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Battle of Culloden
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The Battle of Culloden (16 April 1746) was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian British Government in the 1745 Jacobite Rising. Culloden dealt the Jacobite cause—to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain—a decisive defeat.
The Jacobites, the majority of them Highland Scots, supported the claim of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender") to the throne. The government army, under the Duke of Cumberland, younger son of the Hanoverian sovereign, King George II, supported his father's cause.
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The Battle of Culloden (16 April 1746) was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian British Government in the 1745 Jacobite Rising. Culloden dealt the Jacobite cause—to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain—a decisive defeat.
The Jacobites, the majority of them Highland Scots, supported the claim of James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender") to the throne. The government army, under the Duke of Cumberland, younger son of the Hanoverian sovereign, King George II, supported his father's cause. It too included Highland Scots, as well as Scottish Lowlanders and English troops.
The aftermath of the battle was brutal and earned the victorious general the nickname "Butcher" Cumberland. Charles Edward Stuart eventually left Britain and went to Rome, never to attempt to take the throne again. Civil penalties were severe with new laws that attacked the Highlanders' clan system. Highland dress was now to be restricted to use by the British Army.
Background
For further detail see Jacobite Rising.
Charles Edward Stuart, known as "Bonnie Prince Charlie" or the "Young Pretender", successfully raised forces, mainly of Scottish Highland clansmen and defeated the Hanoverian Army stationed in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans. The city of Edinburgh was occupied, but the castle held out and most of the Scottish population remained hostile to the rebels. The British government recalled forces from the war with France in Flanders to deal with the rebellion.
After a lengthy wait, Charles persuaded his generals that English Jacobites would stage an uprising in support of his cause. He was convinced that France would launch an invasion of England as well. His army of around 5000 invaded England on 8 November 1745. They advanced through Carlisle and Manchester to Derby and a position where they appeared to threaten London. It is often alleged that King George II made plans to decamp to Hanover, but there is absolutely no evidence for this and the king is on record as stating that he would lead the troops against the rebels himself if they approached London. The Jacobites met only token resistance. There was, however, little support from English Jacobites, and the French invasion fleet was still being assembled. The armies of General George Wade and of William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, were approaching. In addition to the militia, London was defended by nearly 6,000 foot, 700 horse and 33 artillery pieces and the Jacobites received (fictitious) reports of a third army closing on them. The Jacobite general, Lord George Murray, and the Council of War insisted on returning to join their growing force in Scotland. On 6 December 1745, they withdrew, with Charles Edward Stuart petulantly leaving command to Murray.
On the long march back to Scotland, the Highland Army wore out its boots and demanded all the boots and shoes of the townspeople of Dumfries as well as money and hospitality. The Jacobites reached Glasgow on 25 December. There they reprovisioned, having threatened to sack the city, and were joined by a few thousand additional men. They then defeated the forces of General Henry Hawley at the Battle of Falkirk. The Duke of Cumberland arrived in Edinburgh on 30 January to take over command of the government army from General Hawley. He then marched north along the coast, with the army being supplied by sea. Six weeks were spent at Aberdeen training.
The King's forces continued to pressure Charles. He retired north, losing men and failing to take Stirling Castle or Fort William. But he invested Fort Augustus and Fort George in Invernessshire in early April. Charles then took command again, and insisted on fighting a defensive action.
Hugh (Rose of Kilravock), 16th Baron, entertained Charles Edward Stuart and the Duke of Cumberland respectively on 14 and 15 April 1746, before the Battle of Culloden. On the occasion, Charles Edward Stuart's manners and deportment were described by his host as most engaging. Having walked out with Mr. Rose, before sitting down, he observed several persons engaged in planting trees. He remarked, "How happy, Sir, you must feel, to be thus peaceably employed in adorning your mansion, whilst all the country round is in such commotion." Kilravock was a firm supporter of the house of Hanover, but his adherence was not solicited, nor were his preferences alluded to. The next day, the Duke of Cumberland called at the castle gate, and when Kilravock went to receive him, he bluffly observed, "So you had my cousin Charles here yesterday." Kilravock replied, "What am I to do, I am Scottish", to which Cumberland replied, "You did perfectly right."
Opposing forces
Jacobite Army
The bulk of the Jacobite Army was made up of Highlanders. A large number of men in the Jacobite Army were volunteers. These men made up the gentlemen (officers), cavalry and lowland units, and as such, did much of the fighting during the campaign. The clans which supported the Jacobite cause tended to be Roman Catholic and Scottish Episcopalian, while clans which tended to be Presbyterian sided more with the British government. Nearly three quarters of the Jacobite army was composed of highland clansmen, the majority of them being Roman Catholic, with the rest of the Highlanders usually of Episcopalian faith. The Highlanders served in the clan regiments which were recruited largely from the western highlands of Scotland. The bulk of these men were forced to join by their clan chiefs, landlords or feudal superiors. In consequence, it mattered little whether the average clansmen believed in the Jacobite cause or not. Because of recruiting in this manner, when the campaign began to fizzle out in the lead up to the battle, desertion was a major problem in the Highland regiments within the Jacobite army.
