BIG TV
Encyclopedia
Reliance Digital TV is one of the largest Indian pay TV
Pay TV
Pay television, premium television, or premium channels refers to subscription-based television services, usually provided by both analog and digital cable and satellite, but also increasingly via digital terrestrial and internet television...

 providers, providing direct broadcast satellite
Direct broadcast satellite
Direct broadcast satellite is a term used to refer to satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception.A designation broader than DBS would be direct-to-home signals, or DTH. This has initially distinguished the transmissions directly intended for home viewers from cable television...

 service—including satellite television
Satellite television
Satellite television is television programming delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually a parabolic mirror generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an...

, audio programming, and interactive television services—to commercial and residential customers in India. It uses MPEG-4
MPEG-4
MPEG-4 is a method of defining compression of audio and visual digital data. It was introduced in late 1998 and designated a standard for a group of audio and video coding formats and related technology agreed upon by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group under the formal standard ISO/IEC...

 digital compression technology, transmitted using MEASAT
MEASAT
MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd., formerly Binariang Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd is a Malaysian communications satellite operator.MEASAT is the name of a line of communications satellites owned and operated by the company.As of 2006, the MEASAT satellite network consists of three geostationary...

-3 91.5°East. It is the 5th DTH service launched in India.

Its primary competitors are cable television
Cable television
Cable television is a system of providing television programs to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through coaxial cables or digital light pulses through fixed optical fibers located on the subscriber's property, much like the over-the-air method used in traditional...

 and other DTH service providers—Airtel digital TV
Airtel digital TV
Airtel digital TV is an Indian direct broadcast satellite service provider owned and operated by Bharti Airtel. Its satellite service, launched on 2008, transmits digital satellite television and audio to households in India. It uses MPEG-4 digital compression with DVB-S2 technology, transmitting...

, DD Direct+, Dish TV
Dish TV
Dish TV India Limited is an Indian company engaged in the business of providing direct-to-home satellite television service, which includes teleport service, customer support and transponder space leasing. Dishtv is a division of Zee Network Enterprise . It uses MPEG-2 digital compression...

, Sun Direct, TATA Sky
Tata Sky
TATA Sky is a direct broadcast satellite television provider in India, using MPEG-2 digital compression technology, transmitting using INSAT 4A at 83.0°E....

 and Videocon D2H
Videocon d2h
Videocon d2h is one of the largest Indian pay TV provider, providing direct broadcast satellite service—including satellite television, audio programming, and interactive television services—to commercial and residential customers in India...

.

History

DTH service was first launched in India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

 in 2004 by launch of Dish TV
Dish TV
Dish TV India Limited is an Indian company engaged in the business of providing direct-to-home satellite television service, which includes teleport service, customer support and transponder space leasing. Dishtv is a division of Zee Network Enterprise . It uses MPEG-2 digital compression...

 by Essel
Essel
Essel is a municipality in the Heidekreis district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Most of the village is located on the southern bank of the river Aller. The A 7 motorway runs through the village.-Subdivisions:The municipality of Essel comprises 4 subdivisions:...

 Group's Zee Entertainment Enterprises.

Reliance ADAG launched their DTH service on 19 August 2008.

About Reliance Digital TV

Reliance digital TV limited is a part of Reliance Communications
Reliance Communications
Reliance Communications Ltd. is an Indian broadband and telecommunications company headquartered in Navi Mumbai, India. RCOM is the world's 16th largest mobile phone operator with over 144 million subscribers. Established on 2004, a subsidiary of the Reliance Group...

 Ltd., a subsidiary of Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group
Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group
Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is one of India's largest conglomerates, headquartered in Navi Mumbai, India. The company, which was formed after Dhirubhai Ambani's business empire was divided up, is headed by his younger son Anil Ambani. It has a market capitalization of US$ 15 billion,...

 founded by the Late Dhirubhai Ambani
Dhirubhai Ambani
Dhirajlal Hirachand Ambani also known as Dhirubhai, was an Indian-Gujarati business magnate and entrepreneur who founded Reliance Industries, a petrochemicals, communications, power, and textiles conglomerate and the only privately owned Indian company in the Fortune 500. Ambani took his company...

, the Indian business tycoon and owned by his son Anil Ambani
Anil Ambani
Anil Dhirubhai Ambani is an Indian-Gujarati business baron and chairman of Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group, one of the largest private conglomerates. Anil's elder brother, Mukesh Ambani, is worth more than 29 billion dollars, and owns another company called Reliance Industries...

. BIG TV started operations from 19 August 2008 with the slogan "TV ho Toh BIG Ho" ("If you have a TV, make it BIG"). It currently offers close to 240 channels and many interactive ones, 32 cinema halls (i.e. Pay Per View Cinema Channels) as well as many Radio channels. The company plans to increase the number of channels in the near future to 400 and begin High Definition (HD)
High-definition television
High-definition television is video that has resolution substantially higher than that of traditional television systems . HDTV has one or two million pixels per frame, roughly five times that of SD...

 broadcast. There are also plans to introduce services like i-Stock, i-News and other such interactive services in the future.

The available opportunity today is huge considering the fact that India has an existing population of 225 million TV households out of which 130 million are C&S households and 16.5 Million are DTH households. When Reliance BIG TV was launched, the overall DTH penetration was just about 4 million households.

Reliance BIG TV's launch in August deployed the MPEG4 technology. MPEG4 technology can support HD TV and not MPEG2 which is used by the earlier entrants in the DTH industry.

The MPEG4 technology helps to broadcast up to 35 to 40 channels per transponder. With 12 transponders they are able to broadcast over 400 channels. They are currently utilizing only 8 of their transponders to broadcast over 200 channels.

Reliance digital TV's retailer network is spread across 100,000 outlets in 6,500 towns in India. They also introduced 32 Pay-Per-View Movie Channels, the highest by any DTH player.

Subscriber Base

Reliance Digital TV had about 3.5 million customers as of November 2010. There are about 30 million DTH subscribers in India as of February 2011.

Channel List

The following is the list of channels provided by RELIANCE DIGITAL TV as of AUGUST 2011.

