Bathampton Down
Encyclopedia
Bathampton Down, is a flat limestone plateau in Bathampton
overlooking Bath, and the River Avon, Somerset, England.
There is evidence of man's activity at the site since the Mesolithic period including Bathampton Camp, an Iron Age
hillfort or stock enclosure. It has also been used for quarrying and is now used for a golf course.
Limestone
with formations including Forest Marble, Bath Oolite, Twinhoe Beds and Combe Down Oolite. The limestone dates from the Middle Jurassic
with deposits of flint quartz and sandstone, mainly preserved in fissures or other cavities dating from the Middle Pleistocene
. The limestone is porous which, along with the flat nature of the plateau means there are no streams or rivers, particularly as several cold springs on Bathampton Down were diverted into reservoirs in the late 18th and early C19th centuries having originally flowed down to the River Avon.
The southern area merges with Claverton Down
and lies above part of the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines
Site of Special Scientific Interest
, designated because of the Greater
and Lesser Horseshoe bat
population. There are small disused quarries which used to obtain Bath Stone
between the Roman era and the 18th century. Several of these can be seen on the golf course and other have left workings which run under the fairways. The entrance to the Seven Sister's Quarry was blown up in the 1960s, although the remains of the tramway used to carry stone down to the river can still be seen.
At the highest point is a Triangulation station
at a height of 204 metres (669.3 ft) above sea level, which provides views over the city and surrounding countryside.
The northern slopes have between Bathampton Down and the River Avon have been built on and are traversed by the A36
. To the east is Bathampton Wood separating the plateau from the road, River Avon, Kennet and Avon Canal
and the Great Western Main Line
. Bathampton Rocks, an outcrop of rock was the site of the Bathampton Patrol (Auxiliary Units) Operational Base during the Second World War. To the south and east are Claverton Down
and the site of the University of Bath
.
The first evidence of human activity is from the Mesolithic period and consist of a dispersed collection of flint finds, including hammerstones, cores, fragments of axes and arrowheads. The remains of a stone circle were described in the 19th century, however no evidence remains.
Four Bronze Age
round barrow
s (tumuli) have been reported. There are also tentative findings of a probable bowl barrow and a
possible confluent barrow. In one round barrow a small burial urn was recovered. Many of the barrows were opened by John Skinner
in the 18th century.
Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC
. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe
believes that population increase still played a role and has stated "[the forts] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [of an increasing population] burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".
Bathampton Camp may have been a univallate Iron Age
hill fort
or stock enclosure. The rectangular enclosure which is approximately 650 metres (2,133 ft) (east-west) by 500 metres (1,640 ft) (north-south) has been identified which may be a Medieval earthwork. The eastern side needs no protection, because the ground falls away steeply to the River Avon, Bristol|River Avon, 170 metres (558 ft) below. There is a single rampart and flat-bottomed ditch on the other three sides (univallate).
The site was excavated in 1904-5 and in 1952-4. Results found human and animal remains, pottery
and flint flakes. Small fragments of pottery were found during excavations in the 1960s which have been dated to the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age. The area is a Scheduled Ancient Monument
.
During the Iron Age the area surrounding the camp had a settled agrarian landscape. There are a network of Celtic fields of around 0.4 hectare (0.988420652061104 acre) around the area now covered by the golf course. These are difficult to date but thought to originate in the Iron Age and may have still be in use into the Roman era.
, but it now is thought improbable that Wansdyke crossed Bathampton Down. There is stronger evidence of agrarian activity with extant strip lynchet
s to the west of Bathwick Wood. There are also several pillow mounds
, used as artificial rabbit warrens in the area known as Bathampton Warren. These date from 1256 when Henry III
gave the right to hunt small game to the Bishop of Bath
.
Bathampton Down is one of the sites which are considered as possible locations for the Battle of Mons Badonicus
, King Arthur
's decisive victory over the Saxons.
, a folly
on the western edge of Bathampton Warren, was probably designed around 1755 by Sanderson Miller
and built in 1762 by Richard James, master mason for Ralph Allen
, "to improve the prospect" from Allen's town house in Bath
. It is a Grade II* listed building. It is a screen wall with a central pointed arch flanked by two 3-storey circular turrets, which extend sideways to a 2-storey square tower at each end of the wall. Sham Castle is now illuminated at night. There is a telecommunications mast near to Sham Castle.
