Battle of Sekigahara

{{Redirect|Sekigahara}} {{Campaignbox Campaigns of Tokugawa Ieyasu}} {{Campaignbox Sekigahara Campaign}} {| class="infobox" style="width: 17em; font-size: 95%;" |- ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#b0c4de" | '''Commanders of Eastern Army (Tokugawa Force)''' |- style="vertical-align: center;" | '' |[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]: 30,000 men |- | '' |[[Maeda Toshinaga]] |- | '' |[[Date Masamune]] |- | '' |[[Katō Kiyomasa]]: 3,000 men |- | '' |[[Fukushima Masanori]]: 6,000 men |- | '' |[[Hosokawa Tadaoki]]: 5,000 men |- | '' |[[Asano Yukinaga]]: 6,510 men |- | '' |[[Ikeda Terumasa]]: 4,560 men |- | '' |[[Kuroda Nagamasa]]: 5,400 men |- | '' |[[Katō Yoshiaki]]: 3,000 men |- | '' |[[Tanaka Yoshimasa]]: 3,000 men |- | '' |[[Tōdō Takatora]]: 2,490 men |- | '' |[[Mogami Yoshiaki]] |- | '' |[[Yamauchi Katsutoyo]]: 2,058 men |- | '' |[[Hachisuka Yoshishige]] |- | '' |[[Honda Tadakatsu]]: 500 men |- | '' |[[Terasawa Hirotaka]]: 2,400 men |- | '' |[[Ikoma Kazumasa]]: 1,830 men |- | '' |[[Ii Naomasa]]: 3,600 men |- | '' |[[Matsudaira Tadayoshi]]: 3,000 men |- | '' |[[Oda Nagamasu]]: 450 men |- | '' |[[Tsutsui Sadatsugu]]: 2,850 men |- | '' |[[Kanamori Nagachika]]: 1,140 men |- | '' |[[Tomita Nobutaka]] |- | '' |[[Furuta Shigekatsu]]: 1,200 men |- | '' |[[Wakebe Mitsuyoshi]] |- | '' |[[Horio Tadauji]] |- | '' |[[Nakamura Kazutada]] |- | '' |[[Arima Toyouji]]: 900 men |- ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#b0c4de" | '''Commanders of Western Army (Ishida Force)''' |- style="vertical-align: top;" | '' |[[Mōri Terumoto]] (official head of the alliance) (not present) |- | '' |[[Uesugi Kagekatsu]] |- | '' |[[Maeda Toshimasa]] (Brother of [[Maeda Toshinaga]]) |- | '' |[[Ukita Hideie]]: 17,000 men |- | '' |[[Shimazu Yoshihiro]]: 1,500 men |- | '' |[[Kobayakawa Hideaki]] (defected): 15,600 men |- | '' |[[Ishida Mitsunari]] (''de facto'' head of the alliance): 4,000 men |- | '' |[[Konishi Yukinaga]]: 4,000 men |- | '' |[[Mashita Nagamori]] |- | '' |[[Ogawa Suketada]] (defected): 2,100 men |- | '' |[[Otani Yoshitsugu]]: 600 men |- | '' |[[Wakisaka Yasuharu]] (defected): 990 men |- | '' |[[Ankokuji Ekei]]: 1,800 men |- | '' |[[Satake Yoshinobu]] |- | '' |[[Oda Hidenobu]] |- | '' |[[Chōsokabe Morichika]]: 6,600 men |- | '' |[[Kutsuki Mototsuna]] (defected): 600 men |- | '' |[[Akaza Naoyasu]] (defected): 600 men |- | '' |[[Kikkawa Hiroie]] (defected): 3,000 men |- | '' |[[Natsuka Masaie]]: 1,500 men |- | '' |[[Mōri Hidemoto]]: 15,000 men |- | '' |[[Toda Katsushige]]: 1,500 men |- | '' |[[Sanada Masayuki]] |- | '' |[[Sanada Yukimura]] |- | '' |[[Shima Sakon]]: 1,000 men |- |} The {{nihongo|'''Battle of Sekigahara'''|[[Shinjitai]]: 関ヶ原の戦い; [[Kyūjitai]]: 關ヶ原の戰ひ|Sekigahara no Tatakai}}, popularly known as the {{nihongo|'''Battle for the Sundered Realm'''|天下分け目の戦い|Tenka Wakeme no Tatakai}}, was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 (''[[Keichō]] 5, 15th day of the 9th month'') which cleared the path to the [[Shogun]]ate for [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]. Though it would take three more years for Ieyasu to consolidate his position of power over the [[Toyotomi clan]] and the [[daimyo]], Sekigahara is widely considered to be the unofficial beginning of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa bakufu]], the last [[shogun]]ate to control [[Japan]]. Japan then had a long period of peace after that battle. ==Background and pretext== Even though [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] unified Japan and consolidated his power following the [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|Siege of Odawara]] in 1590, his failures in his [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)|invasions of Korea]] significantly weakened the Toyotomi clan's power as well as the loyalists and bureaucrats that continued to serve and support the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Hideyoshi's