One of the fundamental problems with the Jacobite army was the lack of trained officers. The lack of professionalism and training was readily apparent; even the colonels of the Macdonald regiments of Clanranald and Keppoch considered their men to be uncontrollable. A typical clan regiment was made up of a small minority of gentlemen (tacksmen) who would bear the "clan name", and under them the common soldiers or "clansmen" who bore a mixed bag of names. The clan gentlemen formed the front ranks of the unit and were more heavily armed than their impoverished tenants who made up the bulk of the regiment. Because they served in the front ranks, the gentlemen suffered higher proportional casualties than the common clansman. The gentlemen of the Appin Regiment suffered one quarter of those killed, and one third of those wounded from their regiment. The Jacobites started the campaign poorly armed. At the Battle of Prestonpans, some only had swords, Lochaber axes, pitchforks and scythes. Even though popular lore attributes a common highlander equipped with a broadsword, targe and pistol - it was only an officer or gentleman who was equipped this way. Further illustrating this point, following the conclusion of the battle, Cumberland reported that there were 2,320 firelocks recovered from the battlefield, but only 190 broadswords. From this, it can be determined that of the roughly 1,000 Jacobites killed at Culloden, only one in five carried a sword. As the campaign progressed, the Jacobites improved their equipment considerably. For instance, 1,500–1,600 stack of arms were landed in October. In consequence, by the time of the Battle of Culloden, the Jacobite army was equipped with .69 calibre French and Spanish firelocks.
During the later stage of the campaign, the Jacobites were reinforced with several units of French regulars. These units, like Fitzjames' Horse, and the Irish Picquets, were drawn from the Irish Brigade (Irish units in French service). Another unit was the Royal Écossois ("Royal Scots"), which was a Scottish unit in French service. A high proportion of these units were made up of mercenaries and "turned" prisoners of war. In fact, Fitzjames' Horse was mostly made up of English troops, not Irish, and also included a number of merchant sailors. Also, almost half of the Irish Picquets who fought in the battle had been press-ganged from 6th (Guise's) Foot at Fort Augustus. The Royal Écossois also contained deserters, and the commander, Drummond, attempted to raise a second battalion after the unit had arrived in Scotland. The Jacobite artillery has been generally regarded as being ineffective in the battle. Several modern accounts claim that the Jacobite artillery suffered from having several cannon with different calibres of shot. In fact, all but one of the Jacobite cannon were 3-pounders.
British Army
The British army at the Battle of Culloden was made up of infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Of the army's 16 infantry battalions present, four were Scottish units. The officers of the infantry were from the upper classes and aristocracy, while the rank and file were made up of poor agricultural workers. On the outbreak of the Jacobite rising, extra incentives were given to lure recruits to fill the ranks of depleted units. For instance, on 6 September 1745, every new recruit who joined the Guards before 24 September were given £6, and those who joined in the last days of the month were given £4. Regiments were named after their Colonel. In theory, an infantry regiment would comprise up to ten companies of up to 70 men. They would then be 815 strong, including officers. However, regiments were rarely anywhere near this large, and at the Battle of Culloden, the regiments were not much larger than about 400 men.
The British cavalry arrived in Scotland in January 1746. They were not combat experienced, having spent the last several years in service in anti-smuggling duties. A standard cavalryman had a Land Service pistol and a carbine. However, the main weapon used by the British cavalry was a sword with a 35-inch blade.
The Royal Artillery vastly out performed their Jacobite counterparts during the Battle of Culloden. However, up until this point in the campaign, the British artillery had performed dismally. The main weapon of the artillery was the 3-pounder. This weapon had a range of and fire two kinds of shot: round iron and canister. The other weapon utilised was the Coehorn mortar. These had a calibre of 4 inches (11 cm).
Lead up to battle
On 30 January, the Duke of Cumberland arrived in Scotland to take command of the government forces after the previous failures by Cope and Hawley. Cumberland decided to wait out the winter, and moved his troops northwards to Aberdeen. Around this time, the army was increased by 5,000 Hessian troops. The Hessian force, led by Prince Frederick of Hesse, took up position to the south to cut off any path of retreat for the Jacobites. The weather had improved to such an extent by 8 April that Cumberland again resumed the campaign. The government army reached Cullen on 11 April, where it was joined by six battalions and two cavalry regiments. Days later, the government army approached the River Spey, which was guarded by a Jacobite force of 2,000, made up of the Jacobite cavalry, the Lowland regiments and over half of the army's French regulars. The Jacobites quickly turned and fled, first towards Elgin and then to Nairn. By 14 April, the Jacobites had evacuated Nairn, and Cumberland camped his army at Balblair just west of the town.
The Jacobite forces of about 5,400 left their base at Inverness, leaving most of their supplies, and assembled 5 miles (8 km) to the east near Drummossie, around 12 miles (19 km) before Nairn. Charles Edward Stuart had decided to personally command his forces and took the advice of his adjutant general, Secretary O’Sullivan, who chose to stage a defensive action at Drummossie Moor, a stretch of open moorland enclosed between the walled Culloden enclosures to the North and the walls of Culloden Park to the South . Lord George Murray "did not like the ground" and with other senior officers pointed out the unsuitability of the rough moorland terrain which was highly advantageous to the Duke with the marshy and uneven ground making the famed Highland charge somewhat more difficult while remaining open to Cumberland’s powerful artillery. They had argued for a guerrilla campaign, but Charles Edward Stuart refused to change his mind.