Around 1730, at the North-East corner of Bathampton Camp, a new limestone quarry was opened by Ralph Allen, providing Bath Stone
for many of the buildings in Bath. Its use declined by the end of the 18th century, however between around 1800 and 1895 it was reopened to supply stone for the Kennet and Avon Canal
, with the stone being lowered down an inclined plane
to the water.
On the southern slopes is the American Museum in Britain in a house, designed by Jeffry Wyatville and built in the 1820s on the site of a manor bought by Ralph Allen in 1758. It is now a Grade I listed building. The museum was founded by two antique collectors, an American, Dallas Pratt (21 August 1914 – 20 May 1994) and a Briton, John Judkyn (1913 – 27 July 1963) and opened to the public for the first time on 1 July 1961. The garden is set into the valley of the River Avon
and has views over the valley and the Kennet and Avon Canal
and the Great Western Main Line
which follow the contour of the river. The American Museum employed Lanning Roper
to design a mixed border. There is a Colonial Herb Garden and a Mount Vernon
Garden, which is a re-creation of George Washington
's garden. The arboretum
has a collection of American trees.
A drinking water
reservoir was constructed in 1955, although the land had originally been purchased by the City Council in 1928.
The area is now part of a golf course behind the University of Bath
. Construction of the campus began in 1964, with the first building, now known as 4 South, completed in 1965, and an artificial lake was constructed. Over the subsequent decade, new buildings were added as the campus took shape. The eastern part of the campus is dominated by the Sports Training Village, built in 1992 and enhanced in 2003 with an extension. A proposal to move the boundary of the green belt
from where it crosses the campus to its edge, to facilitate further development, was agreed in October 2007 by the local council
following a public inquiry. Over several years, the grounds have received recognition for their outstanding beauty with awards from Bath in Bloom.
Bathampton
Bathampton is a village and civil parish east of Bath, England on the south bank of the River Avon. The parish has a population of 1,504.The Kennet and Avon Canal passes through the village and a toll bridge links Bathampton to Batheaston on the north bank of the canal.-History:Bathampton Camp is...
overlooking Bath, and the River Avon, Somerset, England.
There is evidence of man's activity at the site since the Mesolithic period including Bathampton Camp, an Iron Age
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the archaeological period generally occurring after the Bronze Age, marked by the prevalent use of iron. The early period of the age is characterized by the widespread use of iron or steel. The adoption of such material coincided with other changes in society, including differing...
hillfort or stock enclosure. It has also been used for quarrying and is now used for a golf course.
Geography
The plateau is formed from the Greater OoliticOolite
Oolite is a sedimentary rock formed from ooids, spherical grains composed of concentric layers. The name derives from the Hellenic word òoion for egg. Strictly, oolites consist of ooids of diameter 0.25–2 mm; rocks composed of ooids larger than 2 mm are called pisolites...
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate . Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera....
with formations including Forest Marble, Bath Oolite, Twinhoe Beds and Combe Down Oolite. The limestone dates from the Middle Jurassic
Middle Jurassic
The Middle Jurassic is the second epoch of the Jurassic Period. It lasted from 176-161 million years ago. In European lithostratigraphy, rocks of this Middle Jurassic age are called the Dogger....
with deposits of flint quartz and sandstone, mainly preserved in fissures or other cavities dating from the Middle Pleistocene
Middle Pleistocene
The Middle Pleistocene, more specifically referred to as the Ionian stage, is a period of geologic time from ca. 781 to 126 thousand years ago....
. The limestone is porous which, along with the flat nature of the plateau means there are no streams or rivers, particularly as several cold springs on Bathampton Down were diverted into reservoirs in the late 18th and early C19th centuries having originally flowed down to the River Avon.
The southern area merges with Claverton Down
Claverton Down
Claverton Down is a suburb on the south-east hilltop edge of Bath, Somerset, England. It is linked to the Bathwick area of the city by Bathwick Hill....
and lies above part of the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines
Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines
Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines is a 6.22 hectare Site of Special Scientific Interest in Bath and North East Somerset, notified in 1991 because of the Greater and Lesser Horseshoe bat population....
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Site of Special Scientific Interest
A Site of Special Scientific Interest is a conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. SSSIs are the basic building block of site-based nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations in Great Britain are based upon...