and his brother [[Toyotomi Hidenaga|Hidenaga]]'s presence kept the two sides from anything more than quarreling, but when both of them died, the conflicts were exacerbated and developed into open hostilities. Since the Toyotomi clan was known to be descended from peasant stock, neither Hideyoshi nor his heir [[Toyotomi Hideyori|Hideyori]] would be recognized or accepted as [[Shogun]]. Most notably, [[Katō Kiyomasa]] and [[Fukushima Masanori]] were publicly critical of the bureaucrats, especially [[Ishida Mitsunari]] and [[Konishi Yukinaga]]. Tokugawa Ieyasu took advantage of this situation, and recruited them, redirecting the animosity to weaken the Toyotomi clan. ==Beginning== Tokugawa Ieyasu was no longer rivaled in terms of seniority, rank, reputation and overall influence within the Toyotomi clan after the death of Regent [[Maeda Toshiie]]. Rumors started to spread stating that Ieyasu, at that point the only surviving ally of [[Oda Nobunaga]], would take over Hideyoshi's legacy just as Nobunaga's was taken. This was especially evident amongst the loyalist bureaucrats, who suspected Ieyasu of agitating unrest amongst Toyotomi's former vassals. Later, a supposed [[conspiracy (political)|conspiracy]] to assassinate Ieyasu surfaced, and many Toyotomi loyalists, including Toshiie's son, [[Maeda Toshinaga|Toshinaga]], were accused of taking part and forced to submit to Ieyasu's authority. However, [[Uesugi Kagekatsu]], one of Hideyoshi's appointed [[council of five regents|regents]], defied Ieyasu by building up his military. When Ieyasu officially condemned him and demanded that he come to [[Kyoto]] to explain himself before the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]]. Kagekatsu's chief advisor, [[Naoe Kanetsugu]] responded with a counter-condemnation that mocked Ieyasu's abuses and violations of Hideyoshi's rules, in such a way that Ieyasu was infuriated. Afterwards, Ieyasu summoned the help of various supporters and led them northward to attack the Uesugi clan, which at that moment were [[Siege of Hasedō|besieging Hasedō]], but [[Ishida Mitsunari]], grasping the opportunity, rose up in response and created an alliance to challenge Ieyasu's supporters, also seizing various [[daimyo]] as hostages in [[Osaka Castle]]. Ieyasu then left some forces led by [[Date Masamune]] to keep the Uesugi in check and marched west to confront the western forces. A few daimyo, most notably [[Sanada Masayuki]], left Ieyasu's alliance, although most, either bearing grudges against Mitsunari or being loyal to Ieyasu, stayed with him. ==The battle== Mitsunari, in his home [[Sawayama Castle]], met with [[Ōtani Yoshitsugu]], [[Mashita Nagamori]], and [[Ankokuji Ekei]]. Here, they forged the alliance, and invited Mōri Terumoto, who actually did not take part in the battle, to be its head. {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = left | width = 225 | image1 = Battle of Sekigahara folding screen.jpg | alt1 = The battle depicted on folding screens. | caption1 = The battle | image2 = EdoJapaneseArquebuse.jpg | alt2 = Three Japanese arquebus depicted. | caption2 = Japanese [[arquebus]] of the Edo era. }} Mitsunari then officially declared war on Ieyasu and lay siege to the [[Fushimi Castle]], garrisoned by Tokugawa retainer [[Torii Mototada]] on July 19. Afterwards, the western forces captured various Tokugawa outposts in the [[Kansai]] region and within a month, the western forces had moved into the [[Mino Province]], where Sekigahara was located. Back in [[Edo]], Ieyasu received news of the situation in Kansai and decided to deploy his forces. He had some former Toyotomi daimyo engage with the western forces while he split his troops and marched west on the [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]] towards [[Osaka Castle]]. Ieyasu's son [[Tokugawa Hidetada|Hidetada]] led another group through [[Nakasendō]]. However, Hidetada's forces were bogged down as he attempted to [[Siege of