Night attack at Nairn
On 15 April, the government army celebrated Cumberland's twenty-fifth birthday by issuing two gallons of brandy to each regiment. At Murray's suggestion, the Jacobites tried that evening to repeat the success of Prestonpans by carrying out a night attack on the government encampment. Murray proposed that they set off at dusk and march to Nairn. Murray planned to have the right wing of the first line attack Cumberland's rear, while Perth with the left wing would attack the government's front. In support of Perth, Charles Edward Stuart would bring up the second line. The Jacobite force however started out well after dark at about 20:00. Murray led the force cross country with the intention of avoiding government outposts. This however led to very slow going in the dark. Murray's one time aide-de-camp, James Chevalier de Johnstone later wrote, "this march across country in a dark night which did not allow us to follow any track, and accompanied with confusion and disorder". By the time the leading troop had reached Culraick, still from where Murray's wing was to cross the River Nairn and encircle the town, there was only one hour left before dawn. After a heated council with other officers, Murray concluded that there was not enough time to mount a surprise attack and that the offensive should be aborted. Sullivan went to inform Charles Edward Stuart of the change of plan, but missed the prince in the dark. Meanwhile, instead of retracing his path back, Murray led his men left, down the Inverness road. In the darkness, while Murray led one-third of the Jacobite forces back to camp, the other two-thirds continued towards their original objective, unaware of the change in plan. One account of that night even records that Perth and Drummond made contact with government troops before realising the rest of the Jacobite force had turned home. Not long after the exhausted Jacobite forces had made it back to Culloden, reports came of the advancing government troops. By then, many Jacobite soldiers had dispersed in search of food, while others were asleep in ditches and outbuildings.
Battle on Culloden Moor
Early on a rainy 16 April, the well rested Government army struck camp and at about 05:00 set had off towards the moorland around Culloden and Drummossie. Jacobite pickets first sighted the Government advance guard at about 08:00, when the advancing army came within of Drummossie. Cumberland's informers alerted him that the Jacobite army was forming up about from Culloden House—upon Culloden Moor. At about 11:00 the two armies were within sight of one another other with about of open moorland between them. As the Government forces steadily advanced across the moor, the driving rain and sleet blew from the north-east into the faces of the exhausted Jacobite army.
Opening moves
The Jacobite army was originally arrayed between the corners of Culloden and Culwhiniac parks (from left to right): the three Macdonald battalions; a small one of Chisholms; another small one of Macleans and Maclachlans; Lady Mackintosh and Manaltrie's regiments; Lord Lovat's Regiment; Ardsheal's Appin Stewarts; Lochiel's Regiment; and three battalions of the Atholl Brigade. Murray who commanded the right wing, however became aware of the Leanach enclosure that lay ahead of him would become an obstacle in the event of a Jacobite advance. Without any consultation he then moved the brigade down the moor and formed into into three columns. It seems probable that Murray intended to shift the axis of the Jacobite advance to a more northerly direction, thus having the right wing clear the Leanach enclosure and possibly taking advantage the downward slope of the moor to the north.
However the Duke of Perth seems to have misinterpreted Murray's actions as only a general advance, and the Macdonalds on the far right simply ignored him. The result was the skewing of the Jacobite front line, with the (left wing) Macdonalds still rooted on the Culloden Parks wall and the (right wing) Atholl Brigade halfway down the Culwhiniac Parks wall. In consequence, large gaps immediately appeared in the severally over-stretched Jacobite lines. A shocked Sullivan had no choice but to position the meagre 'second line' to fill the gaps. This second line was (left to right): the Irish Picquets; the Duke of Perth's Regiment; Glenbuchat's; Lord Kilmarnock's Footguards; John Roy Stuart's Regiment; two battalions of Lord Ogilvy's Regiment; the Royal Écossois; two battalions of Lord Lewis Gordon's Regiment. Further back were several cavalry units. On the left were: Lord Strathallan's Horse Bagot's Hussars and possibly Balmerino's Lifeguards. On the right were Lord Elcho's Lifeguards and Fitzjames's Horse. And in the centre was Charles Edward Stuart's tiny escort made up of Fitzjames's Horse and Lifeguards. When Sullivan's redeployment was completed Perth's and Glenbuchat's regiments were standing on the extreme left wing and John Roy Stuart's was standing beside Ardsheal's.
