The
Bashkir language (Bashkir: Башҡорт теле
Bašqort tele) is a
Turkic languageThe Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.Turkic languages are spoken by some...
.
Speakers
Speakers of the Bashkir language mostly live in the
RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n republic of
BashkortostanThe Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkiria is a federal subject of Russia . It is located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains...
. Substantial number of the speakers also live in
ChelyabinskChelyabinsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk. Population: 3,603,339 ; -Time zone:...
,
OrenburgOrenburg Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg.-Time zone:Orenburg Oblast is located in the Yekaterinburg Time Zone...
,
SverdlovskSverdlovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in the Urals Federal District. Given that the bulk of the oblast lies on the Asian side of the Urals it should be recognized as the most populous oblast within Asian Russia.Its administrative center is the city of...
,
SamaraSamara Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It is located in the Volga Federal District. The administrative center is the city of Samara...
and
Kurgan OblastKurgan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kurgan.-Geography:The Kurgan Oblast is located in Southern Russia and is part of the Urals Federal District...
s,
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug—YugraKhanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug—Yugra , or Khantia-Mansia, is a federal subject of Russia . The people native to the region are the Khanty and the Mansi, known collectively as Ob Ugric people...
,
TatarstanRepublic of Tatarstan is a federal subject of the Russian Federation . Its size is 68,000 km² with a population of 3,800,000. Its capital is Kazan...
and
UdmurtiaUdmurt Republic or Udmurtia is a federal subject of Russia . The direct romanization of the Republic's Russian name is Udmurtskaya Respublika or Udmurtiya; Udmurt name: Udmurt Respublika. Its size is almost 42,000 km² with a population of 1,600,000...
. Large Bashkir minority groups also live in
KazakhstanKazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a country situated in Eurasia that is ranked as the ninth largest country in the world. It is also the world's largest landlocked country. Its territory of 2,727,300 km² is greater than Western Europe...
and
UzbekistanUzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union...
.
Alphabet and dialects
After the Mongol invasion, the
Kypchak languageThe Kipchak language is an extinct Turkic language of the Kipchak group.The descendants of the Kipchak language include the majority of Turkic languages spoken in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus today, as Kipchak was used as a lingua franca in Golden Horde-ruled lands.Kazakhs are remnants of...
became more common due to the fact that it was the language spoken by the majority of the
Golden HordeThe Ulus of Jochi or the Golden Horde is an East Slavic designation for the Mongol—later Turkicized—Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus...
tribes.
The modern Bashkir language, like the similar Tatar language, takes its roots from the Kypchak group of languages. Today the language has many
dialectThe term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by scholars of language. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other...
s, some of them are similar to Tatar. In the past, Bashkirs used the Chagatay language as a written language. In the late 19th century it was replaced with Tatar, which was in use until 1923.
Both Chagatay and Tatar were written in a variant of the Arabic script.
In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, a Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the Tatar influences. At first, it used a modified Arabic
alphabetAn alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols or graphemes each of which roughly represents a phoneme in a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it was in the past. There are other systems, such as logographies, in which each character represents a word, morpheme, or...
. In 1930 it was replaced with a
LatinLatin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe...
-based alphabet, which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in winter of 1938.
The alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the
Cyrillic alphabetThe Cyrillic script writing system isan alphabet developed in the First Bulgarian Empire, and used in the Slavic national languages of Russian, Bulgarian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Serbian, Macedonian, and Ukrainian, and in the non-Slavic languages of Moldovan, Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Tuvan, and...
, with the addition of the following letters:
The
Bashkir language (Bashkir: Башҡорт теле
Bašqort tele) is a
Turkic languageThe Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.Turkic languages are spoken by some...
.
Speakers
Speakers of the Bashkir language mostly live in the
RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n republic of
BashkortostanThe Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkiria is a federal subject of Russia . It is located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains...
. Substantial number of the speakers also live in
ChelyabinskChelyabinsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk. Population: 3,603,339 ; -Time zone:...
,
OrenburgOrenburg Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg.-Time zone:Orenburg Oblast is located in the Yekaterinburg Time Zone...
,
SverdlovskSverdlovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in the Urals Federal District. Given that the bulk of the oblast lies on the Asian side of the Urals it should be recognized as the most populous oblast within Asian Russia.Its administrative center is the city of...