Ueda|besiege]] [[Sanada Masayuki]]'s Ueda Castle. Even though the Tokugawa forces numbered some 38,000, an overwhelming advantage over the Sanada's mere 2,000, they were still unable to capture the strategist's well-defended position. At the same time, 15,000 Toyotomi troops were being held up by 500 troops under Hosokawa Fujitaka at [[Siege of Tanabe|Tanabe Castle]] in Wakayama Prefecture. Some among the 15,000 troops respected Hosokawa so much they intentionally slowed their pace down. Both these incidents resulted in a large number of Tokugawa and Toyotomi troops not to show up in time at the battlefield of Sekigahara. Knowing that Ieyasu was heading toward Osaka, Mitsunari decided to abandon his positions and marched to Sekigahara. On September 15, 1600 (''[[Keichō]] 5, 8th day of the 8th month''), the two sides started to deploy their forces. Ieyasu's eastern army had 88,888 men, whilst Mitsunari's western army numbered 81,890. There were about 20,000 arquebusers and other forms of hand-held gunners deployed in the battlefield, corresponding to over 10% of all troops present. ==Fall of the western army== [[Image:Sekigahara.png|thumb|left|300px|Setup of both sides in Sekigahara]] Even though the western forces had tremendous tactical advantages, Ieyasu had already contacted many daimyo on the western side, promising them land and leniency after the battle should they switch sides. Notably several western commanders holding key positions were lured over to the Tokugawa cause. Kikkawa Hiroie and Kobayakawa Hideaki were two such commanders. They were in such positions that if they decided to close in on the eastern forces, they would in fact have Ieyasu surrounded on three sides. However, Kikkawa Hiroie, who was a retainer of the Mori clan, believed that Ieyasu would ultimately be victorious, and made a secret pact to keep his clan out of the combat. Hiroie's troops formed the front lines of the Mori army, which was commanded by his cousin Mori Hidemoto. When Hidemoto decided to attack the Tokugawa forces, Hiroie refused to comply, claiming fogs prevented movement. This in turn prevented the Chosokabe army, which deployed behind the Mori clan, from attacking. Even though Kobayakawa had responded to Ieyasu's call, in the actual battle he was hesitant and remained neutral. As the battle grew more intense, Ieyasu finally ordered [[arquebus]]iers to fire at Kobayakawa's position on [[Mount Matsuo]] in order to force Kobayakawa to make his choice. At that point Kobayakawa joined the battle on the eastern side. His forces assaulted Yoshitsugu's position, which quickly fell apart as he was already engaging [[Tōdō Takatora]]'s forces. Seeing this as an act of treachery, western generals such as [[Wakisaka Yasuharu]], [[Ogawa Suketada]], [[Akaza Naoyasu]], and [[Kutsuki Mototsuna]] immediately switched sides, turning the tide of battle. The western forces disintegrated afterwards, and the commanders scattered and fled. Some, like [[Ukita Hideie]] managed to escape. Many others did not. [[Shima Sakon]] was shot and wounded by a round from an arquebus and [[Ōtani Yoshitsugu]] committed suicide. Mitsunari, Yukinaga and Ekei were some of those who were captured and a few, like Mōri Terumoto and Shimazu Yoshihiro were able to return to their home provinces. Mitsunari himself would be [[executed]]. ==Rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate== [[Image:Sekigahara Battlefield.