Bilateral

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In politics

• Bilateral diplomacy, bilateralism
  Bilateralism
  
  Bilateralism comprises the political and cultural relations between two state .Most international diplomacy is done bilaterally. Examples of this include treaties between two countries, exchanges of ambassadors, and state visits....
  , bilateral relation or bilateral relationship means the political and cultural relations between two states.

• Bilateral agreement, A compromise between the political and cultural relations between two states.

• Bilateral aid, Aid given by the government of one country directly to another.

• Bilateral air service agreement also called a Bilateral Air Transport Agreement
  Bilateral Air Transport Agreement
  
  A bilateral Air Transport Agreement is an agreement which two nations sign to allow civil aviation between their territories.In 1913, in what was probably the earliest such agreement, a bilateral was signed between Germany and France to provide for airship services....
   or Bilateral Aviation Agreement, An agreement which two nations sign to allow civil aviation between their territories.

• Bilateral trade
  Bilateral trade
  
  Bilateral trade or clearing trade is trade exclusively between two states, particularly, barter trade based on bilateral deals between governments, and without using hard currency for payment....
   or clearing trade, a form of trade that was chiefly practiced by the Soviet Union
  Soviet Union
  
  The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
  .

In medicine

• Bilateral Acoustic Neurofibromatosis,A manifestation of the disease is the development of symmetric, non-malignant brain tumours in the region of the cranial nerve VIII, which is the auditory-vestibular nerve that transmits sensory information from the inner ear to the brain

• Bilateral adrenalectomy, The surgical removal of one or both (bilateral adrenalectomy) adrenal glands.

• Bilateral orchidectomy,Castration (also referred to as: gelding
  Gelding
  
  A gelding is a castration animal — in English, the term specifically refers to a castrated male horse or other equine such as a donkey or a mule....
  , neutering
  Neutering
  
  Neutering, from the Latin neuter , is the removal of an animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part. It is the most drastic surgical procedure with sterilization purposes....
  , fixing, orchiectomy
  Inguinal orchiectomy
  
  Inguinal orchiectomy is a relatively minor surgery to remove a testicle. The procedure is generally performed by a urologist. Often it is performed as same-day surgery, with the patient returning home within hours of the procedure....
  , and orchidectomy) is any action, surgical
  Surgery
  
  Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
  , chemical
  Chemical castration
  
  Chemical castration is the administration of medication designed to reduce libido and to reduce sexual activity, usually in the hope of preventing rapists, child sexual abuse and other sex offenders from reoffending....
  , or otherwise, by which a male
  Malé
  
  Mal? , population 104,403 , is the Capital , the largest city in terms of population, and the name of an island in the Maldives. It is located at the southern edge of North Male' Atoll Kaafu Atoll....
   loses the functions of the testicles. In common usage the term is usually applied to males, although as a medical term it is applied to both males and females. For more information about female castration, see oophorectomy
  Oophorectomy
  
  Oophorectomy is the surgery removal of an ovary or ovaries. In the case of non-human animals, it is also called spaying and is a form of sterilization ....
  .

• Bilateral anterior opercular syndrome, also known as Foix-Chavany-Marie syndrome
  Foix-Chavany-Marie syndrome
  
  Foix-Chavany-Marie syndrome, also known as bilateral anterior opercular syndrome is a partial paralysis of the face, pharynx and jaw caused by a loss of blood supply in a specific region of the brain....
  , is a partial paralysis of the face, pharynx and jaw caused by a loss of blood supply in a specific region of the brain.

• Bilateral cingulotomy
  Bilateral cingulotomy
  
  Bilateral cingulotomy is a form of psychosurgery, introduced in 1952 as an alternative to lobotomy. Today, it is mainly used as a last resort for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic pain....
  , is a form of psychosurgery, introduced in 1952 as an alternative to a lobotomy.

• Bilateral cleavage, In embryology
  Embryology
  
  Embryology is the study of the development of an embryo. An embryo is defined as any organism in a stage before birth or hatching, or in plants, before germination occurs....
  , cleavage is the division of cell
  Cell (biology)
  
  The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known Life organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life....
  s in the early embryo
  Embryo
  
  An embryo is a multicellular organism ploidy eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, Egg , or germination....
  .

• Bilateral congenital amputee
  Bilateral congenital amputee
  
  A Bilateral congenital amputee: Individual born missing both arms or legs.Congenital Amputee: Individual born missing a limb.Congenital Anomaly: A birth abnormality such as a missing limb or deformed limb ....
  , An individual born missing both arms or legs.

• Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria is a type of polymicrogyria
  Polymicrogyria
  
  Polymicrogyria is a human development malformation of the human brain characterized by an excessive number of small convolutions on the surface of the brain....
   attributed to a defect in the gene GPR56
  GPR56
  
  G protein-coupled receptor 56, also known as GPR56, is a human gene.In melanocytic cells GPR56 gene expression may be regulated by Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor....
  .

