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Battle of Fariskur
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The Battle of Fariskur fought on April 6, 1250 between the Crusaders led by Louis IX King of France (later Saint Louis) and Egyptian forces led by Turanshah.
the full support of Pope Innocent IV during the First Council of Lyon, King Louis IX of France accompanied by his brothers Charles d'Anjou and Robert d'Artois launched the Seventh Crusade against Egypt. The aims of the crusade were to defeat Egypt, destroy the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria and recover Jerusalem which the Muslims recaptured in 1244.
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The Battle of Fariskur fought on April 6, 1250 between the Crusaders led by Louis IX King of France (later Saint Louis) and Egyptian forces led by Turanshah.
Background
With the full support of Pope Innocent IV during the First Council of Lyon, King Louis IX of France accompanied by his brothers Charles d'Anjou and Robert d'Artois launched the Seventh Crusade against Egypt. The aims of the crusade were to defeat Egypt, destroy the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria and recover Jerusalem which the Muslims recaptured in 1244. The ships entered the Egyptian waters and the troops of the Seventh Crusade disembarked at Damietta in June 1249. Louis IX sent a letter to as-Salih Ayyub . Emir Fakhr ad-Din Yussuf the commander of the Ayybid garrison in Damiette retreated to the camp of the Sultan in Ashmum-Tanah causing a great panic among the inhabitants of Damietta who fled the town leaving the bridge that connected the west bank of the Nile with Damiette intact. After occupying the Egyptian port of Damietta in June 1249 he decided to march to Cairo, encouraged by the arrival of reinforcement led by his third brother Alphonse de Poitiers and the news of the death of as-Salih Ayyub the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt. The Franks succeeded in crossing the Canal of Ashmum (known today by the name al-Bahr al-Saghir) and launched a surprise attack against the Egyptian camp in Gideila, two miles away from Al Mansurah . The Egyptian troops in the camp, who were taken by surprise, retreated to Al Mansurah and the crusaders proceeded towards the town. The leadership of the Egyptian force passed to the Mamluk commandants Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari who succeeded in reorganizing the retreating troops. Shajar al-Durr who was in full charge of Egypt agreed about the plan of Baibars to defend Al Mansurah . Baibars orderded the opening of a gate to let the knights of the crusaders enter the town. The crusaders rushed into the town that they thought was deserted to find themselves trapped inside. The crusaders were besieged from all directions by the Egyptian forces and the town's population and heavy losses were inflicted upon them. Heavy casualties were inflicted upon the crusaders. Robert de Artois (brother of Louis IX) who took refuge in a house and William of Salisbury were among those who were killed in Al Mansurah. Only five Knights Templar survived the Battle . The crusaders were forced to retreat in disorder to Gideila where they camped within a ditch and wall. Early in the morning of February 11, The Muslim forces launched a devastating offensive against the Franks camp. For many weeks the Franks were forced to remain in their camp enduring a long exhausting guerilla war . Many crusaders were captured and taken to Cairo .
Battle
On February 27, Turanshah, the new sultan, arrived to Egypt from Hasankeyf and went straight to Al Mansurah to lead the Egyptian army. Ships were transported overland and dropped in the Nile (in Bahr al-Mahala) behind the ships of the crusaders cutting the reinforcement line from Damietta and besieging the crusade force of King Louis IX. The Egyptians used Greek fire and destroyed and seized many ships and supply vessels. Soon the besieged crusaders were suffering from devastating attacks, famine and disease. Some crusaders lost faith and deserted to the Muslim side .
King Louis IX proposed to the Egyptians the surrender of Damietta in exchange for Jerusalem and some towns on the Syrian coast. The Egyptians, aware of the miserable situation of the crusaders, refused the besieged king's offer. On April 5, covered by the darkness of night, the crusaders evacuated their camp and began to flee northward towards Damietta. Being in panic and haste they forgot to destroy a pontoon bridge that was set up by them over the canal. The Egyptians crossed the canal over the bridge and followed them till Fariskur (???????) where they utterly destroyed them on the 6th of April. Thousands of crusaders were killed and taken prisoners . King Louis IX and his a few nobles who survived were captured in the nearby village of Moniat Abdallah (???? ???????, now Meniat el Nasr) where they took refuge. Louis IX surrendered to a eunuch named al-Salihi after he was promised he would not be killed and together with his two brothers Charles d'Anjou and Alphonse de Poitiers he was taken to Al Mansurah where he was imprisoned in the house of Ibrahim ben Lokman , the royal chancellor, chained and under the guard of another eunuch named Sobih al-Moazami . King Louis' coif was exhibited in Syria . While the house of Ibrahim ben Lokman was used as a prison for Louis IX and the nobles, a camp was set up outside Al Mansurah to shelter thousands of war prisoners.