TV Channels

Channel Name
100 Preview
101 WHAT'S ON INDIA
Pay Per View Cinema
120 movies-1
121 movies 2
140 regional-1
141 regional -2
143 regional -3
160 Choice Pay 1
161 Choice Pay 2
162 Choice Pay 3
163 Choice Pay 4
171 Peace of Mind tv
Hindi Entertainment
205 DD National
DD National
DD National or DD1 is Doordarshan's flagship channel and the most widely available terrestrial television channel in India.-The Early Years:...

206 STAR Plus
STAR Plus
STAR Plus is a Hindi language general entertainment television channel based in India. The channel is part of the STAR TV network's bouquet of channels...

207 Sony
Sony Entertainment Television (India)
This article is about the SET channel in India. For the Indian version broadcasted worldwide, see Sony Entertainment Television Asia.Sony Entertainment Television, or SET, is a Hindi-language based general entertainment television channel in India. It was launched in October 1996 and is owned by...

208 STAR One
STAR One
STAR One is an Indian television channel that primarily broadcasts Hindi entertainment based in Mumbai. Launched on 1 November 2004 with its show, Remix, the channel gained in popularity with television shows such as Remix, The Great Indian Laughter Challenge, Nach Baliye, Sarabhai vs Sarabhai,...

209 Zee TV
Zee TV
Zee TV is an India-based satellite television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises based in Mumbai, Maharashtra, which broadcasts various programmes in Hindi and other regional languages of India. Broadcasting is also present in various nations of South Asia, Europe, the Middle East,...

210 SAB TV
SAB TV
SAB TV is an Indian general entertainment television channel that is owned by Multi Screen Media Pvt. Ltd and based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was launched on April 23, 2000 by Sri Adhikari Brothers as a general entertainment channel. In 2003, it was repositioned as a comedy-centric channel...

211 Sahara One
Sahara One
Sahara One is an Indian Hindi general entertainment channel based in Mumbai. It is operated by Sahara India Pariwar, a company formed by Subrato Roy Sahara who is a managing worker and chairman of the Sahara India Pariwar....

212 STAR Utsav
STAR Utsav
STAR Utsav is a free-to-air Hindi general entertainment channel based in Mumbai. It shows some of STAR Plus' popular programs.This channel is available in India. STAR Utsav caters to viewers who have recently entered the fold of cable and satellite television...

213 Imagine TV
214 Zoom
215 UTV Bindass
216 DD Bharati
DD Bharati
DD Bharati is a state owned TV channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Delhi.-History:DD-Bharati Channel was launched on 26 January 2002...

217 testing
Physical test
A physical test is a qualitative or quantitative procedure that consists of determination of one or more characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified procedure...

218 Telebrands
219 [Home shop 18]
220 Colors
222 [Enterr10]
223 STAR Plus asli HD
STAR Plus
STAR Plus is a Hindi language general entertainment television channel based in India. The channel is part of the STAR TV network's bouquet of channels...

227 Mahuaa TV
Mahuaa TV
Mahuaa TV is the first of its kind Bhojpuri channel which unlocks the Bhojpuri heartland.Now Mahuaa TV is expanding. This 24 Hr Bhojpuri General Entertainment channel, seeks to identify with and meet the needs of the Bhojpuri Community through its programs which have a strong local essence and the...

241 Firangi
Firangi
Firangi TV is a channel from the Sahara One Media, one of India's media giants based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The channel would air global soap operas dubbed in Hindi....

English Entertainment
250 Big CBS Prime
Big CBS Prime
Big CBS Prime is an India based English language television channel started as a joint venture between Reliance Broadcast Network Limited and CBS Studios International. The channel went on air and began telecasting from November 29 at 8:30 PM....

251 Big CBS Love
Big CBS Love
Big CBS Love is an English-language started as a joint venture between Reliance Broadcast Network Ltd. and CBS Studios International.It is India’s first International Women’s Entertainment Channel that is targeting young women between 20-34 years of age. This channel was launched on 21st March 2011...

252 AXN
AXN (India)
AXN India is a pay-tv, cable and satellite TV channel owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment.-Operating channel:AXN IndiaAXN Pakistan...

253 STAR World
STAR World India
STAR World India is an English language television channel, part of the STAR World network, owned by Star TV broadcast in India. It syndicates popular shows from U.S. and U.K. to appeal to the English-speaking population of India and other South Asian countries...

254 Zee Café
Zee Cafe
Zee Café is an Indian cable and satellite television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. It was launched on 15 March 2000 as Zee English and known for general entertainment channel...

255 KBS World
KBS World
KBS World is a name of Korean Broadcasting System's international broadcasting service. It consists of KBS World Radio and a KBS World television channel.- History :...

256 Big CBS Spark
Big CBS Spark
Big CBS Spark is an entertainment channel which is a joint venture between Reliance Broadcast Network Ltd. and CBS Studios International. It is India’s first International Youth Entertainment Channel which targets the youth between the age of 15-24 yrs....

257 Fashion TV
Fashion TV
Fashion TV is an international fashion and lifestyle broadcasting television channel. It was founded in France in 1997 by its Polish-born president Michel Adam Lisowski, Fashion TV is the only 24/7 international TV network exclusively dedicated to fashion, beauty, glamour and style and has become...

258 Zee Trendz
259 FX
FX (Asia)
FX Asia is an Asian entertainment TV channel, owned and produced by Fox International Channels and distributed by STAR TV.-Current Programs:*30 Rock*Archer*Big Lake*Californication*In Plain Sight*It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia...

260 Fox Crime
Fox Crime (Asia)
FOX Crime Asia is an Asian entertainment TV channel, owned and produced by Fox International Channels and distributed by STAR TV. This channel focus on crime and investigation series programs.-Current Programs:* 9MM* Alfred Hitchcock Presents...

261 BBC Entertainment
BBC Entertainment
BBC Entertainment is an international television channel showcasing comedy, drama, light entertainment and children's programming from the BBC and other UK production houses...

Hindi Movies
305 SET Max
SET Max
SET Max is Sony Entertainment Television Network's channel that provides its viewers a mix of Hindi Movies and cricket based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Among Hindi movie channels it competes mainly with Zee Cinema and STAR Gold in India. An HD version of the channel was introduced in 2010.-External...