• Bilateral renal agenesis,Bilateral Renal Agenesis is the absence of both kidneys at birth. See Potter syndrome
  Potter syndrome
  
  Potter syndrome refers to the typical physical appearances of a fetus or neonate due to oligohydramnios, which is a dramatically decreased amniotic fluid volume....
  .

• Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy,Oophorectomy (or ovariectomy) is the surgical
  Surgery
  
  Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, or sometimes for some other reason....
   removal of an ovary
  Ovary
  
  The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in females are homology to testicle in males, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands....
   or ovaries. In the case of non-human animals, it is also called spaying and is a form of sterilization
  Sterilization (surgical procedure)
  
  Sterilization is a surgery technique leaving a male or female unable to reproduction. It is a method of birth control. For non-surgical causes of sterility, see Infertility....
  .

• Bilateral salpingoophorectomy salpingoophorectomy is the removal of an ovary
  Ovary
  
  The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in females are homology to testicle in males, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands....
   and its uterine tube.

• Bilateral sound
  Bilateral Sound
  
  Bilateral sound is a type of bilateral stimulation used in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the same manner as eye movement. It has been reported to enhance visualization and hypnosis, but this has not received attention in research....
  ,Bilateral sound is a type of bilateral stimulation used in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
  Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
  
  Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a form of psychotherapy that was developed to resolve symptoms resulting from disturbing and unresolved life experiences....
   (EMDR) in the same manner as eye movement.

In law

• Bilateral contract,An agreement in which each of the parties to the contract makes a promise or promises to the other party.

• Bilateral Immunity Agreement

• Bilateral investment treaties or Bilateral Investment Treaty
  Bilateral Investment Treaty
  
  A Bilateral Investment Treaty is an agreement establishing the terms and conditions for private investment by nationals and companies of one state in the state of the other....
  , an agreement establishing the terms and conditions for private investment by nationals and companies of one state in the state of the other.

• Bilateral netting
  Bilateral Netting
  
  Bilateral netting is a legally enforceable arrangement between a bank and a counterparty that creates a single legal obligation covering all included individual contracts....
  , is a legally enforceable arrangement between a bank
  Bank
  
  A bank is a financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money. It is an institution for receiving, keeping, and lending money....
   and a counterparty that creates a single legal obligation covering all included individual contract
  Contract
  
  A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do, or refrain from doing, an act which is enforceable in a court of law. It is a binding legal agreement....
  s. This means that a bank’s obligation, in the event of the default or insolvency
  Insolvency
  
  Insolvency means the inability to pay one's debts as they fall due.This is defined in two different ways:Cash flow insolvency -: Unable to pay debts as they fall due....
   of one of the parties, would be the net sum of all positive and negative fair values of contracts included in the bilateral netting arrangement.

• Bilateral priority right, in patent
  Patent
  
  A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor or his assignee for a term of patent in exchange for a disclosure of an invention....
  , industrial design rights
  Industrial design rights
  
  Industrial design rights are intellectual property rights that protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value....
   and trademark
  TradeMark
  
  TradeMark is a tall, primarily residential, skyscraper in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was completed in 2007 and has 28 floors. There are 200 hundred residential units....
   law
  LAW
  
  LAW may refer to:* Anti-tank warfare, e.g. the US Army M72 LAW or the British Army LAW 80*Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights ...
  s, a priority right or right of priority is a time-limited right
  Right
  
  Rights are legal or moral entitlements or permissions. Rights are of vital importance in theories of justice and deontology.Many contemporary notions of rights are Universality and egalitarianism, with equal rights granted to all people....
  , triggered by the first filing of an application for a patent, an industrial design or a trademark respectively.

In communications

• Bilateral control or Bilateral synchronization
  Bilateral synchronization
  
  In telecommunication, bilateral synchronization is a synchronization control system between exchanges A and B in which the Clock signal at telephone exchange A controls the data received at exchange B and the clock at exchange B controls the data received at exchange A....
  , In telecommunication
  Telecommunication
  
  Telecommunication is the assisted Transmission of Signal over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, Drum , Semaphore line, flag signals or heliograph....
  , bilateral synchronization (or bilateral control) is a synchronization
  Synchronization
  
  Synchronization or synchronisation is timekeeping which requires the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. The familiar Conducting of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra in time....
   control system
  Control system
  
  A control system is a device or set of devices to manage, command, direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems.There are two common classes of control systems, with many variations and combinations: logic gate, and feedback or linear controls....
   between exchanges A and B in which the clock
  Clock signal
  
  In electronics and especially Synchronous logic digital circuits, a clock signal is a Signalling used to coordinate the actions of two or more Electronic circuit....
   at telephone exchange
  Telephone exchange
  
  In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls....
   A controls the data
  DATA
  
  Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa is a multinational Non-governmental organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2's Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III and activists from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign....
   received at exchange B and the clock at exchange B controls the data received at exchange A.

