Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen
Encyclopedia
"Bei Mir Bistu Shein" is a popular Yiddish song composed by Jacob Jacobs
Jacob Jacobs
Jacob Jacobs , Yiddish theater and vaudeville director, producer, lyricist, songwriter, coupletist, character actor, comic born in Risk, Hungary...

 (lyricist) and Sholom Secunda (composer) for a 1932
1932 in music
-Events:*January 14 – Maurice Ravel's Piano Concerto is premièred in Paris.*May 1 – The music to John Alden Carpenter's ballet Skyscrapers is recorded by the Victor Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Nathaniel Shilkret; in addition to be being issued as six sides on 78 rpm discs, the...

 Yiddish musical, I Would If I Could (in Yiddish, Men Ken Lebn Nor Men Lost Nisht, "You
Generic you
In English grammar and in particular in casual English, generic you or indefinite you is the pronoun you in its use in referring to an unspecified person, as opposed to its use as the second person pronoun.-In English:...

 could live, but they won't let you"), that closed after one season. The score for the song transcribed the Yiddish title as "Bay mir bistu sheyn".

The original Yiddish version of the song (in C minor) is really a dialogue between two lovers who share lines of the song.

The song became famous with English lyrics but retaining the Yiddish title, "Bei Mir Bistu Shein". It also appeared with a Germanized title "Bei Mir Bist Du Schoen".

In 1937
1937 in music
-Events:*January 21 – Paul Sacher conducts the world première of Béla Bartók's Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta in Basel*June 2 – The incomplete version of Alban Berg's opera Lulu is premièred in Zürich *June 8 – Première of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana in Frankfurt, Germany.*November 30 –...

, Sammy Cahn
Sammy Cahn
Sammy Cahn was an American lyricist, songwriter and musician. He is best known for his romantic lyrics to films and Broadway songs, as well as stand-alone songs premiered by recording companies in the Greater Los Angeles Area...

 heard a performance of the song, sung in Yiddish by African American
African American
African Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have at least partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa and are the direct descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States...

 performers Johnnie and George at the Apollo Theater
Apollo Theater
The Apollo Theater in New York City is one of the most famous, and older, music halls in the United States, and the most famous club associated almost exclusively with Black performers...

 in Harlem
Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, which since the 1920s has been a major African-American residential, cultural and business center. Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands...

. On seeing the response, Cahn got his employer to buy the rights so he (together with Saul Chaplin
Saul Chaplin
Saul Chaplin was an American composer and musical director.He was born Saul Kaplan in Brooklyn, New York.He had worked on stage, screen and television since the days of Tin Pan Alley...

) could rewrite the song with English language
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...

 lyrics
Lyrics
Lyrics are a set of words that make up a song. The writer of lyrics is a lyricist or lyrist. The meaning of lyrics can either be explicit or implicit. Some lyrics are abstract, almost unintelligible, and, in such cases, their explication emphasizes form, articulation, meter, and symmetry of...

 and rhythms more typical of swing music. Secunda and Jacobs sold the publishing rights to the song for a mere US$
United States dollar
The United States dollar , also referred to as the American dollar, is the official currency of the United States of America. It is divided into 100 smaller units called cents or pennies....

30. Cahn then convinced the still unknown Andrews Sisters
The Andrews Sisters
The Andrews Sisters were a highly successful close harmony singing group of the swing and boogie-woogie eras. The group consisted of three sisters: contralto LaVerne Sophia Andrews , soprano Maxene Angelyn Andrews , and mezzo-soprano Patricia Marie "Patty" Andrews...

 to perform the song (recorded November 24, 1937). It became their first major hit, earning them a gold record, the first ever to a female vocal group. The song is performed by Renata Flores in the film The Last Metro
The Last Metro
The Last Metro is a 1980 film made by Les Films du Carrosse, written and directed by the French filmmaker François Truffaut, and starring Catherine Deneuve and Gérard Depardieu....

. It was also a worldwide hit beyond America.

Over time, the song grosed some $3,000,000, with Secunda and Jacobs missing significant royalties. Fortunately, in 1961, the copyright on the song expired, the ownership was reverted to Secunda and Jacobs, and they signed contract with Harms, Inc., securing proper royalties.