306 STAR Gold
STAR Gold
STAR Gold is a Hindi movie channel that is part of the STAR TV network and is owned by News Corporation. It features a mix of contemporary as well as classic movies from the 1950s to the present time...

307 Zee Cinema
Zee Cinema
Zee Cinema is a Hindi satellite movie channel in India based in Mumbai. The channel is owned by the popular Zee Entertainment Enterprises which is a part of Essel Group, and broadcasts in many countries around the world. The channel was formerly a part of STAR TV channel umbrella.Zee Cinema was the...

308 UTV Movies
UTV Movies
UTV Movies is a Hindi movie channel in India based in Mumbai, Maharashtra and is owned by UTV. It airs blockbuster bollywood films from UTV's own library as well as other major movie studios in India....

309 UTV Action
310 Zee Premier
313 Filmy
Filmy
Filmy is an Indian Hindi language movie channel based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is owned by Sahara One Media and Entertainment Limited and was launched on February 12, 2006.-Programming:Besides movies, Filmy also airs some original shows....

314 Testing
English Movies
354 STAR Movies
355 HBO
HBO Asia
HBO Asia is a franchise of HBO in Asia. HBO Asia is now a joint venture of media giants Viacom and Time Warner . Sony Pictures Entertainment and Universal Studios exited the fifteen year-old HBO Asia premium movie joint venture on January 16, 2008....

356 Zee Studio
357 PIX
SET PIX
PIX is an Indian movie channel under the Sony Entertainment Network umbrella based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It features English language content and competes primarily with HBO and STAR Movies in India. This movie channel is also available in Singapore separate from Indian feed.-External links:* ...

358 WB
WB Channel
WB is a cable and satellite TV channel launched by Time Warner and Turner International India Pvt Ltd exclusively for India. The channel is based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The channel features a mix of Hollywood movies and TV series from the WB Vault...

359 World Movies
UTV World Movies
UTV World Movies is a movie channel and is part of the UTV network. It broadcasts movies of several languages, along with English subtitles.-External links:**...

365 Movies Now
Movies Now
Movies Now is an Indian English HD movie channel mainly featuring Hollywood movies. It is available in India. It was launched on 19 December 2010.It has a picture quality of 1080i and 5.1 surround sound....

366 Star Movies HD
News and Business
405 DD News
DD News
The Doordarshan News, usually referred to by its abbreviation as the "DD News", is a state-owned TV news channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Delhi. The Prasar Bharati Board approved the proposal to start a 24-hours news channel in place of DD Metro. This was subsequently approved by the...

406 Aaj Tak
Aaj Tak
Aaj Tak is a 24-hour Hindi news television channel owned by TV Today Network Ltd. Aaj Tak loosely translates as "Till Today" or "Up to the Minute". Watched by some 45 million viewers in India’s cable and satellite universe, Aaj Tak is one of India’s largest privately owned news channels...

407 STAR News
STAR News
STAR News is the Hindi language news channel of STAR TV based in Mumbai. The channel is a co-production of STAR Group and ABP Pvt. Ltd...

408 Zee News
Zee News
Zee News, the news and current affairs channel, is the oldest channel of Zee News Ltd, founded in 1992. It was the first 24-hour Hindi current affairs and news channel in India. In spite of being the only pay channel in its genre, it maintains its position among the top three Hindi news channels in...

409 NDTV India
NDTV India
NDTV India is a premier Hindi language news channel in India that is owned by New Delhi Television Ltd. Noted journalist Vinod Dua has been associated with this channel.-History:...

410 India TV
India TV
India TV is a Hindi news channel based in Film City, Noida, India. It is a news channel that has appealed to the Indian masses for its unique style of presentation that is targeted at the common man and not at the elite unlike most news channels...

411 IBN-7
IBN-7
IBN-7 is a Hindi news television channel owned by Network 18 Ltd based in Mumbai.IBN-7 - formerly Channel 7 was acquired from Jagran TV, owned by the Dainik Jagran group of companies, in 2006 and rebranded IBN-7. IBN-7 is the Hindi news channel of IBN18 Broadcast Limited, which is part of Network...

412 Tez
TV Today Network
The TV Today Network is one of India's leading English-Hindi news television networks along with Network 18 and NDTV. It is listed on the BSE and the NSE and consists of the following news channels:...

413 Lok Sabha TV
414 DD Rajya Sabha
415 Sahara National
416 ETV UP
417 ETV Bihar
418 ETV Rajasthan
419 ETV MP
421 Live India
Live India
Live India is an Indian Hindi TV channel owned by Broadcast Initiatives Ltd., focusing on news and commentary. It was earlier known as Janmat, when it was focused on "views"; now the channel is sometimes called Live India .In a Rs...

423 TV99 Rajasthan
424 CNEB
425 A2Z News
426 P7 News
427 India News
India News
India News is a Hindi language Indian TV news channel. The Channel is run by Kartikeya Sharma. The Indian company ITV Media Group runs the channel.-About:The network broadcasts 24-hour a day, all throughout the year...

428 Channel One News
429 Testing
453 Times Now
Times Now
Times Now is a 24-hour English language news channel based in Mumbai and broadcast primarily in the South Asian region. The channel was launched in 2006 as a joint-venture of Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd., the publishers of The Times of India and Reuters. Arnab Goswami is the Editor-in Chief and...

454 NDTV 24x7
NDTV 24x7
NDTV 24x7 is a premier English language television network that carries news and current affairs in India, it is owned by New Delhi Television Ltd. NDTV 24x7 won the Asian Television Award for Best News Programme in 2005....

455 Headlines Today
Headlines Today
Headlines Today is a popular 24-hour English language television network that carries news, current affairs and business programming in India, the channel is sponsored by TV Today Network Ltd. which is a part of the well-known India Today Group...

456 CNN-IBN
457 CNN
CNN International
CNN International is an international English language television network that carries news, current affairs, politics, opinions, and business programming worldwide. CNN is one of the world's largest news organizations. It is owned by Time Warner, and is affiliated with CNN, which is mainly...

