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Bayan of the Merkid

 

 
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Bayan of the Merkid
 
 
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Bayan of the Merkid (d. 1340) was a Mongol
Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
 general and official in the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368....
. At the turn of the 13th/14th centuries he, together with the Turk
Turkish people

The Turkish people , also known as "Turks" are defined mainly as citizens of the Republic of Turkey. An early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." This ideal...
 El Temür, was a member of the group around Qaishan. Qaishan was a nephew of Temür Khan and appointed to defend Mongolia
Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and People's Republic of China to the south, east and west....
 against the Chagatai Khanate
Chagatai Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol, and later linguistically Turkic languages, khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan , second son of the Great Khan Genghis Khan, and his descendents and successors....
 under Kaidu
Kaidu

Kaidu or Qaidu, was the leader of the House of Ogedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Kaidu opposed the Great Khan Kublai until his death in 1301....
, the grandson of Ogedei. After Temür's death, Qaishan was the one who emerged as the new Yuan emperor, and Bayan was among those who received official positionas as reward.






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Bayan of the Merkid (d. 1340) was a Mongol
Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
 general and official in the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368....
. At the turn of the 13th/14th centuries he, together with the Turk
Turkish people

The Turkish people , also known as "Turks" are defined mainly as citizens of the Republic of Turkey. An early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." This ideal...
 El Temür, was a member of the group around Qaishan. Qaishan was a nephew of Temür Khan and appointed to defend Mongolia
Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and People's Republic of China to the south, east and west....
 against the Chagatai Khanate
Chagatai Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol, and later linguistically Turkic languages, khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan , second son of the Great Khan Genghis Khan, and his descendents and successors....
 under Kaidu
Kaidu

Kaidu or Qaidu, was the leader of the House of Ogedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Kaidu opposed the Great Khan Kublai until his death in 1301....
, the grandson of Ogedei. After Temür's death, Qaishan was the one who emerged as the new Yuan emperor, and Bayan was among those who received official positionas as reward. Later, Bayan was governour of Henan
Henan

Henan , is a Province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. Its one-Chinese character abbreviation is ? , named after Yuzhou , a Han Dynasty province that included parts of Henan....
. Historians describe him as a traditionalist who attempted to preserve Mongolian culture while he is seen as violent aristocrat by some.

In the conflicts about the succession of Tugh Temür Khan after 1332, Bayan broke with El Temür and supported Toghon Temür, who ascended the throne in 1333 (the same who would lose China in 1368). He was appointed commander of Royal guard
Royal Guard

A Royal Guard describes any group of military bodyguard, soldiers or retainers responsible for the protection of a royal person, such as a Monarch or queen regnant....
, composed of Mongols
Mongols

The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
, Kypchaks, Russians
Russians

The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
 and Asud
Asud

Asud was a guard and military group of Alani origin. The Mongol clan Asud is the plural of As, the Arabic name for the Alans.After the Mongol invasion of Rus, many Alans submitted to the Mongol Empire....
 in 1334. Until 1335 Bayan succeeded in annihilating El Temür's sons and family. Bayan began concentrating official positions in his person that had not been so concentrated before. He implemented rather conservative politics, abolishing the imperial examination system
Imperial examination

The Imperial examinations in Imperial China determined who among the population would be permitted to enter the state's bureaucracy. The Imperial Examination System in China lasted for 1300 years, from its founding during the Sui Dynasty in 605 to its abolition near the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1905....
, and aiming at containing the number of Han Chinese in the upper echelons of the Yuan bureaucracy. In 1339 he became great chancellor . At this time he had probably gone too far, in any case he was toppled in 1340 by his nephew Toghto. Shortly after that, his purges were called off and his policies were reversed.