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BBC Radio
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BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927. For a history of BBC radio prior to 1927 see British Broadcasting Company, Ltd.
StationsNationalThe BBC today runs ten national domestic radio stations, four of which are only available in a digital format: via DAB Digital Radio, UK digital television (satellite, cable and Freeview) plus live streams and on the Internet.
The "main" radio stations, available via both analogue and Digital Audio Broadcasting, are:
- BBC Radio 1: youth oriented, mostly contemporary pop music (including Top 40 singles), plus news, original in-house live music sessions, original live music concerts & music documentaries.
- BBC Radio 2: adult oriented entertainment, wide range of music—specially adult contemporary and middle of the road, also talk, comedy, plus news, original in-house live music sessions, original live music concerts & music documentaries.
- BBC Radio 3: arts and high culture, special-interest music, plus news, original in-house live music sessions, original live music concerts & music documentaries.
- BBC Radio 4: news, current affairs, arts, original in-house drama, original in-house first-run comedy, science, books and religion.
- BBC Radio 5 Live: news, sports, talk.
The new digital-only (Internet Streaming/Sky/Freeview/DAB) radio stations are:
- BBC Radio 1Xtra: new urban music, plus news, original in-house live music sessions, original live music concerts & music documentaries.
- BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra: a companion to Radio 5 Live for additional sports events coverage.
- BBC 6 Music: rock, funk, punk and reggae, plus news, original in-house live music sessions, original live music concerts & music documentaries.
- BBC 7: classic comedy, drama, books, science fiction, fantasy and children's programmes.
- BBC Asian Network: aimed at the large South Asian community in the UK (primarily a digital radio station, but available in parts of the Midlands on mediumwave).
NationsThe BBC also runs radio stations for three of the nations of the UK. These stations focus on local issues to a greater extent than their UK counterparts, organising live phone-in debates about these issues, as well as lighter talk shows with music from different decades of the 20th Century. Compared to many advertising-funded Independent Local Radio (ILR) stations, which often broadcast contemporary popular music, BBC nations' radio stations offer a more "serious" alternative.
- BBC Radio Scotland: News, music, sport and talk from Scotland.
- BBC Radio nan Gàidheal: Scottish Gaelic language network.
- BBC Radio Shetland: News, music, sport and talk from Shetland.
- BBC Radio Orkney: News, music, sport and talk from Orkney.
- BBC Radio Wales: News, music, sport and talk from Wales.
- BBC Radio Cymru: Welsh language network.
- BBC Radio Ulster: News, music, sport and talk from Northern Ireland.
- BBC Radio Foyle: News, music, sport and talk from north-west of Northern Ireland.
There exist many BBC Local Radio services across England, often catering to individual counties.
BroadcastBBC Radio services are broadcast on various FM and AM frequencies, digital radio or DAB, and streaming live on bbc.co.uk (giving the stations a worldwide audience).
They are also available on Digital Television sets in the UK, and archived programs are available for 7 days after broadcast on the BBC website; a number of trials are also underway of MP3 downloads and podcasting for selected shows—see bbc.co.uk#Streaming media.
ProgrammingThroughout its history the BBC has produced far too many programmes to list here in full. Some particularly significant, influential, popular or long lasting programmes include:
For more BBC radio programmes see .
History of BBC RadioThe BBC radio services began in 1922 with the British Broadcasting Company, Ltd., which was licensed under pressure to provide a radio service for the British public. It was licensed by the British Government through its General Post Office which had original control of the airwaves because they had been interpreted under law as an extension of the Post Office services. Today radio broadcasting still makes up a large part of the corporation's output and this is still reflected in the title of the BBC's listings magazine called Radio Times.
First charterOn December 31 1926 the British Broadcasting Company became the British Broadcasting Corporation and gained control of the airwaves under the terms of a Royal Charter. John Reith, who had been the founding Managing Director of the commercial company, became the first director. He expounded firm principles of centralised, all-encompassing radio broadcasting, stressing programming standards and moral tone. These are set out in his autobiography, Broadcast Over Britain (1924). Reith's ideas were highly influential on modern ideas of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. To this day, the BBC claims to follow the Reithian directive to "inform, educate and entertain". Critics of his approach claim that he was dictatorial and that he imposed a theocratic viewpoint on the broadcasting service. Reith's ideals were utterly at odds with the model of light entertainment based commercial radio adopted in some other countries (e.g. the USA).