458 BBC World News
459 NDTV Hindu
NDTV Hindu
NDTV Hindu is an English language news channel based in and serving Chennai which is owned by New Delhi Television Ltd and The Hindu Group.Now this is taken over by Dina Thanthi-Management team:*N. Ram, Editor-in-chief - The Hindu...

460 News X
NewsX
NewsX is a 24-hour rolling news television channel in India, which was recently rated India's most watched English news channel by TAM.-History:The channel was launched on the 28 March 2008 by the INX Network, which was then headed by Indrani Mukerjea....

461 RT
RT (TV network)
RT, previously known as Russia Today, is a global multilingual television news network based in the Russian Federation run by the state-owned state-run RIA Novosti....

 (Russia Today)
481 Zee Business
Zee Business
Zee Business is one of the fastest growing Hindi business news channel in India based in Mumbai. The channel has redefined business news, by its innovative programming and path-breaking strategy of making business news a 24/7 activity and not just limited to the stock market...

482 NDTV Profit
NDTV Profit
NDTV Profit is a business news channel started by New Delhi Television in January 2005. Started to provide competition to the monopoly enjoyed by CNBC-TV18, the channel has managed to garner a decent market share....

483 CNBC TV18
CNBC-TV18
CNBC-TV18 is a business news channel broadcast in India based in Mumbai. The channel was launched in India on December 7, 1999. It was the first business news channel launched in India and still the leads that genre....

484 CNBC Awaaz
CNBC Awaaz
CNBC Awaaz is a business news TV channel in India. The channel is a joint venture between CNBC and Television Eighteen IndiaLimited based in Mumbai.- Competitors :* ET Now* NDTV Profit* Zee Business* NDTV 24x7* Times Now* Headlines Today...

485 Bloomberg UTV
486 ET Now
ET Now
ET NOW is a business news channel in India, owned and operated by the Times Group. The news channel has a strategic partnership with Reuters, a subsidiary of Thomson Reuters....

Sports
502 DD Sports
DD Sports
DD Sports is a state owned TV channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Delhi. -History:DD Sports remains the country's only free-to-air sports channel...

503 ESPN
ESPN Star Sports
ESPN Star Sports is a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and News Corporation...

504 STAR Sports
ESPN Star Sports
ESPN Star Sports is a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and News Corporation...

505 TEN Sports
TEN Sports
TEN SPORTS is a sports channel, widely broadcast in Asia. Its key programming includes Cricket, Football and sports-entertainment shows viz. WWE. Ten Sports was launched on April 1, 2002, and became the world's premier sports channel for South Asians, reaching over 55 million homes across the Arab...

506 STAR Cricket
STAR Cricket
Part of the ESPN-STAR network, STAR Cricket is a 24-hour cricket channel targeting Indian audiences owned by STAR TV. A channel showcasing first-class cricket action from around the globe, it broadcasts live and prerecorded international and regional cricket events as well as programming customised...

507 NEO Cricket
NEO Cricket
NEO Cricket is a channel dedicated to cricket entertainment. Launched on April 2, 2008. It is a part of Nimbus Communications Ltd and is headquartered in Mumbai, India and broadcasts to 30 countries....

508 NEO Sports
NEO Sports Plus
NEO Sports is an Indian pay television channel, which broadcasts sports entertainment programming. Launched on October 1, 2006.It has rights to air some Bundesliga and Serie A matches on their popular program 'Football Plus'....

509 TEN Cricket
TEN Cricket
TEN Cricket is a 24-hour sports channel dedicated to cricket. The channel is part of Taj Television India, owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises which is part of the Essel Group. TEN Cricket was launched on August 10, 2010. TEN Cricket is one of the three channels broadcast by the network, the...

510 TEN Action+
511 ESPN HD
ESPN Star Sports
ESPN Star Sports is a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and News Corporation...

512 STAR Cricket HD
STAR Cricket
Part of the ESPN-STAR network, STAR Cricket is a 24-hour cricket channel targeting Indian audiences owned by STAR TV. A channel showcasing first-class cricket action from around the globe, it broadcasts live and prerecorded international and regional cricket events as well as programming customised...

Infotainment
550 Discovery Channel
Discovery Channel
Discovery Channel is an American satellite and cable specialty channel , founded by John Hendricks and distributed by Discovery Communications. It is a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav...

551 National Geographic Channel
National Geographic Channel (Asia)
The National Geographic Channel, also commercially abbreviated as Nat Geo, is an Asian subscription television channel that features non-fiction, factual programming involving nature, science, culture, and history, produced by the National Geographic Society, just like History and the Discovery...

552 TLC
553 Animal Planet
Animal Planet India
Animal Planet India is an Indian television channel.The channel launched on March 29, 1999. The launch was delayed by a few months. A Hindi language feed was introduced on April 1, 2008. The channel adopted its current logo on October 1, 2008....

554 Fox History & Traveller
555 NDTV Good Times
NDTV GOOD TIMES
NDTV Good Times is an India-based lifestyle television channel that is owned by New Delhi Television. The channel is a joint venture between NDTV and Vijay Mallya's UB Group and it launched in September 2007....

556 DD Gyan Darshan 1
557 National Geographic Channel HD
558 Nat Geo Wild
National Geographic Wild
Nat Geo WILD is a cable TV channel focused on animal-related programs. It is a sister network to National Geographic Channel and it is the latest channel to be jointly launched by the National Geographic Society and Fox Cable Networks. It first launched in Hong Kong on January 1, 2006, focusing...

559 Nat Geo Adventure
561 Discovery Turbo
580 Topper
Topper
Topper may refer to:Objects:* A top hat* Harley-Davidson Topper, a motor scooter manufactured between 1960 and 1965* Camper shell, a small housing mounted atop the rear bed of a pickup truck* Topper , a class of sailing dinghyPeople:...

Kids
603 Disney Channel
Disney Channel India
For the Disney Channel in other countries, see Disney Channel . For the original Disney Channel, see Disney Channel.Disney Channel India is an Indian television channel specializing in television programming for children through original series and movies as well as third party programming...

605 Cartoon Network
Cartoon Network (India)
Cartoon Network is a cable and satellite television channel created by Turner Broadcasting, a unit of Time Warner which primarily shows animated programming.-History:...