,
SamaraSamara Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It is located in the Volga Federal District. The administrative center is the city of Samara...
and
Kurgan OblastKurgan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kurgan.-Geography:The Kurgan Oblast is located in Southern Russia and is part of the Urals Federal District...
s,
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug—YugraKhanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug—Yugra , or Khantia-Mansia, is a federal subject of Russia . The people native to the region are the Khanty and the Mansi, known collectively as Ob Ugric people...
,
TatarstanRepublic of Tatarstan is a federal subject of the Russian Federation . Its size is 68,000 km² with a population of 3,800,000. Its capital is Kazan...
and
UdmurtiaUdmurt Republic or Udmurtia is a federal subject of Russia . The direct romanization of the Republic's Russian name is Udmurtskaya Respublika or Udmurtiya; Udmurt name: Udmurt Respublika. Its size is almost 42,000 km² with a population of 1,600,000...
. Large Bashkir minority groups also live in
KazakhstanKazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a country situated in Eurasia that is ranked as the ninth largest country in the world. It is also the world's largest landlocked country. Its territory of 2,727,300 km² is greater than Western Europe...
and
UzbekistanUzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union...
.
Alphabet and dialects
After the Mongol invasion, the
Kypchak languageThe Kipchak language is an extinct Turkic language of the Kipchak group.The descendants of the Kipchak language include the majority of Turkic languages spoken in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus today, as Kipchak was used as a lingua franca in Golden Horde-ruled lands.Kazakhs are remnants of...
became more common due to the fact that it was the language spoken by the majority of the
Golden HordeThe Ulus of Jochi or the Golden Horde is an East Slavic designation for the Mongol—later Turkicized—Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus...
tribes.
The modern Bashkir language, like the similar Tatar language, takes its roots from the Kypchak group of languages. Today the language has many
dialectThe term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by scholars of language. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other...
s, some of them are similar to Tatar. In the past, Bashkirs used the Chagatay language as a written language. In the late 19th century it was replaced with Tatar, which was in use until 1923.
Both Chagatay and Tatar were written in a variant of the Arabic script.
In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, a Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the Tatar influences. At first, it used a modified Arabic
alphabetAn alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols or graphemes each of which roughly represents a phoneme in a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it was in the past. There are other systems, such as logographies, in which each character represents a word, morpheme, or...
. In 1930 it was replaced with a
LatinLatin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe...
-based alphabet, which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in winter of 1938.
The alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the
Cyrillic alphabetThe Cyrillic script writing system isan alphabet developed in the First Bulgarian Empire, and used in the Slavic national languages of Russian, Bulgarian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Serbian, Macedonian, and Ukrainian, and in the non-Slavic languages of Moldovan, Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Tuvan, and...
, with the addition of the following letters:
The
Bashkir language (Bashkir: Башҡорт теле
Bašqort tele) is a
Turkic languageThe Turkic languages constitute a language family of some thirty languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.Turkic languages are spoken by some...
.
Speakers
Speakers of the Bashkir language mostly live in the
RussiaRussia , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia . It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n republic of
BashkortostanThe Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkiria is a federal subject of Russia . It is located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains...
. Substantial number of the speakers also live in
ChelyabinskChelyabinsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Chelyabinsk. Population: 3,603,339 ; -Time zone:...
,
OrenburgOrenburg Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Orenburg.-Time zone:Orenburg Oblast is located in the Yekaterinburg Time Zone...
,
SverdlovskSverdlovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in the Urals Federal District. Given that the bulk of the oblast lies on the Asian side of the Urals it should be recognized as the most populous oblast within Asian Russia.Its administrative center is the city of...
,
SamaraSamara Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . It is located in the Volga Federal District. The administrative center is the city of Samara...
and
Kurgan OblastKurgan Oblast is a federal subject of Russia . Its administrative center is the city of Kurgan.-Geography:The Kurgan Oblast is located in Southern Russia and is part of the Urals Federal District...
s,
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug—YugraKhanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug—Yugra , or Khantia-Mansia, is a federal subject of Russia . The people native to the region are the Khanty and the Mansi, known collectively as Ob Ugric people...
,
TatarstanRepublic of Tatarstan is a federal subject of the Russian Federation . Its size is 68,000 km² with a population of 3,800,000. Its capital is Kazan...
and
UdmurtiaUdmurt Republic or Udmurtia is a federal subject of Russia . The direct romanization of the Republic's Russian name is Udmurtskaya Respublika or Udmurtiya; Udmurt name: Udmurt Respublika. Its size is almost 42,000 km² with a population of 1,600,000...