Competition from overseas stationsAlthough no other broadcasting organisation was licensed in the UK until 1973, commercial competition soon opened up from overseas. The commercial competitors were for the most part represented by the International Broadcasting Company that bought blocks of airtime from radio stations such as Normandy, Toulouse, Ljubljana, Juan les Pins, Paris, Poste Parisien, Athlone, Barcelona, Madrid and Rome. In the period from 1927 to 1939, light entertainment on the British airwaves was for the most part the domain of the 10 part-time English language IBC stations. By 1938 on Sundays upwards of 80% of the British audience turned their dials away from the BBC to these IBC stations which followed an American format of commercial broadcasting. They were eventually silenced by the advent of the German military taking control of their transmitters in France, Luxembourg and other countries during World War II.
American Armed Forces influenceThe respite from American influence on British broadcasting was short lived. When the US military flooded Europe with troops during World War II, American-style programming followed and the BBC was forced to transmit these shows, first on the BBC Forces Programme and later on the BBC General Forces Programme, both on the former frequencies of the BBC National Programme. After the war the BBC Forces transmitters that had carried these shows were transformed into a network called the BBC Light Programme.
The original BBC stations which had been linked together to form the BBC Regional Programme were transformed into the BBC Home Service. A third part-time service was created under the name of the BBC Third Programme. For the history of these stations see Timeline of the BBC.
Another operation had originally been called the BBC Empire Service and later the BBC General Overseas Service, but it served a different purpose from the domestic stations. It later became known as the BBC World Service and it was formed at the behest of the British Foreign Office.
Commercial radio influenceWWII silenced all but one of the original IBC stations and Radio Luxembourg continued its nightly transmissions to Britain as a commercial radio station featuring American-style entertainment and religion. Beginning in 1964 the first in what became a fleet of 10 offshore pirate radio stations began to ring the British coastline. By 1967 millions were tuning into these commercial operations and the BBC was rapidly losing its radio listening audience.
The British Government reacted by imposing the "Marine Offences Act", a law which all but wiped out all of the stations by midnight on August 14, 1967. Only Radio Caroline continued beyond that date, and even continues to this day. One of the stations called Wonderful Radio London ("Big L") was so successful that the BBC was told to copy it as best they could. The creator of BBC Radio One told the press that his family had been fans of that station. The BBC hired many out-of-work broadcasting staff who had come from the former offshore stations, including Tony Blackburn who presented the very first BBC Radio One morning show. He had previously presented the same morning show on Radio Caroline and Tony Blackburn attempted to duplicate the same sound for BBC Radio One. Among the other DJs hired was the late John Peel who had presented the overnight show on "Big L", called The Perfumed Garden. Though it only ran for a few months prior to Big L's closure, The Perfumed Garden got more fan mail than the rest of the pop dj's on Radio London put together, so much that staff wondered what to do with it all. The reason it got so much mail was that it played different music, and was the beginning of the "album rock" genre. Big L's PAMS jingles were commissioned to be resung in Dallas, Texas so that "Wonderful Radio London" became "Wonderful Radio One on BBC".
BBC analogue networksBBC Radio 1 was launched as a part-time pop music station September 30, 1967. The BBC Light Programme was renamed Radio 2 and broadcast easy listening, folk, jazz and light entertainment. The BBC Third Programme and BBC Music Programme was merged to form Radio 3 and the BBC Home Service became Radio 4.
BBC Radio 5 was launched on 27 August 1990 as a home for sport and children's programming, and was replaced on 28 March 1994 with BBC Radio Five Live, a dedicated news and sport network.
2002 Digital radio networksWith the increased rollout of Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) between 1995 and 2002, BBC Radio launched several new digital-only stations 1Xtra, 6 Music and BBC 7 in 2002 on 16 August, March 11 and December 15 respectively—the first for "new black British music", the second as a source of performance-based "alternative" music, the latter specialising in archive classic comedy shows, drama and children's programmes. BBC Asian Network joined the national DAB network on 28 October 2002. For some time the majority of listeners used Freeview, digital satellite and digital cable services to listen to these networks.
See also
Further readingExternal links
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