Cumberland brought forward the 13th and 62nd to extend his first and second lines. At the same time, two squadrons of Kingston's Horse were brought forward to cover the right flank. These were then joined by two troops of Cobham's 10th Dragoons. While this was taking place, Hawley began making his way through the Culwhiniac Parks intending to outflank the Jacobite right wing. Anticipating this, the two battalions of Lord Lewis Gordon's regiment had lined the wall. However since the Government dragoons stayed out of range, and the Jacobites were partly in dead ground they moved back and formed up on a re-entrant at Culchunaig, facing south and covering the army's rear. Once Hawley had led the dragoons through the Parks he deployed them in two lines beneath the Jacobite guarded re-entrant. By this time the Jacobites were guarding the re-entrant from above with four battalions of Lord Lewis Gordon's and Lord Ogilvy's regiments, and the combined squadron of Fitzjames's Horse and Elcho's Lifeguards. Unable to see behind the Jacobites above him, Hawley had his men stand and face the enemy.
Over the next twenty minutes, Cumberland's superior artillery battered the Jacobite lines, while Charles, moved for safety out of sight of his own forces, waited for the Government forces to move. Inexplicably, he left his forces arrayed under Government fire for over half an hour. Although the marshy terrain minimized casualties, the morale of the Jacobites began to suffer. Several clan leaders, angry at the lack of action, pressured Charles to issue the order to charge. The Clan Chattan was first away, but an area of boggy ground in front of them forced them to veer right so that they obstructed the following regiments and the attack was pushed towards the wall. The Highlanders advanced on the left flank of the Government troops, but were subjected to several volleys of musket fire and the artillery which had switched from roundshot to grapeshot.
Jacobite charge
Despite this, a large number of Jacobites reached the Government lines, and for the first time a battle was decided by a direct clash between charging highlanders and formed redcoats equipped with muskets and socket bayonets. The brunt of the Jacobite impact was taken by only two Government regiments—Barrell's 4th Foot and Dejean's 37th Foot. In a matter of minutes Barrell's regiment lost 17 and suffered 108 wounded, out of a total of 373 officers and men. Dejean's lost 14 and had 68 wounded, with this unit's left wing taking a disproportionately higher amount of casualties. Barrell's regiment was smashed apart, temporally losing its colours. Dejean's was pushed aside, and Sgt. Bristoe's gun detachment, which was placed between the two regiments was easily overrun. Major-General Huske, who was in command of the Government second line, quickly organised the counter attack. Huske ordered forward all of Lord Sempill's Fourth Brigade which had a combined total of 1,078 men (Sempill's 25th Foot, Conway's 59th Foot, and Wolfe's 8th Foot). Also sent forward to plug the gap was Bligh's 20th Foot, which took up position between Sempill's 25th and Dejean's 37th. Huske's counter formed a five battalion strong horseshoe-shaped formation which trapped the Jacobite right wing on three sides.
Located on the Jacobite extreme left wing were the Macdonald regiments. Popular legend has it that these regiments refused to charge when ordered to do so, due to the perceived insult of being placed on the left wing. Even so, due to the skewing of the Jacobite front lines, the left wing had a further of much boggier ground to cover than the right. When the Macdonalds charged, their progress was much slower than that of the rest of the Jacobite forces. Standing on the right of these regiments were the much smaller units of Chisholms and the combined unit of Macleans and Maclachlans. Every officer in the Chisholm unit was killed or wounded and Col. Lachlan Maclachlan, who led the combined unit of Macleans and Maclachlans, was gruesomely killed by a cannon shot. As the Macdonalds suffered casualties they began to give way. Immediately Cumberland then pressed the advantage, ordering two troops of Cobham's 10th Dragoons to ride them down. The boggy ground however impeded the cavalry and they turned to engage the Irish Picquets whom Sullivan had brought up in an attempt to stabilise the deteriorating Jacobite left flank.
Jacobite collapse and rout
With the the collapse of the left wing, Murray brought up the Royal Écossois and Kilmarnock's Footguards who were still at this time un-engaged. However, by the time they had been brought into position, the Jacobite army was in rout. The Royal Écossois exchanged musket fire with Campbell's 21st and commenced an orderly retreat, moving along the Culwhiniac enclosure in order to shield themselves from artillery fire. Immediately the half battalion of Highland militia commanded by Captain Colin Campbell of Ballimore which had stood inside the enclosure ambushed the Royal Écossois. Hawley had previously left this Highland unit behind the enclosure, with orders to avoid contact with the Jacobites, to limit any chance of a blue on blue incident. In the encounter Campbell of Ballimore was killed along with five of his men. The result was that the Royal Écossois and Kilmarnock's Footguards were forced out into the open moor and were rushed at by three squadrons of Kerr's 11th Dragoons. The fleeing Jacobites must have put up a fight for Kerr's 11th recorded at least 16 horses killed during the entirety of the battle. The Royal Écossois appear to have retired from the field in two wings. One part of the regiment surrendered upon the field after suffering 50 killed or wounded, however their colours were not taken and a large number of them retired from the field with the Lowland regiments.
This stand by the Royal Écossois may have given Charles Edward Stuart the time to make his escape. At the time when the Macdonald regiments were crumbling and fleeing the field, Stuart seems to have been rallying Perth's and Glenbuchat's regiments when Sullivan rode up to Captain Shea who commanded Stuart's bodyguard: "Yu see all is going to pot. Yu can be of no great succor, so before a general deroute wch will soon be, Sieze upon the Prince & take him off...". Shea then led Stuart from the field along with Perth's and Glenbuchat's regiments. From this point on the fleeing Jacobite forces were split into two groups: the Lowland regiments retired in order southwards, making their way to Ruthven Barracks; the Highland regiments however were cut off by the Government cavalry, and forced to retreat down the road to Inverness. The result was that they were a perfect target for the Government dragoons. Bland led the charge against the fleeing Highlanders, giving "Quarter to None but about Fifty French Officers and Soldiers He picked up in his Pursuit".
