Barium titanate

Barium Titanate

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Barium titanate

Barium titanate is an oxide

Oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound contaning at least one oxygen atom as well as at least one other element. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides....
of barium

Barium

Barium is a chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and atomic number 56. Barium is a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. It is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with Earth's atmosphere....
and titanium

Titanium

Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Sometimes called the ?space age metal?, it has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant transition metal with a silver colour....
with the chemical formula

Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes in chemical reactions....
BaTiO₃. It is a ferroelectric ceramic

Ceramic

File:Bridge from dental porcelain.jpgFile:Qing vase p1070256.jpgA ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetal solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling....
material, with a photorefractive effect

Photorefractive effect

The photorefractive effect is a nonlinear optics effect seen in certain crystals and other materials that respond to light by altering their refractive index...
and piezoelectric properties. It has five phases as a solid, listing from high temperature to low temperature: hexagonal, cubic

Cubic

Cubic may refer to:...
, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and rhombohedral crystal structure

Crystal structure

In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure is composed of a motif, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way, and a lattice....
. All of the structures exhibit the ferroelectric effect except cubic. Barioperovskite is a very rare natural analogue of BaTiO₃, found as microinclusions in benitoite

Benitoite

Benitoite is a rare blue Silicate minerals, found in hydrothermally altered serpentinite. Benitoite fluorescent under short wave UV light, appearing light blue in color....
.

Appearance
It has the appearance of a white powder or transparent crystals.

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Appearance

It has the appearance of a white powder or transparent crystals. It is insoluble in water and soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid, hydrogen2sulfuroxygen4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry....
. Its risk and safety phrases are , A, , and .

Manufacture

Barium titanate can be manufactured by liquid phase sintering

Sintering

Sintering is a method for making objects from Powder , by heating the material below its melting point until its particles adhesion to each other....
of barium carbonate

Barium carbonate

Barium carbonate , also known as witherite, is a chemical compound used in rat poison, bricks, ceramic glazes and cement.Witherite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system....
and titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula titaniumoxygen2....
, optionally with other materials for doping.

High purity barium titanate powder is reported to be a key component of new barium titanate capacitor energy storage systems being developed by EEStor

EEStor

EEStor is a company based in Cedar Park, Texas, Texas, United States that claims to have developed a revolutionary new type of capacitor for electricity storage, which EEStor calls 'Electrical Energy Storage Units' , ....
for use in electric vehicles.

Barium titanate is often mixed with strontium titanate

Strontium titanate

Strontium titanate is an oxide of strontium and titanium with the chemical formula strontiumtitaniumoxygen3. It is a centrosymmetric paraelectricity material with a perovskite structure....
.

Uses

Barium titanate is used as a dielectric

Dielectric

A dielectric is a nonconducting substance, i.e. an Insulator . The term was coined by William Whewell in response to a request from Michael Faraday....
material for ceramic capacitor

Capacitor

A capacitor or condenser is a Passive component electronic component consisting of a pair of electrical conductor separated by a dielectric....
s, and as a piezoelectric material for microphone

Microphone

A microphone, sometimes referred to as a mike or?more recently?mic, is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal....
s and other transducer

Transducer

A transducer is a device, usually electricity, electronics, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, or photovoltaic that converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another for various purposes including measurement or information transfer ....
s. As a piezoelectric material, it was largely replaced by lead zirconate titanate

Lead zirconate titanate

Lead zirconate titanate is a ceramic perovskite material that shows a marked piezoelectricity.It is also known as PZT which is an abbreviation of the chemical formula....
, also known as PZT.

Polycrystalline barium titanate displays positive temperature coefficient

Temperature coefficient

The temperature coefficient is the relative change of a physical property when the temperature is changed by 1 Kelvin.In the following formula, let R be the physical property to be measured and T be the temperature at which the property is measured....
, making it a useful material for thermistor

Thermistor

A thermistor is a type of resistor with electrical resistance proportional to its temperature. The word is a portmanteau of Thermal and resistor....
s and self-regulating electric heating systems.

Fully-dense nanocrystalline barium titanate has 40% higher permittivity

Permittivity

Permittivity is a physical quantity that describes how an electric field affects, and is affected by a dielectric medium, and is determined by the ability of a material to polarization in response to the field, and thereby reduce the total electric field inside the material....
than the same material prepared in classic ways.

Barium titanate crystals find use in nonlinear optics

Nonlinear optics

Nonlinear optics is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light....
. The material has high beam-coupling gain, and can be operated at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. It has the highest reflectivity of the materials used for self-pumped phase conjugation (SPPC) applications. It can be used for continuous-wave four-wave mixing

Four-wave mixing

Four-wave mixing is an intermodulation distortion in optical systems, similar to the third-order intercept point in electrical systems.Four-wave mixing can be compared to the intermodulation distortion in standard electrical systems....
with milliwatt-range optical power. For photorefractive applications, barium titanate can be doped by various other elements, e.g. cerium

Cerium

Cerium is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58....
.

The addition of inclusions of barium titanate to tin

Tin

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, where it occurs as an oxide, SnO2....
has been shown to create a bulk material with a higher viscoelastic stiffness

Stiffness

Stiffness is the resistance of an Elasticity body to deformation by an applied force. It is an intensive and extensive properties....
than that of diamonds. Barium titanate goes through two phase transitions that change the crystal shape and volume. This leads to composites where the barium titanates have a negative bulk modulus (Young's modulus

Young's modulus

In solid mechanics, Young's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of an isotropic elastic material. It is also known as the Young modulus, modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus or tensile modulus....
), meaning that when a force acts on the inclusions, there is displacement in the opposite direction, further stiffening the composite.

Thin film

Thin film

Thin films are thin material Layer s ranging from fractions of a nanometre to several micrometres in thickness. Electronics semiconductor devices and optical coatings are the main applications benefiting from thin film construction....
s of barium titanate display electrooptic modulation

Electro-optic modulator

Electro-optic modulator is an optical device in which a Signalling -controlled element displaying electro-optic effect is used to modulate a beam of light....
to frequencies over 40 GHz.

The pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of barium titanate are used in some types of uncooled sensors for thermal cameras.

Barium titanate

Appearance

Manufacture

Uses

See also

External links