which can be used for both benign

Benign

A benign tumor is a tumor that lacks all three of the malignant properties of a cancer. Thus, by definition, a benign tumor does not grow in an unlimited, aggressive manner, does not invade surrounding tissue , and does not metastasize....
and malignant

Malignant

Malignant is a medical term used to describe a severe and progressively worsening disease. The term is most familiar as a description of cancer....
abnormal growths found in bone, but is most commonly used for primary tumor

Tumor

A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells . Tumor is not synonymous with cancer. A tumor can be Benign neoplasm, Carcinoma in situ or malignant, whereas cancer is by definition malignant....
s of bone

Bone

Bones are rigid organ that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red blood cell and white blood cells and store minerals....
, such as osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant bone cancer, accounting for 35% of primary bone malignancies. There is a preference for the metaphysis region of tubular long bones....
(or osteoma). It is less exactly applied to secondary, or metastatic

Metastasis

Metastasis , or Metastatic disease, sometimes abbreviated mets, is the spread of a disease from one Organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part....
tumors found in bone.

tumors may be classified as "primary tumors" which originate in the bone, and "secondary tumors" which originate elsewhere.

ary tumors of bone can be divided into benign tumors

Benign

Cancer

Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cell display uncontrolled growth , invasion , and sometimes metastasis . These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, do not invade or metastasize....
s.

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Classification

Bone tumors may be classified as "primary tumors" which originate in the bone, and "secondary tumors" which originate elsewhere.

Primary tumors

Primary tumors of bone can be divided into benign tumors

Benign

Cancer

Neoplasia

Neoplasia is the abnormal proliferation of Cell , resulting in a structure known as a neoplasm. The growth of this clone of cells exceeds, and is uncoordinated with, that of the normal tissues around it....
, developmental, traumatic

Physical trauma

Physical trauma refers to a body injury. A trauma patient is someone who has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury with the potential for secondary complications such as Shock , respiratory failure and death....
, infectious

Infection

An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. In an infection, the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host resources to multiply ....
, or inflammatory

Inflammation

Inflammation is the complex biological response of Blood vessel tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli as well as initiate the healing process for the tissue....
in etiology. Examples of benign bone tumors include osteoma

Osteoma

An osteoma is a new piece of bone usually growing on another piece of bone, typically the skull. It is a benign tumor.When the bone tumor grows on other bone it is known as "homoplastic osteoma"; when it grows on other tissue it is called "heteroplastic osteoma"....
, osteochondroma

Osteochondroma

Osteochondroma is a type of benign tumor that consists of cartilage and bone. It is a benign capped-cartilage outgrowth, connected to bone by a stalk....
, aneurysmal bone cyst

Aneurysmal bone cyst

An aneurysmal bone cyst is an expansile osteolytic lesion with a thin wall, containing blood-filled cystic wikt:cavity. The term aneurysmal is derived from its radiographic appearance....
, and fibrous dysplasia

Fibrous dysplasia

Fibrous dysplasia is a disease that causes bone thinning and growths or lesions in one or more bones of the human body....
.

Malignant primary bone tumors include osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

A chondrosarcoma is a type of cancer of the bone. Chondrosarcoma is a cartilage-based tumor and is in a category of cancers called sarcomas. About 25% of primary bone cancers are chondrosarcomas....
, Ewing's sarcoma

Ewing's sarcoma

Ewing sarcoma is a malignant round-cell tumor. It is a rare disease in which cancer cells are found in the bone or in soft biological tissue. The most common areas in which it occurs are the pelvis, the femur, the humerus, and the ribs....
, and other sarcoma

Sarcoma

A sarcoma is a cancer of the connective tissue resulting in mesoderm proliferation.This is in contrast to Carcinoma, which are of Epithelium origin ....
types. Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. These immune system cells are formed in bone marrow, are numerous in lymphatics and produce antibody....
is a hematologic

Hematology

Hematology, American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#Simplification_of_ae_.28.C3.A6.29_and_oe_.28.C5.93.29 haematology, is the branch of biology , pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases....
cancer which also frequently presents as one or more bone tumors.

The tailbone is a common location for a teratoma

Teratoma

A teratoma is a kind of tumor . Definitive diagnosis of a teratoma is based on its histology: a teratoma is a tumor with biological tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of all three germ layers....
, known as a sacrococcygeal teratoma

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

Sacrococcygeal teratoma is a teratoma located at the base of the coccyx . It is thought to be a derivative of the primitive streak....
, and related germ cell tumor

Germ cell tumor

A germ cell tumor is a neoplasm derived from germ cells. Germ cells normally occur inside the gonads . Germ cell tumors that originate outside the gonads may be birth defects resulting from errors during development of the embryo....
s.