Conclusion: casualties and prisoners
The total number of Jacobite casualties during the battle has been estimated at about 1,500–2,000 killed or wounded. Cumberland's official list of prisoners taken includes 154 Jacobites and 222 "French" prisoners (men from the 'foreign units' in the French service). Added to the official list of those apprehended were 172 of the Earl of Cromartie's men, who captured after a brief engagement the day before at Dunrobin. In striking contrast to the Jacobite losses, the Government forces suffered 50 dead and 259 wounded, although a high proportion of those recorded as wounded are likely to have died of their wounds. For example, only 29 out of 104 wounded from Barrell's 4th Foot survived to claim pensions. All six of the artillerymen recorded as wounded died. The only Government casualty of high rank was Lord Robert Kerr, the son of William Kerr, 3rd Marquess of Lothian.
Aftermath
Collapse of the Jacobite campaign
As the first of the fleeing Highlanders approached Inverness they were met with a battalion of Frasers led by the Master of Lovat. Tradition states that the Master of Lovat immediately about-turned his men and marched down the road back towards Inverness, with pipes playing and colours flying. There are however varying traditions as to what happened at the bridge which spans the River Ness. One tradition is that the Master of Lovat intended to hold the bridge until he was persuaded against it. Another is that the bridge was seized by a party of Argyll Militia who were involved in a skirmish when blocking the crossing of retreating Jacobites. While it is almost certain there was a skirmish upon the bridge, it has been proposed that the Master of Lovat shrewdly switched sides and turned upon the fleeing Jacobites. Such an act would explain his remarkable rise in fortune in the years that followed.
Following the battle the Lowland units headed south, towards Corrybrough and made their way to Ruthven Barracks. The Highland units headed north, towards Inverness and on though to Fort Augustus. There they were joined by Barisdale's Macdonalds and a small battalion of MacGregors. The roughly 1,500 men that assembled at Ruthven Barracks received orders from Charles Edward Stuart to the effect that all was lost and to "shift for himself as best he could". Similar orders must have been received by the Highland units at Fort Augustus. By 18 April the Jacobite army was disbanded. Several officers and men of the units in the French service made for Inverness, where they surrendered as prisoners of war on 19 April. The rest of the army broke up, with men heading for home or attempting to escape abroad.
A number of ranking Jacobites made their way to Loch nan Uamh, where Charles Edward Stuart had first landed at the outset of the campaign in 1745. Here on 30 April they were met by the two French frigates—the Mars and Bellone. Two days later the French warships were spotted and attacked by the smaller Royal Navy sloops—the Greyhound, Baltimore, and Terror. The result was the last real battle in the campaign. During the six hours in which the ferocious sea-battle raged the Jacobites recovered cargo on the beach which had been landed by the French ships. In all £35,000 of gold was recovered along with supplies. Invigorated by the vast amounts of loot and visible proof that the French had not deserted them, the group of Highland chiefs decided to prolong the campaign. On 8 May, nearby at Murlaggan, Lochiel, Lochgarry, Clanranald and Barisdale all agreed to rendezvous at Invermallie on 18 May. The plan was that there they would be joined by the what remained of Keppoch's men and Cluny Macpherson's regiment (which did not take part in the battle at Culloden). However things did not go as planned. After about a month of relative inactivity, Cumberland moved his regulars into the Highlands. On 17 May three battalions of regulars and eight Highland companies reoccupied Fort Augustus. The same day the Macphersons surrendered. On the day of the panned rendezvous, Clanranald never appeared and Lochgarry and Barisdale only showed up with about 300 combined (most of whom immediately dispersed in search of food). Lochiel, who commanded possibly the strongest Jacobite unit at Culloden, was only able to muster about 300. The following morning Lochiel was alerted that a body of Highlanders were approaching. Assuming they were Barisdale's Macdonalds, Locheil waited until they were identified as Loudoun's by the "red crosses in their bonnets". Locheil's men dispersed without fighting however the damage was done and Cumberland had an excuse to venture deep into the Scottish Highlands. The following week the Government launched punitive expeditions into the Highlands which continued on throughout the summer.
Following his flight from the battle, Charles Edward Stuart and a number of his supporters made their way towards the Hebrides. By 20 April Stuart reached Arisaig on the west coast of Scotland. After spending a few days with his close associates, Stuart left the majority of them in a small boat and made way to the island of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides. From there he travelled to Scalpay, between the islands Harris and Lewis, and from there made his way to Stornoway. For five months Stuart crissed-crossed across the Hebrides, constantly pursued by Government supporters and under threat from local lairds who were tempted to betray him for the £30,000 upon his head. During this time he met Flora Macdonald, who famously aided him in a near escape to Skye. Finally on 19 September Stuart reached Borrodale in Skye where he and several followers boarded two small French ships which ferried them to France. He never returned to Scotland.
