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Battle of White Mountain
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The Battle of White Mountain, November 8, 1620 (Bílá hora is the name of White Mountain in Czech) was an early battle in the Thirty Years' War in which an army of 15,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were routed by 27,000 men of the combined armies of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor under Karel Bonaventura Buquoy (as he is known in Czech; Charles in his native French) and of the Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly at Bílá Hora, near Prague (now part of the city).
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Encyclopedia
The Battle of White Mountain, November 8, 1620 (Bílá hora is the name of White Mountain in Czech) was an early battle in the Thirty Years' War in which an army of 15,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were routed by 27,000 men of the combined armies of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor under Karel Bonaventura Buquoy (as he is known in Czech; Charles in his native French) and of the Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly at Bílá Hora, near Prague (now part of the city). The battle marked the end of the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War.
Prelude
Initially the revolt of the Protestants in Bohemia went well for the rebels, and they broke out of their isolated political position by electing Frederick V, Elector Palatine as their king. In 1619 the Estates of Upper and Lower Austria began to support the Bohemian Estates in the fight against Habsburgs and Transylvania's prince Gabriel Bethlen led his armies into Royal Hungary. But after Frederick accepted the crown of Bohemia in 1619, the Protestant Union signed the Treaty of Ulm (1620) with the Catholic League, declaring neutrality and refusing to support him. In the following months, Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria regrouped the forces of the Catholic League, and in November, sent Tilly to Prague.
Battle
The Bohemian commander, Christian of Anhalt, assembled his troops, and deployed them on the slopes of a hill (Bílá Hora in Czech, Weißerberg in German, both meaning White Mountain) blocking the road to Prague. His troops occupied a solid position, with his right flank covered by a hunting castle, his left covered by a brook, and a small brook with some moors in front of them.
According to some reports, a monk brought along a picture of St. Mary, which had been defaced by the Protestants, which incited furor among the Roman Catholic troops.
Tilly observed the enemy position and sent his well-trained men over a small bridge crossing the brook. In just two hours of heavy fighting, they smashed through the center of the enemy line. This decided the battle.
Aftermath
With the Bohemian army destroyed, Tilly entered Prague and the revolt broke down. King Frederick with his wife Elizabeth fled the country (hence his nickname the Winter King), and many citizens welcomed the restoration of Catholicism. Forty-seven noble leaders of the insurrection were tried, and twenty-seven were executed on what is called "the Day of Blood" by Protestants at Prague's Old Town Square. Today, 27 crosses have been inlayed in the cobblestone as a tribute to those victims. An estimated five-sixths of the Bohemian nobility went into exile soon after the Battle of White Mountain, and their properties were confiscated. Before the war about 151,000 farmsteads existed in Bohemia, while only 50,000 remained after the year 1648. The number of inhabitants decreased from 3 million to 800,000.
In 1621, the Emperor ordered all Calvinists and other non-Lutherans to leave the realm in 3 days. Next year, he also ordered all Lutherans (who primarily had not been involved in the revolt) to convert or leave the country. By 1627, Archbishop Harrach of Prague and Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice set out to peacefully convert the heretics; most Bohemians converted, but a significant Protestant minority remained. Spanish troops, seeking to encircle their rebellious Dutch provinces, seized the Palatinate. With Protestantism threatening to be overrun in Germany, Denmark entered the struggle.
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