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Basalt fiber
 
 
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Basalt fiber or fibre is a material
Material

Materials are substances or components with certain physical properties which are used as inputs to Production, costs, and pricing or manufacturing....
 made from extremely fine fiber
Fiber

Fiber or fibre is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of yarn. They are very important in the biology of both plants and animals, for holding tissue s together....
s of basalt
Basalt

Basalt is a common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually gray to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet....
, which is composed of the mineral
Mineral

A mineral is a naturally occurring solid formed through Geology processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties....
s plagioclase
Plagioclase

Plagioclase is a very important series of Silicate minerals minerals within the feldspar family. Rather than referring to a particular mineral with a specific chemical composition, plagioclase is a solid solution series, more properly known as the plagioclase feldspar series ....
, pyroxene
Pyroxene

The pyroxenes are a group of important rock-forming silicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rock rock . They share a common structure comprised of single chains of silica tetrahedra and they crystallize in the monoclinic and orthorhombic systems....
, and olivine
Olivine

The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron Silicate minerals with the formula 2siliconoxygen4. It is one of the most common minerals on Earth, and has also been identified in meteorites and on the Moon, Mars, and comet Wild 2....
. It is similar to carbon fibre and fiberglass
Fiberglass

Fiberglass, , is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products; the resulting composite material, properly known as fiber-reinforced polymer or glass-reinforced plastic , is called "fiberglass" in popular usage....
, having better physicomechanical properties than fiberglass, but being significantly cheaper than carbon fibre. It is used as a fireproof textile
Textile

A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by Spinning raw wool fibres, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn....
 in the aerospace
Aerospace

Aerospace comprises the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding outer space. Typically the term is used to refer to the industry that researches, designs, manufactures, operates, and maintains vehicles moving through Aircraft and Space exploration....
 and automotive industries and can also be used as a composite to produce products such as tripods
Tripod (photography)

A tripod is a three-legged stand for an instrument, used for stabilisation and support.In astronomy, a tripod is a three legged stand used to support and stabilize a telescope, binoculars, or other optical or recording instrument....
.

manufacture of basalt fiber requires the melting of the quarried basalt rock to about 1,400°C (2,500°F).






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Encyclopedia


Basalt fiber or fibre is a material
Material

Materials are substances or components with certain physical properties which are used as inputs to Production, costs, and pricing or manufacturing....
 made from extremely fine fiber
Fiber

Fiber or fibre is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of yarn. They are very important in the biology of both plants and animals, for holding tissue s together....
s of basalt
Basalt

Basalt is a common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually gray to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet....
, which is composed of the mineral
Mineral

A mineral is a naturally occurring solid formed through Geology processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties....
s plagioclase
Plagioclase

Plagioclase is a very important series of Silicate minerals minerals within the feldspar family. Rather than referring to a particular mineral with a specific chemical composition, plagioclase is a solid solution series, more properly known as the plagioclase feldspar series ....
, pyroxene
Pyroxene

The pyroxenes are a group of important rock-forming silicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rock rock . They share a common structure comprised of single chains of silica tetrahedra and they crystallize in the monoclinic and orthorhombic systems....
, and olivine
Olivine

The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron Silicate minerals with the formula 2siliconoxygen4. It is one of the most common minerals on Earth, and has also been identified in meteorites and on the Moon, Mars, and comet Wild 2....
. It is similar to carbon fibre and fiberglass
Fiberglass

Fiberglass, , is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. It is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products; the resulting composite material, properly known as fiber-reinforced polymer or glass-reinforced plastic , is called "fiberglass" in popular usage....
, having better physicomechanical properties than fiberglass, but being significantly cheaper than carbon fibre. It is used as a fireproof textile
Textile

A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by Spinning raw wool fibres, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn....
 in the aerospace
Aerospace

Aerospace comprises the atmosphere of Earth and surrounding outer space. Typically the term is used to refer to the industry that researches, designs, manufactures, operates, and maintains vehicles moving through Aircraft and Space exploration....
 and automotive industries and can also be used as a composite to produce products such as tripods
Tripod (photography)

A tripod is a three-legged stand for an instrument, used for stabilisation and support.In astronomy, a tripod is a three legged stand used to support and stabilize a telescope, binoculars, or other optical or recording instrument....
.

Manufacture

The manufacture of basalt fiber requires the melting of the quarried basalt rock to about 1,400°C (2,500°F). The molten rock is then extruded through small nozzles to produce continuous filaments of basalt fiber. There are three main manufacturing techniques, which are centrifugal-blowing, centrifugal-multiroll and die-blowing. The fibers typically have a filament diameter of between 9 and 13 µm
Micrometre

A micrometre or micron is one Micro- of a metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a millimetre. It is also commonly known as a micron....
 which is far enough above the respiratory limit of 5 µm to make basalt fiber a suitable replacement for asbestos
Asbestos

Asbestos is a naturally occurring silicate mineral with long, thin fibrous crystals. The word asbestos is derived from a Greek language adjective meaning inextinguishable....
. They also have a high elastic modulus
Elastic modulus

An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically when a force is applied to it....
, resulting in excellent specific tenacity --three times that of steel.

History

The first attempts to produce basalt fiber date to 1923 in the United States of America. These were further developed after World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
 by researchers in the USA, Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
 and the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 especially for military
Military

A military is an organization authorized by its nation to use force, usually including use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or Threat of force ....
 and aerospace applications. Since declassification in 1995 basalt fibers have been used in a wider range of civilian applications.

External links

  • Information from the Uzbekistan state scientific committee.