606 Hungama
Hungama TV
Hungama TV is a TV channel for kids in India based in Mumbai. Originally a subsidiary of UTV Software Communications launched in 2004, the channel was sold to Disney in 2006. The channel retained its own identity and is helping to increase Disney's presence in India...

607 Disney XD
Disney XD (India)
Disney XD is a television channel broadcasting in India, owned by The Walt Disney Company. It is a merger between Jetix and Toon Disney as one channel, unlike Toon Disney which aired action shows under a block called Jetix and animated in the channel itself, Disney XD will have no action dedicated...

608 Animax
609 Nickelodeon
610 Pogo
Spiritual
650 Aastha
Aastha TV
Aastha TV is India’s No. 1 spiritual TV network, Established in 2000 it is owned by 'Aastha Broadcasting Network Ltd.', which is listed at Bombay Stock Exchange and has Santosh Kumar Jain and Prabhat Kumar Jain as its Directors...

651 Sanskar
Sanskar TV
Sanskar TV is an Indian television channel that is primarily dedicated to broadcasting Hindu spiritual programmes....

652 Mh1 Shraddha
653 GOD TV
GOD TV
GOD TV is an international Christian television broadcaster that transmits the GOD Channel from Jerusalem.The network’s Free-to-air signal is carried via multiple satellites 24-hours-a-day providing programming at no charge to viewers. This ranges from Bible teaching to motivational seminars,...

654 Testing
Music
701 iConcerts HD
702 iConcerts
703 MTV
MTV India
MTV India is the Indian version of MTV , a channel specialising in music and youth culture programming. It was launched in 1996 and is now part of the Viacom 18 Media Pvt. Ltd based in Mumbai. . "MTV India" is one of the oldest Music Television Networks in Asia...

704 Channel V
Channel V
Channel [V] is the brand name for multiple international music television networks owned by STAR TV and Fox International Channels, fully owned subsidiaries of News Corporation.-Channel [V] International:...

705 VH1
VH1 India
VH1 India is a music channel in India. It is the sister channel to MTV India, which was launched in 2005. In December 2004, MTV India and Zee-Turner teamed up to bring VH1 to India. In India, VH1 is a 24-hour pay channel caters to the 13–35 age group. VH1 primarily focuses on international genres...

706 Music India
Music India
Music India is a Hindi music television channel based in Mumbai. It shows 24 hours hindi music. Music India is most preferred Hindi music channel of the youth....

707 9XM
9XM
9X Media Pvt. Ltd. is a prominent television network / broadcaster in India. 9X Media is owned by a consortium of Private Equity Fund investors.-Stations:...

708 Nat Geo Music
Nat Geo Music
Nat Geo Music was a music TV channel, owned in Italy by Fox International Channels Italy, which used to broadcast documentaries concerning 'the meeting between music and culture' around the world. The channel used to be broadcast only in Italy and Portugal...

709 Sony Mix
Tamil
802 Sun TV
Sun TV (India)
Sun TV is a regional Indian cable television station. It is the flagship channel of the Chennai-based Sun Network. It was founded and currently owned by Kalanidhi Maran. It was the first fully privately owned television channel in India when it emerged in 1992...

803 STAR Vijay
STAR Vijay
STAR Vijay is a popular Indian entertainment channel broadcasting in Tamil. The channel is also available in several other nations as well. The channel is owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation...

804 Jaya TV
Jaya TV
Jaya TV is one of the major Tamil language satellite television channels based in Chennai, India. Jaya TV is one of the early Tamil channels to entertain the Tamil audiences spread across Globe....

805 Kalaignar TV
Kalaignar TV
Kalaignar TV is a Tamil language satellite television channel based in Chennai, India.-History:After disputes between Kalanithi Maran and M. K. Azhagiri, Tamil Nadu's Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi launched this channel on September 15 2007...

806 Chutti TV
Chutti TV
Chutti TV is a 24-hour Tamil language television channel owned by the Sun Network. The target audience are children aged between 3 and 14. It was launched in 2007, making it Sun TV Network's first ever television channel for kids....

807 Raj TV
Raj Network
Raj Network is a South Indian satellite television network and is based in Chennai, India. The Raj Television Network was started in 1994 to provide wholesome entertainment for the entire family. The Network runs a number of serials, chat shows and game shows...

808 DD Podhigai
Podhigai TV
DD Podhigai is Doordarshan's Tamil language regional channel. It is broadcast both terrestrially and via satellite.-History:Doordarshan Kendra Chennai's Regional satellite Network, DD-5, was launched on 15 April 1993. This service is viewed in India and some parts of the world...

809 Polimer TV
810 KTV
811 Adithya TV
Adithya TV
Adithya TV is a 24-hour comedy channel from the Sun TV Network in India. The channel also plays Telugu music from Tollywood. The songs are in large part played by audience request....

812 Sirippoli
813 Makkal TV
Makkal TV
Makkal TV is a Tamil language TV channel. It was launched on 6 September 2006 and is promoted by Makkal Tholai Thodarpu Kuzhumam. Pattali Makkal Katchi leader Ramadoss is the founder of TV, Venu Sanjeevi is the Managing Director .- External links :...

814 Mega TV
816 Vasanth TV
820 Sun News
Sun News (India)
Sun News is a part of India's largest media conglomerate, Sun Network, based in Chennai,India having a reach of more than 95 million households in India...

821 Seithigal
Seithigal
Seithigal is an Indian TV channel owned by M. Karunanidhi. The channel has an all news format and is broadcast in Tamil.- External links :*...

822 Jaya Plus
823 PuthiyaThalaimurai TV
PuthiyaThalaimurai TV
PuthiyaThalaimurai TV is a regional Indian cable television station. It is the News channel of the Chennai-based The New Generation Media Corporation. It was the first fully HD Tamil television channel in India when it emerged in 2011....

825 Sun Music
Sun Music
Sun Music is a 24-hour music channel led by the well-known Sun Network of India. The channel features Tamil music from Kollywood...

827 Isai Aruvi
828 Channel Ufx
Telugu
831 Gemini
Gemini TV
Gemini TV is a Telugu language Indian Television channel offered by Sun Network. The channel's programming includes serials, films,interactive film-based programs, game shows and News....