Secondary tumors

Secondary bone tumors include metastatic

Metastasis

Metastasis , or Metastatic disease, sometimes abbreviated mets, is the spread of a disease from one Organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part....
tumors which have spread from other organs, such as the breast

Breast cancer

Breast cancer is a cancer that starts in the Cell of the breast in women and men. Worldwide, breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer after lung cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer death....
, lung

Lung cancer

Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissue of the lung. This growth may lead to metastasis, which is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs....
, and prostate

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. It occurs when cell s of the prostate Mutation and begin to multiply out of control....
. Metastatic tumors more frequently involve the axial skeleton

Axial skeleton

The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body. It is composed of five parts; the human skull, the ossicles of the inner ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the chest, and the vertebral column....
than the appendicular skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones in the human body which make motion possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction....
. Tumors which originate in the soft tissues may also secondarily involve bones through direct invasion.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of bone tumors is pain

Pain

Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm....
, but many patients will not experience any symptoms, except for a painless mass. Some bone tumors may weaken the structure of the bone, causing pathologic fractures

Bone fracture

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone is cracked or broken. It is a break in the continuity of the bone. While many fractures are the result of high force impact force or Stress fracture, bone fracture can also occur as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, certain types of cance...
.

Treatment

Treatment of bone tumors is highly dependent on the type of tumor.

Chemotheraphy and radiotheraphy

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer....
and radiotherapy

Radiation therapy

Ewing's sarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

Medication

One of the major concerns is bone density and bone loss. Non-hormonal bisphosphonate

Bisphosphonate

In pharmacology, bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that inhibit osteoclast action and the bone resorption. Its uses include the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, osteitis deformans , bone metastasis , multiple myeloma, osteogenesis imperfecta and other conditions that feature bone fragility....
s increase bone strength and are available as once-a-week prescription pills.

Surgical treatment

Treatment for some bone cancers may involve surgery

Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
, such as limb amputation

Amputation

Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by Physical trauma or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as cancer or gangrene....
, or limb-sparing surgery (often in combination with chemotherapy

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy, in its most general sense, refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells, specifically those of micro-organisms or cancer....
and radiation therapy

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is the medicine use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer oncology to control malignant cell s . Radiotherapy may be used for curative or Adjuvant chemotherapy cancer treatment....
). Limb sparing or limb salvage surgery, means the limb is spared from amputation. Instead of amputation the affected bone is removed and is done in two ways (a) bone graft, in which a bone from elsewhere from the body is taken or (b) artificial bone is put in. In upper leg surgeries, limb salvage prostheses are available.

The other surgery is called van-ness rotation or rotationplasty

Rotationplasty

Rotationplasty is an operative procedure where a portion of a Limb is removed, while the remaining limb below the involved portion is rotated and reattached....
which is a form of amputation, in which the patient's foot is turned upwards in a 180 degree turn and the upturned foot is used as a knee.

Types of amputation:

Leg

Below knee
Above knee
Symes
Hip disarticulation
Hemipelvectomy
Hemipelvectomy

A hemipelvectomy is a high level pelvic amputation. Along with hip disarticulations, hemipelvectomies are the rarest of lower extremity amputations....
or hindquarter, in which the whole leg is removed with one half of the pelvis

Arm

Below elbow
Above elbow
Shoulder disarticulation
Forequarter (amputation of the whole arm, along with the shoulder blade and the clavicle)

The most radical of amputations is hemicorporectomy

Hemicorporectomy

In medicine , hemicorporectomy is a radical surgery in which the body caudal to the waist is amputated, transecting the lumbar spine. This removes the legs, the genitalia , urinary system, Pelvis bones, anus, and rectum....
(translumbar or waist amputation) which removes the legs, the pelvis, urinary system, excretory system and the genital area (penis/testes in males and vagina/vulva in females). This operation is done in two stages. First stage is doing the colostomy and the urinary conduit, the second stage is the amputation. This is a mutilating operation and is only done as a last resort (e.g. when even pelvic exenteration

Pelvic exenteration

Pelvic exenteration is a radical surgery treatment that removes all organs from a person's pelvic cavity. The urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, and anus are removed....
doesn't work or in cases of advanced pelvic/reproductive cancers)

Amputation is not always needed. In some cases, the tumor can be removed without removing the limb.

External links

Introduces trainees in Pathology to the basic concepts in diagnosis of bone tumors
for patients and doctors about the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of most bone tumors
at Cancer.net