• Bilateral key exchange
  Bilateral key exchange
  
  Bilateral Key Exchange is an encryption scheme utilized by SWIFT .A Bilateral Key allows secure communication across the SWIFT Network. The text of a SWIFT Message and the authentication key are used to generate a Message Authentication Code or MAC....
  ,(BKE) is an encryption scheme utilized by The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications
  Swift
  
  The swifts are a family, Apodidae, of highly aerial birds. They are superficially similar to swallows but are actually not closely related to those passerine species at all; swifts are in the separate order Apodiformes, which they share with the hummingbirds....
   (SWIFT).

In sociology

• Bilateral descent
  Bilateral descent
  
  Bilateral descent is a system of family Kinship and descent in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth....
  (Sociology) or Bilateral family,A family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally are passed equally through both parents.

In electronic imaging

• Bilateral filter
  Bilateral filter
  
  A bilateral filter is an edge-preserving smoothing filter. Whereas many filters are convolutions in the image domain, a bilateral filter also operates in the image's range?pixel values....
  ,an edge-preserving filter useful for imaging

• Adobe Photoshop
  Adobe Photoshop
  
  Adobe Photoshop, or simply Photoshop, is a Graphics software developed and published by Adobe Systems. It is the current and primary Market dominance for commercial Raster graphics and manipulation, and is the flagship product of Adobe Systems....
   implements a bilateral filter in its surface blur tool.

In mathematics

• Bilateral hypergeometric series
  Bilateral hypergeometric series
  
  In mathematics, a bilateral hypergeometric series is a series Σan summed over all integers n, and such that the ratio...
   is a series San summed over all integers n such that the ratio an/an+1of two terms is a rational function of n

• Bilateral Laplace transform is the two-sided Laplace transform or bilateral Laplace transform is an integral transform
  Integral transform
  
  In mathematics, an integral transform is any list of transforms T of the following form:The input of this transform is a function f, and the output is another function TF....
   closely related to the Fourier transform
  Fourier transform
  
  In mathematics, Fourier analysis is a subject area which grew out of the study of Fourier series. The subject began with trying to understand when it was possible to represent general functions by sums of simpler trigonometric functions....
  , the Mellin transform
  Mellin transform
  
  In mathematics, the Mellin transform is an integral transform that may be regarded as the multiplicative group version of the two-sided Laplace transform....
  , and the ordinary or one-sided Laplace transform
  Laplace transform
  
  In mathematics, the Laplace transform is one of the best known and most widely used integral transforms. It is commonly used to produce an easily solvable algebraic equation from an ordinary differential equation....
  . If f(t) is a real or complex valued function of the real variable t defined for all real numbers, then the two-sided Laplace transform is defined by the integral

• Bilateral Z-transform is the Z-transform converts a discrete
  Discrete mathematics
  
  Discrete mathematics, also called finite mathematics, is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete in the sense that its objects can assume only distinct, separate values, rather than a values on a continuum ....
   time-domain signal, which is a sequence
  Sequence
  
  In mathematics, a sequence is an ordered list of objects . Like a Set , it contains Element , and the number of terms is called the length of the sequence....
   of real
  Real number
  
  In mathematics, the real numbers may be described informally in several different ways. The real numbers include both rational numbers, such as 42 and −23/129, and irrational numbers, such as pi and the square root of two; or, a real number can be given by an infinite decimal representation, such as 2.4871773339...., where the digits co...
   or complex number
  Complex number
  
  In mathematics, the complex numbers are an extension of the real numbers obtained by adjoining an imaginary unit, denoted i, which satisfies:...
  s, into a complex frequency-domain representation.

• Bilateral shift, in functional analysis
  Functional analysis
  
  Functional analysis is the branch of mathematics, and specifically of mathematical analysis, concerned with the study of vector spaces and operators acting upon them....
  , the shift operators are examples of linear operators, important for their simplicity and natural occurrence. They are used in diverse areas, such as Hardy space
  Hardy space
  
  In complex analysis, the Hardy spaces Hp are certain spaces of Holomorphic function on the unit disk or upper half plane. They were introduced by Frigyes Riesz , who named them after G....
  s, the theory of abelian varieties
  Abelian variety
  
  In mathematics, particularly in algebraic geometry, complex analysis and number theory, an Abelian variety is a projective variety that is also an algebraic group, i.e., has a group law that can be defined by regular functions....
  , and the theory of symbolic dynamics
  Symbolic dynamics
  