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Present day Sekigahara battlefield memorials]] Tokugawa Ieyasu redistributed the lands and fiefs of the participants, generally rewarding those who assisted him and displacing, punishing, or exiling those who fought against him. In doing so, he gained control of many former Toyotomi territories. Following the public execution of [[Ishida Mitsunari]], [[Konishi Yukinaga]] and [[Ankokuji Ekei]], the influence and reputation of the Toyotomi clan and its remaining loyalists drastically decreased. At the time, the battle was considered only an internal conflict between Toyotomi vassals. However, after Ieyasu became [[Shogun]], a position that had been left vacant since the fall of the [[Ashikaga shogunate]] 27 years earlier, the battle was perceived as a more important event. In 1664, [[Hayashi Gahō]], Tokugawa historian and rector of [[Yushima Seido]], summarized the consequences of the battle: "Evil-doers and bandits were vanquished and the entire realm submitted to Lord Ieyasu, praising the establishment of peace and extolling his martial virtue. That this glorious era that he founded may continue for ten thousands upon ten thousands of generations, coeval with heaven and earth." This change in official rankings also reversed the subordinate position of the Tokugawa clan, thus making the Toyotomi clan subordinates of the Tokugawa instead. ==Seeds of dissent== While most clans were content with their new status, there were many clans, especially those on the western side, who became bitter about their displacement or what they saw as a dishonorable defeat or punishment. Three clans in particular did not take the aftermath of Sekigahara lightly: * The [[Mōri clan]], headed by [[Mōri Terumoto]], remained angry toward the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] for being displaced from their fief, [[Aki Province|Aki]], and being relocated to the [[Chōshū Domain]], even though the clan did not take part in the battle at all. * The [[Shimazu clan]], headed by [[Shimazu Yoshihiro]], blamed the defeat on its poor [[espionage|intelligence-gathering]], and while they were not displaced from their home province of [[Satsuma Province|Satsuma]], they did not become completely loyal to the Tokugawa shogunate either. Taking advantage of its large distance between Edo and the island of Kyūshū as well as its improved espionage, the Shimazu clan demonstrated that it was virtually an autonomous kingdom independent from the Tokugawa shogunate during its last days. * The [[Chōsokabe clan]], headed by [[Chōsokabe Morichika]], was stripped of its title and domain of [[Tosa Province|Tosa]] and sent into exile. Former Chōsokabe retainers never quite came to terms with the new ruling family, the Yamauchi clan, which made a distinction between its own retainers and former Chōsokabe retainers, giving them lesser status as well as discriminating treatment. This class distinction continued even generations after the fall of the Chōsokabe clan. The descendants of these three clans would in two centuries collaborate to bring down the Tokugawa shogunate, leading to the [[Meiji Restoration]]. ==Miyamoto Musashi== According to tradition, the [[kensei]] [[Miyamoto Musashi]] was present at the battle among the ranks of [[Ukita Hideie]]'s army. Supposedly, he fought well and escaped the defeat of Hideie's forces unharmed. Whether this is fact or myth is unknown, considering that Musashi would have been around 17 years of age at the time. ==In popular culture== *This battle was featured as a campaign in [[Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties]] * The battle and its related political intrigue was the historical foundation for [[James Clavell]]'s 1975 novel, ''[[Shōgun (novel)|Shōgun]]'', later [[Shōgun (TV miniseries)|televised]] in 1980. * This battle figures in the manga and anime series ''[[Samurai Deeper Kyo]]''. * Re-enacted in the 2008 BBC Docudrama series ''[[Heroes_and_Villains_%28TV_series%29#.22Shogun.22|Heroes and Villains]]''. == External links == * [http://www.sengokudaimyo.com/ SengokuDaimyo.com] The website of samurai author and historian [[Anthony J. Bryant]]. Bryant is the author of the above mentioned ''Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power''. * A strategy war game based on the battle: [http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/25021 Sekigahara: Unification of Japan] {{coord missing|Japan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Sekigahara}}