832 Gemini Comedy
Gemini Comedy
Gemini Comedy is a 24 hour comedy channel from the Sun TV Network....

833 ETV Telugu
834 Maa TV
MAA TV
Maa TV is a Telugu-language television channel based in Hyderabad, India.MAA TV was founded by PENMETSA MURALI KRISHNAM RAJU.It is one of the leading Telugu-language TV channels in Andhra Pradesh, India....

835 Zee Telugu
Zee Telugu
Zee Telugu is a Telugu-language cable television channel in India. It is offered by Zee Network, part of the Essel Group.By 2004, the Zee Network already had a strong presence in northern and eastern India, with channels in Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, and Punjabi; their proposed Telugu-language...

836 Gemini Movies
Gemini Movies
Gemini Movies is a Telugu language Indian Television channel offered by Sun Network. It was previously Teja TV. It is the only 24 hour movie channel in Telugu. It also telecasts movie based programs, songs and film news.-External links:**...

842 SVBC
SVBC TV
Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel is first 24-hour Telugu devotional channel dedicated to broadcast hindu devotional programmes and live telecasts of poojas perormed in Tirumal tiupati devastanam from Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh, India....

843 Bhakti TV
Bhakti TV
Bhakti TV is a devotional channel in Telugu which caters to the people of all religions. It is a sister channel of NTV. It was launched on August 30, 2007, the same day when NTV was launched officially. Its south India's first Telugu devotional channel....

849 TV5 Telugu
TV5 (India)
TV5 is a 24-hour Telugu language news channel in India. It was inaugurated on October 2, 2007 by Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister YS Rajasekhara Reddy. The channel's Output Editor is Mr. Brahmananda Reddy and Input Editor is Mr. Venkata Krishna...

850 TV9 Telugu
TV9 (Telugu)
TV9 is a Telugu news channel started in January 2004 by a team of journalists led by Ravi PrakashIt gained instant popularity among the masses with the punchline "మెరుగైన సమాజం కొసం". Currently it is no 1 telugu news channel in India...

851 ETV 2
852 Gemini News
Gemini News
Gemini News is a 24-hour News Channel from the Sun Network of India. Though the channel was launched in May 2004 with much publicity, it failed to attract the viewers. Critics have blamed poor technical standards for the channel's lack of popularity. Now, the Sun Network is planning to revamp the...

853 NTV Telugu
NTV (India)
NTV is an Indian regional news channel launched on August 30, 2007 along with South India's first devotional channel Bhakti TV by Rachana Television Private Limited . It is described as South India's first devotional channel. NTV stands for Next Generation TV...

854 Studio N
855 Gemini Music
Gemini Music
Gemini Music is the first non-stop Telugu language music channel, operated by the Sun TV Network in India. It was initially launched as Adithya TV, but was later renamed Gemini Music. It is popular for live, interactive shows....

856 hm tv
529 Mahaa News
858 Sakshi TV
Sakshi TV
Sakshi TV is a Telugu news television channel. It belongs to Sakshi group. The channel's ceo is Priyadarshini Ram, under the chairmanship Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy.-History:The channel started airing on March 1, 2009....

859 Subhavaartha TV
Malayalam
861 Asianet
Asianet
Asianet Communications Limited is an Indian media conglomerate jointly owned by STAR TV and Jupiter Entertainment. Formed in 1991 and headquartered in the city of Thiruvananthapuram in the south Indian state of Kerala, the company owns several television channels including Asianet, the first...

862 Surya
Surya TV
Surya TV is a Malayalam television channel in India. Established in 1998 October 7, Surya TV is the first digital channel of India and now the channel is telecasted in MPEG4 format. The channel is in the second position among Malayalam channels. The channel is part of Sun Network and telecast...

863 Kiran
Kiran TV
Kiran TV is the second Malayalam channel from Sun Network, which is based in Trivandrum, Kerala, India. It is a 24 hour Music channel, with more than 12 hours of live film songs and SMS messaging facility. The channel also airs one movie everyday and plays film songs regularly.Vijith NairArun...

864 Kairali
Kairali TV
Kairali TV is an Indian television channel broadcasting in the Malayalam language catering to the Malayalam speaking population in Kerala as well as abroad . The channel, headquartered in Trivandrum, has studio facilities in Trivandrum as well as Kochi. Malayalam Communications Limited is the...

865 Asianet Plus
866 Amrita
Amrita TV
Amrita TV, launched in 2005, as a 24-hour Malayalam, general entertainment & news satellite channel with a global footprint, has been honoured with 54 State Awards for Excellence in Television—the only channel in India to be bestowed with such a recognition in just two years since inception...

867 Shalom TV
Shalom TV India
- History :Shalom television broadcasts Christian programming in the Asia, UK, Europe and the US.Shalom is a non-profit organization with publications; Shalom Times, Shalom Tidings and Sunday Shalom.- Network :...

868 DD Malayalam
DD Malayalam
DD Malayalam is a Malayalam language television channel operated by India's national broadcaster Doordarshan. It is one of the 11 Indian regional language channels operated by Doordarshan. DD Malayalam is broadcast from Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala....

869 Asianet News
870 Manorama News
871 Indiavision
Indiavision
Indiavision is an Indian news channel in Malayalam language based at Kochi, Kerala state. Founded in 2003, it was the first exclusive news channel in Malayalam. It has its registered office at Edappally in Kochi and its telecasting studio is located at Padivattom, Kochi. Indiavision started...

872 Kairali We
873 Jai Hind
JaiHind TV
Jaihind TV is a Malayalam channel , based in Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala. It was launched on August 17 , 2007 in Delhi by Indian National Congress President and UPA chairperson Smt.Sonia Gandhi....

874 Assevatham tv
Kannada
861 Udaya TV
Udaya TV
Udaya TV is a regional Kannada language Indian cable television station. It is also the very first Kannada satellite channel in India.The channel is part of the Chennai based Sun Network of Tamil Nadu....