There have been several songs with the tune in the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....

. In particular, in 1943, a Russian-language song for the music was produced with satirical anti-Nazi lyrics titled "Baron Fon Der Pshik" ("Барон фон дер Пшик") by Anatoli Fidrovsky, music arrangement by Orest Kandat. Initially it was recorded by the jazz orchestra (director Nikolay Minkh) of the Baltic Fleet Theatre. Later it was included into the repertoire of Leonid Utyosov
Leonid Utyosov
Leonid Osipovich Utyosov or Utesov ; real name Lazar Vaysbeyn or Weissbein , was a famous Soviet jazz singer and comic actor of jewish origin, who became the first pop singer to be awarded the prestigious title of People's Artist of the USSR .-Biography:Leonid Utyosov was brought up in Odessa...

's jazz orchestra.

In Nazi Germany it was also a hit until its Jewish origins were discovered when it was promptly banned.

Recorded versions

In addition to the original (or modified/translated) lyrics, a number of songs are known which borrowed only the popular tune of Bei Mir..., with completely unrelated text.
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  • 8 To The Bar


A
  • Acker Bilk
  • Adrian Rollini & His Novelty Trio & Quintet
    Adrian Rollini
    Adrian Francis Rollini was a multi-instrumentalist best known for his jazz music. He played the bass saxophone, piano, xylophone, and many other instruments. Rollini is also known for introducing the goofus in jazz music...

  • Al Bowlly
    Al Bowlly
    Albert Allick Bowlly was a Southern-African singer, songwriter, composer and band leader, who became a popular Jazz crooner during the 1930s in the United Kingdom and later, in the United States of America. He recorded more than 1,000 records between 1927 and 1941...

  • The Andrews Sisters
    The Andrews Sisters
    The Andrews Sisters were a highly successful close harmony singing group of the swing and boogie-woogie eras. The group consisted of three sisters: contralto LaVerne Sophia Andrews , soprano Maxene Angelyn Andrews , and mezzo-soprano Patricia Marie "Patty" Andrews...

  • Arthur Murray Orchestra
    Arthur Murray
    Arthur Murray was a dance instructor and businessman, whose name is most often associated with the dance studio chain that bears his name....



B
  • The Barry Sisters
    The Barry Sisters (United States)
    Clara and Minnie Barry were popular American Jazz and Klesmer entertainers of the 1940s to the early 1970s.-Early years:Born in the Bronx, New York, they were first known as The Bagelman Sisters. They made a name for themselves as Yiddish jazz singers. When their act became more popular, they...

  • Belle Baker
    Belle Baker
    Belle Baker was an American singer and actress. Popular throughout the 1910s and 1920s, Baker introduced a number of ragtime and torch songs including Irving Berlin's "Blue Skies" and "My Yiddishe Mama". She performed in the Ziegfeld Follies and introduced a number of Irving Berlin's songs...

  • Benny Goodman
    Benny Goodman
    Benjamin David “Benny” Goodman was an American jazz and swing musician, clarinetist and bandleader; widely known as the "King of Swing".In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman led one of the most popular musical groups in America...

  • Billy Cotton & His Band
    Billy Cotton
    William Edward Cotton , better known as Billy Cotton, was a British band leader and entertainer, one of the few whose orchestras survived the dance band era. Today, he is mainly remembered as a 1950s and 1960s radio and television personality, although his musical talent emerged as early as the 1920s...

  • Bob Wilber
    Bob Wilber
    Bob Wilber is an internationally recognized American jazz clarinetist, saxophonist and band leader living in Chipping Campden, England. Although his scope covers a wide range of jazz, Wilber has been a dedicated advocate of classic styles, working throughout his career to present traditional jazz...

  • Booker Ervin
    Booker Ervin
    Booker Telleferro Ervin II was an American tenor saxophone player. He was perhaps best known for his association with bassist Charles Mingus....

  • Buddy Clark
    Buddy Clark
    Buddy Clark was a popular American singer in the 1930s and 1940s.-Life and career:Clark was born Samuel Goldberg to Jewish parents in Dorchester, Massachusetts. He made his Big Band singing debut in 1934 with Benny Goodman on the Let's Dance radio program. In 1936 he started to perform on the...