Reprecutions and persecution
The morning following the Battle of Culloden, Cumberland issued a written order reminding his men of "the public orders of the rebels yesterday was to give us no quarter". Cumberland alluded to the belief that such orders had been found upon the bodies of fallen Jacobites. In the days and weeks that followed, several versions of the alleged orders were published in the Newcastle Journal and the Gentleman's Journal. Today only one copy of the alleged order to "give no quarters" exists. It is however considered to be nothing but a poor attempt of forgery, for it is neither written nor signed by Murray, and it appears on the bottom half of a copy of a declaration published in 1745. In any event, Cumberland's order was not carried out for two days, after which contemporary accounts report then that for the next two days the moor was searched and all those wounded were put to death. In the aftermath of the battle, Government troops felt justified in giving no quarter to the wounded lying upon the moor. The Jacobites' aborted night attack in the early hours of 16 April would no doubt have been as merciless. Jacobite officers ordered their men to use only swords, dirks and bayonets, to overturn tents locate "a swelling or bulge in the fallen tent, there to strike and push vigorously". Indiscriminate killing is said to have gone on for several days, with all men bearing arms hanged on location and their women raped. Families fled from their scorched hovels and were left to starve. In total, over 20,000 head of livestock, sheep, and goats were driven off and sold at Fort Augustus, where the soldiers split the profits.
While in Inverness, Cumberland emptied the gaols that were full people imprisoned by Jacobite supporters, replacing them with Jacobites themselves. A number of prisoners were taken south to England to stand trial for high treason. Many were held on hulks on the Thames or in Tilbury Fort, and executions took place in Carlisle, York and Kennington Common. The common Jacobite supporters fared better than the ranking individuals. In total, 120 common men were executed, one third of them being deserters from the British Army. The common prisoners drew lots amongst themselves and only one of out of twenty actually came to trial. Although most those who did stand trial were sentenced to death, almost all of these had their sentences commuted to transportation to the British colonies for life. In all, 936 men were thus transported, and 222 more were banished. Even so, 905 prisoners were actually released under the Act of Indemnity which was passed in June 1747. Another 382 obtained their freedom by being exchanged for prisoners of war who were held by France. Of the total 3,471 prisoners recorded nothing is known of the fate of 648. The high ranking "rebel lords" were executed in on Tower Hill in London. It was for his insistence that these aristocrats should not be pardoned, not for his actions in Scotland, that Cumberland was nicknamed "Butcher" by some. To most Scots, other Britons and inhabitants of the British colonies he was "Sweet William", and received, amongst other tokens of thanks, an honorary doctorate from the University of Glasgow and the gift of a house and garden from the Committee of Perth.
Following up on the military success won by their forces, the British Government enacted several laws to incorporate Scotland—specifically the Scottish Highlands—within the rest of Britain. Members of the Episcopalian clergy were required to gives oaths of allegiance to the reigning Hanoverian dynasty. The Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions Act of 1747 ended the hereditary right of landowners to govern justice upon their estates through barony courts. Previous to this act, feudal lords (which included clan chiefs) had considerable judicial and military power over their followers—such as the oft quoted power of "pit and gallows". Lords who were loyal to the Government were greatly compensated for the loss of these traditional powers, for example the Duke of Argyll was given £21,000. The estates of those lords and clan chiefs who had supported the Jacobite rebellion were stripped from them and then sold with the profits used to further trade and agriculture in Scotland. In consequence the forfeited estates were under the management of much more efficient factors than a hereditary chief could ever have been. Anti-clothing measures were taking against the highland dress by an Act of Parliament in 1746. The result was that the wearing of tartan was banned from everyone in Scotland except as a uniform for officers and soldiers in the British Army and later landed men and their sons. Government troops were stationed in the Highlands and built more roads and barracks to better control the region, adding to the Wade roads constructed for Major-General George Wade after the 'Fifteen rising, as well a new fortress at Fort George to the east of Inverness.
Culloden battlefield today
Today, a visitor centre is located near the the site of the battle. This centre was first opened in December 2007, with the intention of preserving the battlefield in a condition similar to how it was on 16 April 1746. One difference is that current battlefield is covered in shrubs and heather, however during the 18th century the area was used a common grazing ground mainly for tenants of the Culloden estate. Those visiting can walk the site by way of footpaths on the ground and also by viewing from above on a raised platform. Possibly the most recognisable feature of the battlefield today is the tall memorial cairn, erected by Duncan Forbes in 1881. Forbes also erected headstones the same year, to mark the mass graves of the clans. The thatched roofed farmhouse of Leanach which stands today dates from about 1760. It however stands on the same location as the turf-walled cottage which existed at the time of the battle, and which likely served as a field hospital to Government troops following the battle. A stone, known as "The English Stone", is situated west of the Old Leanach cottage and is said to mark the burial place of the Government dead. West of this site lies another stone, erected by Forbes, marking the place where Alexander McGillivray of Dunmaglass's body was found after the battle. On the eastern side of the battlefield a stone lies that is supposed to mark the spot where Cumberland directed the battle.