, designated because of the Greater
Greater Horseshoe Bat
The Greater Horseshoe Bat is a European bat of the Rhinolophus genus. Its distribution covers Europe, Africa, South Asia and Australia. It is the largest of the European Horseshoe Bats and is thus easily distinguished from other species...
and Lesser Horseshoe bat
Lesser horseshoe bat
The Lesser Horseshoe Bat , is a type of European bat related to but smaller than its cousin, the Greater Horseshoe Bat...
population. There are small disused quarries which used to obtain Bath Stone
Bath Stone
Bath Stone is an Oolitic Limestone comprising granular fragments of calcium carbonate. Originally obtained from the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines under Combe Down, Somerset, England, its warm, honey colouring gives the World Heritage City of Bath, England its distinctive appearance...
between the Roman era and the 18th century. Several of these can be seen on the golf course and other have left workings which run under the fairways. The entrance to the Seven Sister's Quarry was blown up in the 1960s, although the remains of the tramway used to carry stone down to the river can still be seen.
At the highest point is a Triangulation station
Triangulation station
A triangulation station, also known as a triangulation pillar, trigonometrical station, trigonometrical point, trig station, trig beacon or trig point, and sometimes informally as a trig, is a fixed surveying station, used in geodetic surveying and other surveying projects in its vicinity...
at a height of 204 metres (669.3 ft) above sea level, which provides views over the city and surrounding countryside.
The northern slopes have between Bathampton Down and the River Avon have been built on and are traversed by the A36
A36 road
The A36 is a trunk road and primary route in England that links the port city of Southampton to the city of Bath. At Bath, the A36 connects with the A4 road to Bristol, thus enabling a road link between the major ports of Southampton and Bristol. Originally, the A36 continued onto Avonmouth, but...
. To the east is Bathampton Wood separating the plateau from the road, River Avon, Kennet and Avon Canal
Kennet and Avon Canal
The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of , made up of two lengths of navigable river linked by a canal. The name is commonly used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than solely to the central canal section...
and the Great Western Main Line
Great Western Main Line
The Great Western Main Line is a main line railway in Great Britain that runs westwards from London Paddington station to the west of England and South Wales. The core Great Western Main Line runs from London Paddington to Temple Meads railway station in Bristol. A major branch of the Great...
. Bathampton Rocks, an outcrop of rock was the site of the Bathampton Patrol (Auxiliary Units) Operational Base during the Second World War. To the south and east are Claverton Down
Claverton Down
Claverton Down is a suburb on the south-east hilltop edge of Bath, Somerset, England. It is linked to the Bathwick area of the city by Bathwick Hill....
and the site of the University of Bath
University of Bath
The University of Bath is a campus university located in Bath, United Kingdom. It received its Royal Charter in 1966....
.
Prehistoric
Four Bronze Age
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a period characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age...
round barrow
Round barrow
Round barrows are one of the most common types of archaeological monuments. Although concentrated in Europe they are found in many parts of the world because of their simple construction and universal purpose....
s (tumuli) have been reported. There are also tentative findings of a probable bowl barrow and a
possible confluent barrow. In one round barrow a small burial urn was recovered. Many of the barrows were opened by John Skinner
John Skinner (archaeologist)
The Rev. John Skinner was a parish vicar and amateur antiquarian and archaeologist operating mainly in the area of Bath and the villages of northern Somerset in the early nineteenth century.- Life :...
in the 18th century.
Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC
1st millennium BC
The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of many successive empires, and spanned from 1000 BC to 1 BC.The Neo-Assyrian Empire, followed by the Achaemenids. In Greece, Classical Antiquity begins with the colonization of Magna Graecia and peaks with the rise of Hellenism. The...
. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe
Barry Cunliffe
Sir Barrington Windsor Cunliffe, CBE, known professionally as Barry Cunliffe is a former Professor of European Archaeology at the University of Oxford, a position held from 1972 to 2007...
believes that population increase still played a role and has stated "[the forts] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [of an increasing population] burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".
Bathampton Camp may have been a univallate Iron Age
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the archaeological period generally occurring after the Bronze Age, marked by the prevalent use of iron. The early period of the age is characterized by the widespread use of iron or steel. The adoption of such material coincided with other changes in society, including differing...
hill fort
Hill fort
A hill fort is a type of earthworks used as a fortified refuge or defended settlement, located to exploit a rise in elevation for defensive advantage. They are typically European and of the Bronze and Iron Ages. Some were used in the post-Roman period...
or stock enclosure. The rectangular enclosure which is approximately 650 metres (2,133 ft) (east-west) by 500 metres (1,640 ft) (north-south) has been identified which may be a Medieval earthwork. The eastern side needs no protection, because the ground falls away steeply to the River Avon, Bristol|River Avon, 170 metres (558 ft) below. There is a single rampart and flat-bottomed ditch on the other three sides (univallate).