862 ETV Kannada
883 Asianet Suvarna
Asianet Suvarna
Asianet Suvarna is a Kannada language channel owned by Asianet Communications Limited, aimed at the Kannada-speaking population in the south Indian state of Karnataka and neighbouring regions. Launched with the tag line "24 carat manoranjane", the channel airs soap operas, talk shows, news...

884 Zee Kannada
Zee Kannada
Zee Kannada is a 24 hour Kannada-language channel that launched in May 2006 and is owned by Zee Network. It features a wide array of programming including series, movies, soap-operas, gameshows, talk shows and current affairs programmes. It is a subscription channel that is available via cable and...

885 Udaya Movies
Udaya Movies
Udaya Movies is an Indian regional cable television station in the Kannada language and is part of the Sun Network.The channel is broadcast in several nations including India, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Malaysia...

886 Kasthuri TV
Kasthuri TV
Kasturi is a 24 hour Kannada language television channel that was launched on 26 September 2007. The channel is owned by Kasturi Media Private Limited, which is managed by Anitha Kumaraswamy, wife of the ex-chief minister of Karnataka, H D Kumaraswamy.It is the only kannada channel owned by...

887 Udaya Comedy
888 DD Chandana
DD Chandana
DD Chandana is a Kannada TV channel owned and operated by Prasar Bharati under Doordarshan, supported by Doordarshan studios in Bangalore and Gulbarga. Launched in 1994 DD Chandana has entertainment serials, infotainment programmes, news and current affairs, social programmes and film programmes...

890 Udaya Varthegalu
891 TV 9 Kannada
TV9 (Kannada)
TV 9 is a 24 hour Kannada language news television channel that was launched on 22 June, 2006. The channel is owned by Sneha Television network, which also operates a Telugu news channel. TV9 Kannada has a wide range of programmes ranging from hourly news, analysis of major news events and...

892 Suvarna News 24X7
Suvarna News
Suvarna News 24X7 is Asianet’s second channel in the Kannada speaking market. In June 2007, it launched Suvarna TV, a Kannada GEC. It was launched on 31 March 2008. The positioning line for the channel is Nera Ditta Nirantara...

895 U2
U2 Kannada Music TV Channel
U2 is Kannada music channel which is a part of the Sun Network.-Shows:-External links:*...

Marathi
901 Zee Marathi
Zee Marathi
Zee Marathi is India-based satellite television channel, which carries broadcasts in Marathi. Zee Network, India's leading infotainment network launched it in the year 1999. It is the most viewed television channel in Mumbai...

902 ETV Marathi
ETV Marathi
ETV Marathi is an Indian television channel that primarily broadcasts Marathi entertainment based in Mumbai.The Channel gained popularity with its Longest running Daily Soap Char Diwas Sasuche that has completed 5 years & more than 1200 episodes...

903 Mi Marathi
Mi Marathi
Mi Marathi , is an entertainment television channel owned by Shri Adhikari Brothers in Marathi language.Mi Marathi programming primarily consists of family dramas, Cookery shows, News and Movies.-Important shows on this Channel :* Avaaj Maharshtracha* Nana-O-Nana...

904 Zee Talkies
Zee Talkies
Zee Talkies is a Marathi television channel broadcasting Marathi movies by Zee Entertainment. Its the only Marathi movie channel broadcasting old classics and latest Marathi movies 24 hours a day. Zee Talkies was launched on 25 August 2007 by Zee Network with the sole objective of maximising the...

905 DD Sahyadri
DD Sahyadri
DD Sahyadri is an Indian Channel displayed on TV in the state of Maharashtra. It shows serials meant for older women and programs such as Gotya for children's Entertaintment....

906 STAR Pravah
STAR Pravah
STAR Pravah, the new Marathi General Entertainment TV Channel launched by STAR Entertainment Media Private Limited. Featuring innovative programs with the amalgamation of realism and wholesome family entertainment, STAR Pravah aims to capture the essence and cultural depth of the Marathi hinterland...

907 Saam TV
Marathi language television
The Marathi language television industry was started in India in 1984. Although earlier confined to a half an hour slot in the national television Doordarshan, the industry has now expanded with many commercial TV channels currently on air...

911 STAR Majha
Star Majha
STAR Majha is a 24-hour free-to-air Marathi news channel broadcast in India based in Mumbai. It was launched on 22 June 2007 and delivers news in the Marathi language. The channel is a joint venture between STAR Group and ABP Pvt. Ltd, which also runs two other news channels: STAR News and STAR...

912 IBN Lokmat
Bengali
921 ETV Bangla
ETV Bangla
ETV Bangla is a popular 24-hour, Bengali language, television channel. It is a part of the ETV Network group of channels owned by the Ramoji Group of Hyderabad, India...

922 Zee Bangla
Zee Bangla
Zee Bangla is a Bengali language cable television channel in India. It is offered by Zee Network, part of the Essel Group.It was actually first launched in the year 1996, but was taken off air within two months due to its poor popularity. It was relaunched as Alpha Bangla in the year 1999. It ran...

923 Akash Bangla
Akash Bangla
Akash Bangla is a famous Bengali television station that displays daily soap operas, serials and movies for the common people in India and abroad. Some of the famous daily serials are listed below -- Popular programmes :...

924 STAR Ananda
STAR Ananda
STAR Ananda is a Bengali language 24-hour cable and satellite television news channel. The channel is a joint venture between STAR Group and Anandabazar Patrika...

925 STAR Jalsha
Star Jalsha
STAR Jalsha , the newest Bengali General Entertainment channel, owned by STAR TV.STAR Jalsha sets itself with the philosophy of 'celebrating a better tomorrow'. In line with the aspirations of millions of households in the new Bengal, STAR Jalsha is poised to be the brightest star in Bengali...

926 24 Ghanta
24 Ghanta
is a 24x7 Bengali news channel, covers local news of West Bengal, India as well as other national and International News, owned by the Zee Akaash News Pvt. Ltd.. The channel believes in Leftism...

927 DD Bangla
DD Bangla
DD Bangla is a state owned TV channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Kolkata.-History:DD Bangla is the Bengali language satellite channel supported by Doordarshan studios in Kolkata, Shantiniketan and Jalpaiguri, which are small regions near Kolkata...