C
  • Charlie and his Orchestra
    Charlie and his Orchestra
    Charlie and his Orchestra were a Nazi-sponsored German propaganda swing band...

  • The Clark Sisters
    The Clark Sisters
    The Clark Sisters are an American gospel vocal group consisting of four sisters:Jacky Clark Chisholm, Elbernita "Twinkie" Clark, Dorinda Clark-Cole, and Karen Clark Sheard. A fifth sister, Denise Clark Bradford, no longer performs with the group. The Clark Sisters are the daughters of legendary...

  • Cora Green (in the 1938 race film Swing!
    Swing! (film)
    Swing! is a 1938 race film directed, produced and written by Oscar Micheaux.-Plot:Mandy Jenkins , an African American cook for a wealthy white family in Birmingham, Alabama, discovers her husband Cornell is having an affair with Eloise Jackson . When she confronts her husband and Eloise at a...

    )
  • The Crew-Cuts
    The Crew-Cuts
    The Crew-Cuts were a Canadian vocal quartet, that made a number of popular records that charted in the United States and worldwide. They named themselves after the then popular crew cut haircut, one of the first connections made between pop music and hairstyle...



D
  • Dan Barrett
    Dan Barrett (musician)
    Dan Barrett is an American arranger, cornetist, and trombonist.The earliest mention of Dan Barrett was in the Melody Maker, 10 February 1973, which reported that he played "Ory's Creole Trombone" at the end of Kid Ory's Funeral on 28 January that year...

  • Dick Hyman
    Dick Hyman
    Richard “Dick” Hyman is an American jazz pianist/keyboardist and composer, best-known for his versatility with jazz piano styles. Over a 50 year career, he has functioned as pianist, organist, arranger, music director, and, increasingly, as composer...

  • Dolina, Larisa
    Larisa Dolina
    Larisa Aleksandrovna Dolina is an Azerbaijani-born prominent Russian jazz and pop singer and an actress...

     (as V Keiptaunskom portu - In Cape Town port)
  • Dukes of Dixieland
    Dukes of Dixieland
    Dukes of Dixieland was a New Orleans dixieland revival band formed in 1948 by brothers Frank Assunto, trumpet; Fred Assunto, trombone; and their father Papa Jac Assunto, trombone and banjo. Their first records featured Jack Maheu, clarinet; Stanley Mendelsohn, piano; Tommy Rundell, drums; and...



E
  • Ella Fitzgerald
    Ella Fitzgerald
    Ella Jane Fitzgerald , also known as the "First Lady of Song" and "Lady Ella," was an American jazz and song vocalist...



F
  • The Flying Neutrinos
    The Flying Neutrinos
    The Flying Neutrinos are an American jazz band. They released their first CD in 1995. Their lead singer is Ingrid Lucia. Their music has elements of jazz and swing. Their CDs include I'd Rather Be in New Orleans and The Hotel Child. The band has performed in venues in Europe and North...

  • Frida Boccara
    Frida Boccara
    Frida Boccara was a French singer.Frida Boccara was born in Casablanca, Morocco. She submitted the song "Autrefois" to the French Eurovision Song Contest selection panel in 1964 but she was unsuccessful...

     (as "Pour Lui Je Suis Belle")


G
  • Garland Wilson
    Garland Wilson
    Garland Lorenzo Wilson was an American jazz pianist born in Martinsburg, West Virginia, perhaps best-known for his work with Nina Mae McKinney. Wilson was a boogie-woogie and stride pianist.- Career :...

  • Gevolt (on album AlefBase
    AlefBase
    AlefBase is the second album by the Israeli metal band Gevolt. Released on 25 March 2011, the album was a first full-length metal album in Yiddish language....

    , 2011)
  • Giora Feidman
    Giora Feidman
    Giora Feidman is an Argentinian-born Israeli clarinetist who specializes in klezmer music.-Biography:Giora Feidman was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where his Bessarabian Jewish parents immigrated to escape persecution. Feidman comes from a family of klezmer musicians...