Since 2001 the site of the battle has undergone several topographic, geophysical, and metal detector surveys in addition to archaeological excavations. Several interesting finds have been made in the areas where the fiercest fighting occurred on the Government left wing (particularly where Barrell's and Dejean's regiments stood). For example a large number of pistol balls and pieces of shattered muskets have been uncovered here which indicate close quarter fighting, as pistols were only used at close range and the musket pieces appear to have been smashed by pistol/musket balls or heavy broadswords. Finds of musket balls appear to mirror the lines of men who stood and fought. Some balls appear to have been dropped without being fired, some missed their targets, while others are distorted from hitting human bodies. It has also been thought possible in some cases to identify whether the Jacobites or Government soldiers fired certain rounds. This is because the Jacobite forces are known to have been in possession of large a quantity of French muskets which fired a slightly smaller calibre shot than that of the British Army's Brown Bess. Analysis of the finds confirms that the Jacobites used muskets in greater numbers than has traditionally been thought. Not far from where the hand-to-hand fighting took place, several fragments of mortar shells have also been found. Though Forbe's headstones mark the graves of the Jacobites, the location of the graves of about sixty Government soldiers is unknown. The recent discovery of a 1752 silver Thaler, from the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, may however lead archaeologists to these graves. A geophysical survey, directly beneath the spot where the coin was found, seems to indicate the existence of a large rectangular burial pit. It is thought possible that the coin was dropped by a soldier, who once served on the continent, while he visited the graves of his fallen comrades.
Order of Battle: Culloden, 16 April 1746
Jacobite Army
Charles Edward Stuart
Colonel John William Sullivan
| Division | Unit | Notes |
|---|
| Escort Troop | Fitzjames' Horse: 16 men.
Lifeguards: 16 men. | Commanded by Capt O'Shea. This unit was the prince's escort. | | Lord George Murray's Division | Atholl Brigade: 500 men (3 battalions). | Raised not as a clan but as a feudal levy. Possibly consisted of 3 regiments. Suffered badly from desertion. | | Cameron of Lochiel's Regiment: abt 650–700 men. | Led by Donald Cameron of Lochiel. Regarded as one of the strongest Jacobite units, and as elite. | | Stewarts of Appin or Appin Regiment: 250 men. | Led by Charles Stuart of Ardsheal. The regiment suffered from desertion. During the campaign it suffered 90 killed, 65 wounded. | | Lord John Drummond's Division. | Lord Lovat's Regiment: abt 300 men. | Led at Culloden by Charles Fraser of Inverallochie, whose battalion was numbered at about 300. The Master of Lovat's battalion missed the battle by several hours. | | Lady Mackintosh's Regiment: abt 350 men. | Sometimes referred to in secondary sources as Clan Chattan Regiment. A composite unit, like the Athole Brigate. Led by Alexander McGillivray of Dunmaglass. Lost most of its officers at Culloden. | | Farquharson of Monaltrie's Battalion: 150 men. | Consisted of mostly Highlanders but not all. Described by James Logie as "dressed in highland clothes mostly". Included a party of MacGregors. | | Maclachlans and Macleans: abt 200 men. | Commanded by Lachlan Maclachlan of Castle Lachlan and Maclean of Drimmin (who served as Lt Col). The unit campaigned as part of the Athole Brigade, though fought at Culloden for the first time as a stand alone unit. | | Chisholms of Strathglass: abt 80 men. | This very small unit was led by Roderick Og Chisholm. Suffered very heavy casualties at Culloden. | | Duke of Perth's Division. | MacDonald of Keppoch's Regiment. 200 men. | Commanded by Alexander MacDonald of Keppoch. This small regiment consisted of MacDonalds of Keppoch, MacDonalds of Glencoe, Mackinnons and several MacGregors. | | MacDonald of Clanranald's Regiment: 200 men. | Commanded by MacDonald of Clanranald, younger, who was wounded during the battle. Disbanded at Fort Augustus about 18 April 1746. | | MacDonnell of Glengarry's Regiment: 500 men. | Commanded by Donald MacDonnell of Lochgarry. This regiment included a unit of Grants of Glenmoriston and Glen Urquhart. | | John Roy Stuart's Division (reserve) | Lord Lewis Gordon's Regiment | John Gordon of Avochie's Battalion: 300 men. | Commanded by John Gordon of Avochie. | | Moir of Stonywood's Battalion: 200 men. | Commanded by James Moir of Stonywood. The unit, unlike the others of this regiment, was made up largely of volunteers. | | 1/Lord Ogilvy's Regiment: 200 men. | Commanded by Thomas Blair of Glassclune. | | 2/Lord Ogilvy's Regiment: 300 men. | Commanded by Sir James Kinloch. | | John Roy Stuart's Regiment: abt 200 men. | Commanded by Maj Patrick Stewart. Also known as the Edinburgh Regiment, because of where it was raised. | | Footguards. abt 200 men. | Commanded by William, Lord Kilmarnock. A composite unit. | | Glenbuchet's Regiment. 200 men. | Commanded by John Gordon of Glenbuchat. | | Duke of Perth's Regiment: 300 men. | James Drummond, Master of Strathallan. The unit included a party of MacGregors. | | Irish Brigade. | Garde Écossaise: 350 men. | Commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Lewis Drummond. | | Irish Picquets: 302 men. | Commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Stapleton. | Cavalry