928 Sangeet Bangla
Sangeet Bangla
Sangeet Bangla is a national Bengali Music Entertainment Channel in India. This channel is co-production of Media Worldwide. It is a 24-hour free-to-air channel, and was launched in 2005.-Programmes:*Baap Re Ki Shooting *Chal Dhannooo *Tawk Jhal Aunty...

929 Rupashi Bangla
930 Sony Aath
Sony Aath
Sony Aath is a Bengali Language Movie Channel from Sony. It was formerly owned by Ashok Surana, founder of Channel Eight group...

931 Testing
Gujarati
942 ETV Gujarati
ETV Gujarati
ETV Gujarati is an Indian television channel that primarily broadcasts Gujarati entertainment based in Ahmedabad.The Channel gained popularity with its Longest running Cookery Show Rasoi Show that has completed 5 years & more than 1200 episodes.ETV Gujarati is the first private owned successful...

943 DD Gujarati
944 TV9 Gujarati
Punjabi
950 DD Punjabi
DD Punjabi
DD Punjabi is a state-owned TV channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Jalandhar, India.-History:DD Punjabi Channel was launched in 1998, and it became a 24-hour service within two years...

951 ETC Punjabi
952 Zee Punjabi
953 PTC Punjabi
PTC Punjabi
PTC Punjabi is a popular Punjabi television network from India and is owned by PTC Network. It features general interest programming including news, dramas, comedies, music and talk shows...

954 mh1
ATN MH 1
ATN MH 1 is a Canadian Category B Punjabi language specialty channel that is owned by Asian Television Network . It broadcasts programming from MH1 and Canadian content...

955 PTC News
956 Time TV
996 PTC Chakde
Oriya
960 DD Oriya
DD Oriya
DD Oriya is a state owned TV channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Bhubaneshwar.-History:DD Oriya is a leading round the clock satellite channel broadcasting in Oriya language. It was launched in 1994. DD Oriya broadcasts serials, cultural programmes, infotainment programmes, news and current...

961 ETV Oriya
962 Orissa TV
OrissaTV
Orissa TV or OTV is a regional Oriya language Indian cable television station. It is the flagship channel of the Bhubaneswar-based Orissa Television Network.It was started and promoted by Mrs Jagi mangat Panda...

North East
966 NE TV
NE TV
NE TV ' is the first satellite channel of North-East India, which covers the eight states of the region. Northeast Television is far more popular than the state-owned media in the northeastern region. It broadcasts in Assamese, English, Hindi, Bengali, Manipuri, Nagamese, Bodo, Mizo, Garo, Karbi,...

967 News Live
News Live
News Live is a 24 hour satellite channel of Assam, northeast India. Newslivetv.com is the official portal of the news channel. This is second satellite news chennal of northeast India. News Live broadcasts news in Assamese & English language. It was launched on 21 January 2008.-Bureau:News Live has...

968 Nepal 1
Nepal 1
Nepal 1 is the first Nepali language Satellite Channel from India. Nepal 1 is primarily targeted towards homes of the Nepalese community in North Bengal, Sikkim and North Eastern States in India, the whole of Nepal, Myanmar, and Malaysia, right up to Hong Kong....

969 DY365
970 Rang
Rang (TV Channel)
Rang is an Assamese language general entertainment television channel owned by Pride East Entertainments Pvt. Ltd. of Guwahati, Assam. It is a sister channel of popular Assamese news channel News Live.-Drama and Comedy:*Anuradha*Adhikar...

Urdu
971 DD Urdu
DD Urdu
DD Urdu is a state owned TV channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra in Delhi.- See also:* List of programs broadcast by DD National* All India Radio* Ministry of Information and Broadcasting* DD Direct Plus...

972 ETV Urdu
978 DD Kashir
DD Kashir
DD Kashir is a state owned TV channel telecasting from Doordarshan Kendra Srinagar, Jammu and Leh.-History:DD Kashir is the Kashmiri language satellite channel supported by Doordarshan studios in Srinagar, Jammu and Leh...

Big TV Help & Test Channels
990 ISP Video
997 Test 3
999 Help Channel

Kaviyarasan Ramalingam 18:38, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Radio Channels

Channel Name
720 AIR Hindi
721 AIR Marathi
722 AIR Gujarati
723 AIR Bangla
724 Radio Kashir
725 FM Rainbow Delhi
726 FM Rainbow Chennai
727 FM Rainbow Bangalore
728 FM Gold Mumbai
729 FM Gold Delhi
730 Radio Netherlands 

See also

  • Airtel digital TV
    Airtel digital TV
    Airtel digital TV is an Indian direct broadcast satellite service provider owned and operated by Bharti Airtel. Its satellite service, launched on 2008, transmits digital satellite television and audio to households in India. It uses MPEG-4 digital compression with DVB-S2 technology, transmitting...

  • DD Direct+
  • Dish TV
    Dish TV
    Dish TV India Limited is an Indian company engaged in the business of providing direct-to-home satellite television service, which includes teleport service, customer support and transponder space leasing. Dishtv is a division of Zee Network Enterprise . It uses MPEG-2 digital compression...

  • Sun Direct
  • TATA Sky
    Tata Sky
    TATA Sky is a direct broadcast satellite television provider in India, using MPEG-2 digital compression technology, transmitting using INSAT 4A at 83.0°E....

  • Videocon D2H
    Videocon d2h
    Videocon d2h is one of the largest Indian pay TV provider, providing direct broadcast satellite service—including satellite television, audio programming, and interactive television services—to commercial and residential customers in India...

  • Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group
    Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group
    Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group is one of India's largest conglomerates, headquartered in Navi Mumbai, India. The company, which was formed after Dhirubhai Ambani's business empire was divided up, is headed by his younger son Anil Ambani. It has a market capitalization of US$ 15 billion,...

  • Reliance Communications
    Reliance Communications
    Reliance Communications Ltd. is an Indian broadband and telecommunications company headquartered in Navi Mumbai, India. RCOM is the world's 16th largest mobile phone operator with over 144 million subscribers. Established on 2004, a subsidiary of the Reliance Group...


Further reading

However, it does not have DVS-2 technology like, airtel digital, videocon dth.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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