  In mathematics, symbolic dynamics is the practice of modelling a topological or smooth dynamical system by a discrete space consisting of infinite sequences of abstract symbols, each of which corresponds to a system state of the system, with the dynamics given by the shift operator....
  , for which the baker's map
  Baker's map
  
  In dynamical systems theory, the baker's map is a chaos theory map from the unit square into itself. It is named after a kneading operation that bakers apply to dough: the dough is cut in half, and the two halves are stacked on one-another, and compressed....
   is an explicit representation. (There is another usage of shift operator as a translation operator
  Translation operator
  
  The translation operator can refer to these things:* An operator which effects a geometric translation. See Translation * An alternative name for the displacement operator in quantum optics....
  : see for example Sheffer sequence
  Sheffer sequence
  
  In mathematics, a Sheffer sequence is a polynomial sequence, i.e., a sequence of polynomials in which the index of each polynomial equals its degree, satisfying conditions related to the umbral calculus in combinatorics....
  .) In time series analysis, this operator is called the Lag operator
  Lag operator
  
  In time series analysis, the lag operator or backshift operator operates on an element of a time series to produce the previous element. For example, given some time series...
  .

In economics

• Bilateral monopoly
  Bilateral monopoly
  
  In a bilateral monopoly there is both a monopoly and monopsony in the same market.In such market price and output will be determined by the non economic forces like bargaining power of both buyer and seller....
  , In a bilateral monopoly there is both a monopoly
  Monopoly
  
  In economics, a monopoly exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms on which other individuals shall have access to it....
   (a single seller) and monopsony
  Monopsony
  
  In economics, a monopsony is a market form in which only one buyer faces many sellers. It is an example of imperfect competition, similar to a monopoly, in which only one seller faces many buyers....
   (a single buyer) in the same market.

• Bilateral trade
  Bilateral trade
  
  Bilateral trade or clearing trade is trade exclusively between two states, particularly, barter trade based on bilateral deals between governments, and without using hard currency for payment....
  , Bilateral trade or clearing trade is trade exclusively between two states, particularly, barter trade based on bilateral deals between governments, and without using hard currency
  Hard currency
  
  Hard currency or strong currency, in economics, refers to a globally traded currency that can serve as a reliable and stable store of value....
   for payment. Bilateral trade agreements often aim to keep trade deficits at minimum by keeping a clearing account where deficit would accumulate.

• Bilateral trade agreement or List of bilateral free trade agreements
  List of bilateral free trade agreements
  
  A Bilateral trade agreement is a trade agreement between any two country, usually in order to reduce tariffs and quotas on items traded between themselves....
  , A Bilateral trade agreement (BTA) is a trade agreement between any two countries
  Country
  
  Country may refer to the territory of a state, or to a smaller, or former, political division of a geographical region. In another meaning of the word, the country is also a term used to refer to rural areas....
  , usually in order to reduce tariff
  Tariff
  
  A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. They are usually associated with protectionism, the economic policy of restraining trade between nations....
  s and quotas on items traded between themselves.

• Bilateral treaty
  Bilateral treaty
  
  A bilateral treaty is a treaty strictly between two state parties. These two parties can be two states, or two international organizations, or one state and one international organization....
  , A bilateral treaty is a treaty
  Treaty
  
  A Treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. A Treaty may also be known as: agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, exchange of letters, etc....
   strictly between two state
  State
  
  A state is a political Social contract with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. These may be nation states, State or multinational states....
   parties. These two parties can be two states, or two international organizations, or one state and one international organization.

In education

• A bilateral school is one of a handful of schools in England
  England
  
  native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
   that contain separate grammar school
  Grammar school
  
  A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries....
   and comprehensive
  Comprehensive school
  
  A comprehensive school is a secondary school and State school for children from the age of 11 to at least 16 that does not select children on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude....
   streams.

In biology

• Bilateral symetry Symmetry in biology is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes. The body plans of most multicellular organism
  Multicellular organism
  
  Multicellular organisms are organisms consisting of more than one cell , and having differentiated cells that perform specialized functions in the cell....
  s exhibit some form of symmetry
  Symmetry
  
  Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings. The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically-pleasing proportionality and balance; such that it reflects beauty or perfection....
  , either radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry or glide symmetry. A small minority exhibit no symmetry (are asymmetric).

Citations

• "bilateral descent." Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. Ed. John Scott, Gordon Marshall. Oxford University Press, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 17 Jan, 2009

See also

• List of sociology topics
  List of sociology topics
  
  This is a list of topics covered in sociology.This is a shorter list: List of basic sociology topics....
  
• Sociology
  Sociology
  
  Sociology is a branch of the social sciences that uses systematic methods of Empiricism and critical theory to develop and refine a body of knowledge about human social structure and activity, sometimes with the goal of applying such knowledge to the pursuit of social welfare....