(Commanded by Sir John MacDonald [Fitzjames' Horse]) | Right Squadron | Fitzjames' Horse: 70 men. | Commanded by Capt William Bagot. | | Lifeguards: 30 men. | Commanded by David, Lord Elcho. | | Left Squadron | Scotch Hussars: 36 men. | Commanded by Maj John Bagot. | | Strathallan's Horse: 30 men. | Commanded by William, Lord Strathallan. | |
Artillery. | 11 x 3-pounders. | Commanded by Capt John Finlayson. | | 1 x 4-pounders. | Commanded by Capt du Saussay. |
British Army
Captain-General: HRH Duke of Cumberland
Commander-in-Chief North Britain: Lieutenant-General Henry Hawley
| Division | Unit | Notes |
|---|
| Escort Troop | Duke of Cumberland's Hussars: abt 20 men. | Made up of Austrians and Germans. | Advance Guard
(Commanded by Maj-Gen Humphrey Bland) | 10th (Cobham's) Dragoons: 276 officers & men. | Commanded by Maj Peter Chaban. | | 11th (Kerr's) Dragoons: 267 officers & men. | Commanded by Lt Col William, Lord Ancram. | | Highland Battalion: abt 300 rank and file. | Commanded by Lt Col Campbell of Mamore 64th Highlanders. | Front Line (1st Division)
(Maj-Gen. William Anne, Earl of Albermarle) | First Brigade | 2/1st (Royal) Regiment: 401 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col John Ramsay. | | 34th (Cholmondley's) Foot: 339 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col Charles Jeffreys. | | 14th (Price's) Foot: 304 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col John Grey. | | Third Brigade | 21st (North British) Fusiliers: 358 rank & file. | Commanded by Maj Hon. Charles Colvill. | | 37th (Dejean's) Foot: 426 rank & file. | Commanded by Col Louis Dejean. | | 4th (Barrell's) Foot: 325 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col Robert Rich. | Second Line
(Commanded by Gen John Huske) | Second Brigade | 3rd Foot (Buffs): 413 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col George Howard. | | 36th (Fleming's) Foot: 350 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col George Jackson. | | 20th (Sackville's) Foot: 412 rank & file. | Commanded by Col Lord George Sackville. | | Fourth Brigade | 25th (Sempill's) Foot: 429 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col David Cunynghame. | | 59th (Conway's) Foot: 325 rank & file. | Commanded by Col Hon. Henry Conway. | | 8th (Edward Wolfe's) Foot: 324 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col Edward Martin. | | Reserve | Duke of Kingston's 10th Horse: 211 officers & men. | Commanded by Lt Col Hon. John Mordaunt. | Fifth Brigade
(Brig John Mordaunt) | 13th (Pulteney's) Foot: 510 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col Thomas Cockayne. | | 62nd (Batereau's) Foot: 354 rank & file. | Commanded by Col John Batereau. | | 27th (Blakeney's) Foot: 300 rank & file. | Commanded by Lt Col Francis Leighton. | | Artillery | 106 NCOs & Gunners
10 x 3-pounder cannon
6 x Coehorn mortars | Commanded by Commander Royal Artillery (CRA): Maj William Belford and Captain-Lieutenant John Godwin. |
See the following reference for source of tables
British Army casualties
| Regiment | Killed | Wounded |
|---|
| 1st (Royal) Regiment | 0 | 4 | | 3rd Foot (Buffs) | 1 | 2 | | 4th (Barrell's) Foot | 17 | 108 | | 8th (Wolfe's) Foot | 0 | 1 | | 13th (Pulteney's) Foot | 0 | 0 | | 14th (Price's) Foot | 1 | 9 | | 20th (Sackville's) Foot | 4 | 17 | | 21st (North British) Fusiliers | 0 | 7 | | 25th (Sempill's) Foot | 1 | 13 | | 13th (Pulteney's) Foot | 0 | 0 | | 34th (Cholmondley's) Foot | 1 | 2 | | 36th (Fleming's) Foot | 0 | 6 | | 37th (Dejean's) Foot | 14 | 68 | | 59th (Conway's) Foot | 1 | 5 | | 62nd (Batereau's) Foot | 0 | 3 | | 64th (Loudon's) Foot | 6 | 3 | | Argyll Militia | 0 | 1 | | Royal Artillery | 0 | 6 | | Duke of Kingston's 10th Horse | 0
Horses: 2 | 1
Horses: 1 | | 10th (Cobham's) Dragoons | 1
Horses: 4 | 0
Horses: 5 | | 11th (Kerr's) Dragoons | 3
Horses: 4 | 3
Horses: 15 |
See following reference for source of table
Footnotes
Bibliography
Film and documentaries*
External links
Maps
- , by Daniel Paterson, 1746
- , by Anon, ca 1748
- , by Jasper Leigh Jones, 1746
- , by John[?] Finlayson, 1746[?]
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