. Large Bashkir minority groups also live in
KazakhstanKazakhstan , officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a country situated in Eurasia that is ranked as the ninth largest country in the world. It is also the world's largest landlocked country. Its territory of 2,727,300 km² is greater than Western Europe...
and
UzbekistanUzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union...
.
Alphabet and dialects
After the Mongol invasion, the
Kypchak languageThe Kipchak language is an extinct Turkic language of the Kipchak group.The descendants of the Kipchak language include the majority of Turkic languages spoken in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus today, as Kipchak was used as a lingua franca in Golden Horde-ruled lands.Kazakhs are remnants of...
became more common due to the fact that it was the language spoken by the majority of the
Golden HordeThe Ulus of Jochi or the Golden Horde is an East Slavic designation for the Mongol—later Turkicized—Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus...
tribes.
The modern Bashkir language, like the similar Tatar language, takes its roots from the Kypchak group of languages. Today the language has many
dialectThe term dialect is used in two distinct ways, even by scholars of language. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other...
s, some of them are similar to Tatar. In the past, Bashkirs used the Chagatay language as a written language. In the late 19th century it was replaced with Tatar, which was in use until 1923.
Both Chagatay and Tatar were written in a variant of the Arabic script.
In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, a Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the Tatar influences. At first, it used a modified Arabic
alphabetAn alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols or graphemes each of which roughly represents a phoneme in a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it was in the past. There are other systems, such as logographies, in which each character represents a word, morpheme, or...
. In 1930 it was replaced with a
LatinLatin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe...
-based alphabet, which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in winter of 1938.
The alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the
Cyrillic alphabetThe Cyrillic script writing system isan alphabet developed in the First Bulgarian Empire, and used in the Slavic national languages of Russian, Bulgarian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Serbian, Macedonian, and Ukrainian, and in the non-Slavic languages of Moldovan, Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Tuvan, and...
, with the addition of the following letters: {{unicode, {{unicode, {{unicode, {{unicode, {{unicode, {{unicode, {{unicode, {{unicode, {{unicode.
Bashkir alphabet (Башҡорт әлифбаһы)
| Аа (а) |
[a] |
Бб (бэ) |
[b] |
Вв (вэ) |
[v] |
| Гг (гэ) |
[g] |
Ғғ (ғы) |
[ɣ]}} |
Дд (дэ) |
[d] |
| Ҙҙ}} ({{unicode|ҙ}}э) |
[ð] |
Ее (йе) |
[e], [je] |
Ёё (йо) |
[jo] |
| Жж (жэ) |
[ʒ]}} |
Зз (зэ) |
[z] |
Ии (и) |
[i] |
| ҡыҫҡа и}}) |
[j] |
Кк (ка) |
[k] |
Ҡҡ}} ({{unicode|ҡ}}ы) |
[q] |
| Лл (эль) |
[l] |
Мм (эм) |
[m] |
Нн (эн) |
[n] |
| Ңң (эң) |
[ŋ] |
Оо (о) |
[o] |
Өө (ө) |
[ø] |
| Пп (пэ) |
[p] |
Рр (эр) |
[r] |
Сс (эс) |
[s] |
| Ҫҫ}} ({{unicode|ҫ}}э) |
[θ] |
Тт (тэ) |
[t] |
Уу (у) |
[u] |
| Үү (ү) |
[y] |
Фф (эф) |
[f] |
Хх (ха) |
[x] |
| Һһ (һа) |
[h] |
Цц (цэ) |
[ts]}} |
Чч (чэ) |
[tʃ]}} |
| Шш (ша) |
[ʃ]}} |
Щщ (ща) |
[ɕ]}} |
ҡатылыҡ}} билдәһе) |
[ʔ] |
| Ыы (ы) |
[ɯ]}} |
йомшаҡлыҡ}} билдәһе) |
[ʲ]}} |
Ээ (э) |
[e] |
| Әә (ә) |
[æ] |
Юю (йу) |
[ju] |
Яя (йа) |
[ja] |
External links (in Bashkir)
{{InterWiki|code=ba}}
{{Altaic languages}}
{{Turkic languages}}
{{Turkic topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bashkir Language}}