Aftermath
The ultimate defeat of the crusaders and the capture of Louis IX in Fariskur caused a shock in France. The crusaders were circulating false information in Europe claiming that king Louis IX defeated the Sultan of Egypt in a great battle and Cairo had been betrayed into his hands. When the news of the French defeat reached France a rather hysterical movement known by the name Shepherds' Crusade occurred in France.
Louis IX was ransomed for 400,000 dinars. After he pledged not to return to Egypt again and surrendered Damietta to the Egyptians, he was allowed to leave alive on the 8th of May 1250 to Acre with his brothers and 12,000 war prisoners who the Egyptians agreed to release following his queen, Marguerite de Provence , who was suffering from nightmares and left to Acre a few days earlier with her in Damietta born son who was called Jean Tristan (John Sorrow) .
The National Day of Damiette Governorate on May 8, marks the anniversary of the expelling of Louis IX from Egypt in 1250.
Historical consequence
The Seventh Crusade met its tragic end at Fariskur in 1250 marking a historical turnpoint for all the regional parties existing on that time. Egypt defeated Louis's crusade and proved to be Islam's citadel and arsenal. The Seventh Crusade was the last major offensive undertaken by the crusaders against Egypt. The crusaders never could recover Jerusalem and the kings of Europe, except Louis IX, began to lose their interest in launching new crusades. But shortly after the battle of Fariskur, the Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah was assassinated at Fariskur itself and the Mamluks, the same victorious champions of Al Mansurah, became the new rulers of Egypt. The power map of the southern and eastern Mediterranean basin became divided among four main dominions . Mamluk Egypt, Ayyubid Syria, Franks of Acre and Syrian Christian beach-heads and the Levantiane Christian state of the Cilician Armenia. While the Mamluks of Egypt and the Ayyubids of Syria turned into two conflicting rivals, the Franks and the Cilician Armenians in addition to the Principality of Antioch were allied. The Mongols, who suddenly erupted out of the Eurasian Steppe, had their armies by 1241 ridden westwards as far as the river Oder and the north eastern shore of the Adriatic and during the Battle of Fariskur they were pentrating deep into all adjoinning regions. The Western Christians and the Cilician Armenians always hoped to have a grand alliance with the Mongols against the Islamic World. While the Cilician Armenians submitted themselves to Mongol suzerainty since 1247 and in 1254 their King Hetoum visited the Mongols Capital, pope Innocent IV, who fully supported the Seventh Crusade against Egypt, sent in 1246 his Franciscan emissaryGiovanni da Pian del Carpine to the Great Khan of the Mongols in Qaraqorum seeking alliace against the Muslims but he received a disappointing answer from Güyük Khan who told him that he and the kings of Europe should submit to the Mongols . In 1253, After his defeat in Egypt, King Louis IX sent from Acre another emissary, the Franciscan friar William of Rubruck who accompanied him earlier in his Egyptian expedition, but the outcome of this trip was also not followed by an effective action .
In 1258 the Mongol army led by Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad and liquidated the Abbasid Caliphate then advanced to Syria and captured Damascus. Upon that, the path to Egypt was open. The Mongols sent a threatening message to Egypt asking it to submit to the Mongols . In 1260 an Egyptian army led by the Mamluks Sultan Qutuz and commander Baibars al-Bunduqdari - same champions of Al Mansurah - annihilated a Mongol army at Ain Jalut. The commander of the Mongol army who was killed at the battle was Kitbuqa, a Nestorian Christian who was accompanied by the Christian king of Cilician Armenia and by the Christian prince of Antioch . The Franks of Acre who stood neutral, and who were warned by Qutuz not to commit an act of treachery, gave passage to the Egyptian army . The triumphant army took Damascus and Syria became part of the Mamluks dominion. Later, during the era of Sultan al-Zahir Baibars al-Bunduqdari, the Cilician Armanians and the Principality of Antioch had to pay a huge price for their alliance with the Mongols . After the Battle of Ain Jalut the Mamluks repulsed three more invasions of Syria by the Mongols. Islam survived the combined crusaders and Mongol invasions though it had never been in such great jeopardy at any date since its birth . In 1257, the Mongol Empire suffered a serious split when Mongols of the Golden Horde, in the western half of the Eurasian steppe, converted to Islam and allied with the Mamluks ( see Berke-Hulagu war ), followed, in later years by other Mongols. In 1270 Louis IX made his last attempt and organized a new crusade ( The Eighth Crusade ) against Tunis, hoping to be able to attack Egypt again from there, but he died in Tunis . During the reign of Sultan Baibars the number of the Franks dominions on the Syrian coast were reduced drastically . Acre and the last Frankish strongholds were captured by the Mamluk Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil between 1291 and 1292.
See also
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