  • Glenn Miller
    Glenn Miller
    Alton Glenn Miller was an American jazz musician , arranger, composer, and bandleader in the swing era. He was one of the best-selling recording artists from 1939 to 1943, leading one of the best known "Big Bands"...

  • Gołda Tencer
    Gołda Tencer
    Gołda Tencer is a Polish-Jewish actress and singer.Gołda Tencer was born to a Jewish family, the daughter of Szmul and Sonia Tencer. In 1971 she graduated from Actors Studio in Warsaw...

  • Gordon Jenkins
    Gordon Jenkins
    Gordon Hill Jenkins was an American arranger, composer and pianist who was an influential figure in popular music in the 1940s and 1950s, renowned for his lush string arrangements...

  • Greta Keller
    Greta Keller
    Greta Keller-Bacon was a cabaret singer and Hollywood actress.-Biography:Born Margaretha Keller in Vienna, Austria, she studied dance from the age of eight, followed by acting. Her début was in Pavillon, in Vienna. She also appeared on stage with Marlene Dietrich in Broadway, in which she sang and...

  • Guy Lombardo
    Guy Lombardo
    Gaetano Alberto "Guy" Lombardo was a Canadian-American bandleader and violinist.Forming "The Royal Canadians" in 1924 with his brothers Carmen, Lebert, and Victor and other musicians from his hometown, Lombardo led the group to international success, billing themselves as creating "The Sweetest...


J
  • Jack Teagarden
    Jack Teagarden
    Weldon Leo "Jack" Teagarden , known as "Big T" and "The Swingin' Gate", was an influential jazz trombonist, bandleader, composer, and vocalist, regarded as the "Father of Jazz Trombone".-Early life:...

  • The Jackson Five (on the Carol Burnett Show, January 25, 1975)
  • Janis Siegel
  • Judy Garland
    Judy Garland
    Judy Garland was an American actress and singer. Through a career that spanned 45 of her 47 years and for her renowned contralto voice, she attained international stardom as an actress in musical and dramatic roles, as a recording artist and on the concert stage...

  • June Christy
    June Christy
    June Christy , born Shirley Luster, was an American singer, known for her work in the cool jazz genre and for her silky smooth vocals. Her success as a singer began with The Stan Kenton Orchestra. She pursued a solo career from 1954 and is best known for her debut album Something Cool...



K
  • Tatiana Kabanova (as S Odesskogo Kichmana)
  • Klezmer Conservatory Band
    Klezmer Conservatory Band
    The Klezmer Conservatory Band is an Boston-based group which performs traditional klezmer music; it was formed by Hankus Netsky of the New England Conservatory of Music in 1980. Originally formed for a single concert, they have gone on to release eleven albums....

  • Psoy Korolenko
    Psoy Korolenko
    Psoy Galaktionovich Korolenko is a pseudonym of a Russian Jewish song writer and performer by the name of Pavel Eduardovich Lion . At the same time Pavel Lion is a slavist with a Ph.D...



L
  • Larisa Dolina
    Larisa Dolina
    Larisa Aleksandrovna Dolina is an Azerbaijani-born prominent Russian jazz and pop singer and an actress...

     (as "V Keiptaunskom portu")
  • Lee Press-on and the Nails
    Lee Press-on and the Nails
    Lee Presson and the Nails is a swing band that formed in the San Francisco Bay Area in October 1994 during the late '90s swing revival. It disbanded in 2004 and reformed in 2006...

  • The Leningrad Dixieland Jazz Band
  • The Lennon Sisters
    The Lennon Sisters
    The Lennon Sisters are a singing group consisting of four siblings: Dianne , Peggy , Kathy , and Janet . They were all born in Los Angeles, California of German/Irish and Mexican ancestry. The original quartet were the eldest four in a family of twelve siblings...

  • Leroy Jones
    Leroy Jones
    Leroy Jones is a jazz trumpeter from New Orleans, Louisiana. Born February 20, 1958, Jones began playing trumpet at the age of ten, and by the time he was 13 was leading the Fairview Baptist Church Marching Band, a group of young musicians organized by guitar- and banjo-player Danny Barker...

  • Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra
    Lionel Hampton
    Lionel Leo Hampton was an American jazz vibraphonist, pianist, percussionist, bandleader and actor. Like Red Norvo, he was one of the first jazz vibraphone players. Hampton ranks among the great names in jazz history, having worked with a who's who of jazz musicians, from Benny Goodman and Buddy...

  • Listen Up!
  • Los Albertos
    Los Albertos
    Los Albertos are a Brighton-based Ska punk band.While their guitar sound ranges from chicken scratch to Carlos Santana, and the horns veer from wall of brass to kelzma reediness in their riotous, joyous sound, lyrics cast the net far and wide....

  • Louis Prima
    Louis Prima
    Louis Prima was a Sicilian American singer, actor, songwriter, and trumpeter. Prima rode the musical trends of his time, starting with his seven-piece New Orleans style jazz band in the 1920s, then successively leading a swing combo in the 1930s, a big band in the 1940s, a Vegas lounge act in the...



M
  • Martha Tilton
    Martha Tilton
    Martha Tilton was an American popular singer, best-known for her 1939 recording of "And the Angels Sing" with Benny Goodman. She was sometimes introduced as The Liltin' Miss Tilton.Tilton and her family lived in Texas and Kansas, relocating to Los Angeles when she was seven years old...

  • Max Raabe
    Max Raabe
    Max Raabe is a German singer. He is particularly noted as the founder and leader of the Palast Orchester....

     & das Palast Orchester
  • Mieczysław Fogg & Henryk Wars
    Henryk Wars
    Henryk Wars was a Polish and later American pop music composer. He wrote the music for 50 films in the interwar period in Poland and sixty more in the United States...

     Orchestra (1938)
  • Moreno
    Moreno
    -Places:*Moreno, Pernambuco, city in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco*Perito Moreno Glacier, glacier in Patagonia, Argentina*Perito Moreno National Park, on the northwest of the Santa Cruz Province, Argentina...



N
  • Natasza Urbańska
    Natasza Urbanska
    Natasza Urbanska is a Polish actress, singer, dancer and TV presenter.- Filmography :- Singles :*2010: "All The Wrong Places"*2010: "Here I Am"*2010: "Listen To My Radio".*2010: "Love Stone Crazy".*2009: "Mała"....

  • New Orleans Jazz Vipers
    New Orleans Jazz Vipers
    The New Orleans Jazz Vipers are a seven-piece swing band from New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. The band's repertoire comes from the likes of Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, and Louis Armstrong as well as lesser-known artists....

  • Nina Hagen
    Nina Hagen
    Nina Hagen is a German singer and actress.-Early years:Hagen was born as Catharina Hagen in the former East Berlin, East Germany, the daughter of Hans Hagen , a scriptwriter, and Eva-Maria Hagen, an actress and singer...



P
  • The Puppini Sisters
    The Puppini Sisters
    The Puppini Sisters are a vocal trio. Arion Berger described them as part of "Retro's futuristic vanguard" and described their sound as "swing-punk". The group has sought to be associated with a burlesque revival....



Q
  • Quadro Nuevo
    Quadro Nuevo
    Quadro Nuevo is a German acoustic quartet which was founded in 1996 and can be categorized as World Music and Jazz. The band is composed of Robert Wolf, Mulo Francel, D.D...



R
  • Ramsey Lewis
    Ramsey Lewis
    Ramsey Emmanuel Lewis, Jr. is an American jazz composer, pianist and radio personality. Ramsey Lewis has recorded over 80 albums and has received seven gold records and three Grammy Awards so far in his career.-Biography:...

  • Ray Anthony
    Ray Anthony
    Ray Anthony is an American bandleader, trumpeter, songwriter and actor.- Biography :...

  • The Red Elvises with the title "My Darling Lorraine"
  • Robin McKelle
  • Ronn Metcalfe
    Ronn Metcalfe
    Ronn Metcalfe was successful band leader from St. Catharines, Canada. and music industry leader.He released an LP named after the title track "Twistin' at the Woodchopper's Ball" which garnered him a gold record. He used this success to start a rock and roll band scene in Niagara, Canada...