The site was excavated in 1904-5 and in 1952-4. Results found human and animal remains, pottery
Pottery
Pottery is the material from which the potteryware is made, of which major types include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. The place where such wares are made is also called a pottery . Pottery also refers to the art or craft of the potter or the manufacture of pottery...
and flint flakes. Small fragments of pottery were found during excavations in the 1960s which have been dated to the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age. The area is a Scheduled Ancient Monument
Scheduled Ancient Monument
In the United Kingdom, a scheduled monument is a 'nationally important' archaeological site or historic building, given protection against unauthorized change. The various pieces of legislation used for legally protecting heritage assets from damage and destruction are grouped under the term...
.
During the Iron Age the area surrounding the camp had a settled agrarian landscape. There are a network of Celtic fields of around 0.4 hectare (0.988420652061104 acre) around the area now covered by the golf course. These are difficult to date but thought to originate in the Iron Age and may have still be in use into the Roman era.
Roman
There is some evidence of a small Roman villa, although the area is more noted for funerary activity with two Romano-British stone coffins being found in 1794 and 1824, both containing inhumation remains.Medieval
For many years it was thought that the earthworks were a part of the WansdykeWansdyke (earthwork)
Wansdyke is a series of early medieval defensive linear earthworks in the West Country of England, consisting of a ditch and a running embankment from the ditch spoil, with the ditching facing north. It runs at least from Maes Knoll in historic Somerset, a hillfort at the east end of Dundry Hill...
, but it now is thought improbable that Wansdyke crossed Bathampton Down. There is stronger evidence of agrarian activity with extant strip lynchet
Lynchet
A lynchet is a bank of earth that builds up on the downslope of a field ploughed over a long period of time. The disturbed soil slips down the hillside to create a positive lynchet while the area reduced in level becomes a negative lynchet. They are also referred to as strip lynchets.They are a...
s to the west of Bathwick Wood. There are also several pillow mounds
Warren (domestic)
A domestic warren is an artificial, enclosed establishment of animal husbandry dedicated to the raising of rabbits for meat and fur. It evolved from the Anglo-Norman concept of free warren, which had been, essentially, the equivalent of a hunting license for a given woodland.-Architecture of the...
, used as artificial rabbit warrens in the area known as Bathampton Warren. These date from 1256 when Henry III
Henry III of England
Henry III was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for 56 years from 1216 until his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready...
gave the right to hunt small game to the Bishop of Bath
Bishop of Bath and Wells
The Bishop of Bath and Wells heads the Church of England Diocese of Bath and Wells in the Province of Canterbury in England.The present diocese covers the vast majority of the county of Somerset and a small area of Dorset. The Episcopal seat is located in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in...
.
Bathampton Down is one of the sites which are considered as possible locations for the Battle of Mons Badonicus
Battle of Mons Badonicus
The Battle of Mons Badonicus was a battle between a force of Britons and an Anglo-Saxon army, probably sometime between 490 and 517 AD. Though it is believed to have been a major political and military event, there is no certainty about its date, location or the details of the fighting...
, King Arthur
King Arthur
King Arthur is a legendary British leader of the late 5th and early 6th centuries, who, according to Medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention, and...
's decisive victory over the Saxons.
Modern
Sham CastleSham Castle
Sham Castle is a folly in Bathampton overlooking the city of Bath, Somerset, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. It is a screen wall with a central pointed arch flanked by two 3-storey circular turrets, which extend sideways to a 2-storey square tower at each end of the wall.It was probably...
, a folly
Folly
In architecture, a folly is a building constructed primarily for decoration, but either suggesting by its appearance some other purpose, or merely so extravagant that it transcends the normal range of garden ornaments or other class of building to which it belongs...
on the western edge of Bathampton Warren, was probably designed around 1755 by Sanderson Miller
Sanderson Miller
Sanderson Miller was a pioneer of Gothic revival architecture, and a landscape designer who often added follies or other Picturesque garden buildings and features to the grounds of an estate....
and built in 1762 by Richard James, master mason for Ralph Allen
Ralph Allen
Ralph Allen was an entrepreneur and philanthropist, and was notable for his reforms to the British postal system. He was baptised at St Columb Major, Cornwall on 24 July 1693. As a teenager he worked at the Post Office. He moved in 1710 to Bath, where he became a post office clerk, and at the age...
, "to improve the prospect" from Allen's town house in Bath
Ralph Allen's Town House, Bath
Ralph Allen's Town House is a grade I listed townhouse in Bath, Somerset, England.Ralph Allen, commenced building it in or shortly afer 1727, although it is unlikely he ever lived there...