S
  • Sammy Cahn
    Sammy Cahn
    Sammy Cahn was an American lyricist, songwriter and musician. He is best known for his romantic lyrics to films and Broadway songs, as well as stand-alone songs premiered by recording companies in the Greater Los Angeles Area...

  • Severny, Arkasha
    Arcady Severny
    Arkady Severny was a popular singer from Leningrad. He was very popular in the Soviet Union in the 1970s primarily because of his criminal songs. He sang more than 1,000 songs based on criminal folklore and literature. Severny worked with well-known Russian jazz and restaurant musicians...

     (V Keiptaunskom portu 1972)
  • Shelly Manne
    Shelly Manne
    Shelly Manne , born Sheldon Manne in New York City, was an American jazz drummer. Most frequently associated with West Coast jazz, he was known for his versatility and also played in a number of other styles, including Dixieland, swing, bebop, avant-garde jazz and fusion, as well as contributing...

  • Slim Gaillard
    Slim Gaillard
    Bulee "Slim" Gaillard was an American jazz singer, songwriter, pianist, and guitarist, noted for his vocalese singing and word play in a language he called "Vout"...

  • A parody of this song, "The Bear Missed the Train", was written by the Smith Street Society Jazz Band in 1964 and became a favorite on Jean Shepherd
    Jean Shepherd
    Jean Parker Shepherd was an American raconteur, radio and TV personality, writer and actor who was often referred to by the nickname Shep....

    's radio narratives.
  • :it:Sorelle Marinetti
  • Steve Lawrence
    Steve Lawrence
    Steve Lawrence is an American singer and actor, perhaps best known as a member of a duo with his wife Eydie Gormé, billed as "Steve and Eydie"...

  • Swing Kids
    Swing Kids
    The Swing Kids were a group of jazz and swing lovers in Germany in the 1930s, mainly in Hamburg and Berlin. They were composed of 14- to 18-year-old boys and girls in high school, most of them middle- or upper-class students, but some apprentice workers as well...



T
  • Teddy Wilson
    Teddy Wilson
    Theodore Shaw "Teddy" Wilson was an American jazz pianist whose sophisticated and elegant style was featured on the records of many of the biggest names in jazz, including Louis Armstrong, Lena Horne, Benny Goodman, Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald.-Biography:Wilson was born in Austin, Texas in...

  • Teresa Brewer
    Teresa Brewer
    Teresa Brewer was an American pop singer whose style incorporated elements of country, jazz, R&B, musicals and novelty songs. She was one of the most prolific and popular female singers of the 1950s, recording nearly 600 songs. Born Theresa Breuer in Toledo, Ohio, Brewer died of a neuromuscular...

  • Terry Gibbs
    Terry Gibbs
    Terry Gibbs is an American jazz vibraphonist and band leader.He has performed and/or recorded with Tommy Dorsey, Chubby Jackson, Buddy Rich, Woody Herman, Benny Goodman, Louie Bellson, Charlie Shavers, Mel Tormé, Buddy DeFranco, and others...

  • Tom Cunningham
    Tom Cunningham
    Thomas "Tom" Cunningham is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, played by Ellis Hollins. Hollins has portrayed the character since his birth in 1999.-Storylines:...



U
  • Utyosov, Leonid (Baron Fod Der Pshik and S Odesskogo Kichmana)


V
  • The Village Stompers
    The Village Stompers
    The Village Stompers was a U.S. dixieland music group with the hit "Washington Square" in 1963. The band was known for its instrumental pieces....



W
  • Waldeck
    Waldeck
    -Places:* Waldeck Castle, a medieval fortress/castle in Germany* Waldeck, Hesse, a town in Hesse* Waldeck or Waldeck-Pyrmont, a principality in the German Empire and German Confederation, and a state in the Weimar Republic, named after the above castle and town* Waldeck, Bavaria, a village in the...

  • Willie "The Lion" Smith


Z
  • Zarah Leander
    Zarah Leander
    Zarah Leander was a Swedish actress and singer.Leander began her career in the late 1920s, and by the mid 1930s her success in Europe, particularly in Germany and the Scandinavian countries, led to invitations to work in the United States...



External links

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