. It is a Grade II* listed building. It is a screen wall with a central pointed arch flanked by two 3-storey circular turrets, which extend sideways to a 2-storey square tower at each end of the wall. Sham Castle is now illuminated at night. There is a telecommunications mast near to Sham Castle.
Around 1730, at the North-East corner of Bathampton Camp, a new limestone quarry was opened by Ralph Allen, providing Bath Stone
Bath Stone
Bath Stone is an Oolitic Limestone comprising granular fragments of calcium carbonate. Originally obtained from the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines under Combe Down, Somerset, England, its warm, honey colouring gives the World Heritage City of Bath, England its distinctive appearance...
for many of the buildings in Bath. Its use declined by the end of the 18th century, however between around 1800 and 1895 it was reopened to supply stone for the Kennet and Avon Canal
Kennet and Avon Canal
The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of , made up of two lengths of navigable river linked by a canal. The name is commonly used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than solely to the central canal section...
, with the stone being lowered down an inclined plane
Inclined plane
The inclined plane is one of the original six simple machines; as the name suggests, it is a flat surface whose endpoints are at different heights. By moving an object up an inclined plane rather than completely vertical, the amount of force required is reduced, at the expense of increasing the...
to the water.
On the southern slopes is the American Museum in Britain in a house, designed by Jeffry Wyatville and built in the 1820s on the site of a manor bought by Ralph Allen in 1758. It is now a Grade I listed building. The museum was founded by two antique collectors, an American, Dallas Pratt (21 August 1914 – 20 May 1994) and a Briton, John Judkyn (1913 – 27 July 1963) and opened to the public for the first time on 1 July 1961. The garden is set into the valley of the River Avon
River Avon, Bristol
The River Avon is an English river in the south west of the country. To distinguish it from a number of other River Avons in Britain, this river is often also known as the Lower Avon or Bristol Avon...
and has views over the valley and the Kennet and Avon Canal
Kennet and Avon Canal
The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of , made up of two lengths of navigable river linked by a canal. The name is commonly used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than solely to the central canal section...
and the Great Western Main Line
Great Western Main Line
The Great Western Main Line is a main line railway in Great Britain that runs westwards from London Paddington station to the west of England and South Wales. The core Great Western Main Line runs from London Paddington to Temple Meads railway station in Bristol. A major branch of the Great...
which follow the contour of the river. The American Museum employed Lanning Roper
Lanning Roper
Lanning Roper was an American landscape architect and writer who studied and lived in England.-Life:Born in West Orange, New Jersey, Roper received an honors degree in Fine Arts from Harvard University in 1933....
to design a mixed border. There is a Colonial Herb Garden and a Mount Vernon
Mount Vernon
The name Mount Vernon is a dedication to the English Vice-Admiral Edward Vernon. It was first applied to Mount Vernon, the Virginia estate of George Washington, the first President of the United States...
Garden, which is a re-creation of George Washington
George Washington
George Washington was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of...
's garden. The arboretum
Arboretum
An arboretum in a narrow sense is a collection of trees only. Related collections include a fruticetum , and a viticetum, a collection of vines. More commonly, today, an arboretum is a botanical garden containing living collections of woody plants intended at least partly for scientific study...
has a collection of American trees.
A drinking water
Drinking water
Drinking water or potable water is water pure enough to be consumed or used with low risk of immediate or long term harm. In most developed countries, the water supplied to households, commerce and industry is all of drinking water standard, even though only a very small proportion is actually...
reservoir was constructed in 1955, although the land had originally been purchased by the City Council in 1928.
University of Bath
The University of Bath is a campus university located in Bath, United Kingdom. It received its Royal Charter in 1966....
. Construction of the campus began in 1964, with the first building, now known as 4 South, completed in 1965, and an artificial lake was constructed. Over the subsequent decade, new buildings were added as the campus took shape. The eastern part of the campus is dominated by the Sports Training Village, built in 1992 and enhanced in 2003 with an extension. A proposal to move the boundary of the green belt
Green belt
A green belt or greenbelt is a policy and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas. Similar concepts are greenways or green wedges which have a linear character and may run through an...
from where it crosses the campus to its edge, to facilitate further development, was agreed in October 2007 by the local council
Bath and North East Somerset
Bath and North East Somerset is a unitary authority that was created on 1 April 1996 following the abolition of the County of Avon. It is part of the Ceremonial county of Somerset...
following a public inquiry. Over several years, the grounds have received recognition for their outstanding beauty with awards from Bath in Bloom.